ias notes for physhic

- IInd Floor, Paliwal Market, Gumanpura KOTA (-0744 - 2392059 & 3290500

t-1

LIBRARY SCIENCE TERMS

AAACR-1. Abbreviation of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules(1967),AACR-2. Abbreviation of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules(1978). AACR-2 does not supersede AACR-1 (1967) butcontinues it, for, in spite of the changes in presentation andcontent which it introduces, these are still the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, have the same principles andunderlying objectives as the first edition and being firmlybased on the achievement of those who created the work,first published in 1967. The new code has harmonised thetwo differing texts of the first edition.lt incorporates the latestinternational standards, makes provision for the whole rangeof new materials and media and takes notice of the fullimpact of MARC and bibliographic systems.AACR-2 has only two parts. Part I description and Part IIHeadings, Uniform Titles and References. The rules of PartI contain instructions as the formulation of descriptions oflibrary materials. The rules in Part II are applicable to worksand not generally to physical manifestations of those works,though the characteristics of an individual item are takeninto account in some instances.Abbreviated Card. Refers to a catalogue card which givesan abbreviated entry.Abbreviated Catalogue Card. A catalogue card which isbearing an added entry but having less information than themain entry.Abbreviated Catalogue Entry. Refers to a catalogue entry(title, subject, translator, etc.) which does not provide asmuch information as the main entry card.Abend. Abnormal ending (acronym, pronounce as oneword). Early termination of a computer program due to anerror.A.B.C. Abridged building classification for architects,builders and civil engineers.Aberrant Copy. One in which binding or machining errors,and not merely defects, take place and the correct state ofwhich could be recognized.Abnormal Termination. Means termination which takesplace when an error condition is detected by hardware,revealing that a particular series of actions previouslyinitiated cannot be completed correctlyAbort. In computing, to terminate, in a controlled manner,a processing activity in a computer system because it isimpossible undesirable for the activity to proceed.Abridged Bliss Classification (1967). Henry Evelyn Blissgave bibliographic classification in 1908. The abridged fromwas produced for schools in 1967.Abridged Decimal Classification. Refers to anabridgement of Dewey’s Decimal Classification intendedfor use in small and slowly growing libraries.Abridged Edition. Means a shortened or curtailed versionof a book but is retaining the essential character and themeof the original.Abridgement. A reduced form of a work which is producedby condensation and omission of more or less of detail, butretaining the general sense and unity of the original.Absolute Address. In computing :(1) An address in a computer language that identifies storagelocation or a device without the use of any intermediatereference,

(2) An address that is permanently assigned by the machinedesigner to a storage location,(3) A pattern of characters that identifies a unique storagelocation or device without further modification.Absolute Addressing. Means address locations in storeby their absolute addresses.Absolute Code. Refers to a programming code which isusing absolute addresses and operators It is also knownas actual code direct code, one level code and specific.Absolute Coding. Program instructions written in absolutecode. They do not need further processing before beingintelligible to the computer.Absolute Location. Perfect location.Absolute Size. Perfect size.Absolute Value. Refers to the magnitude of a numberwithout regard to sign.Absolute Value Computer. A computer in which data isbeing processed in its absolute form, all variables keepingtheir full values.Abstract. Refers to a form of current bibliography in whichsometimes book, but mainly contributions to periodicals,are summarized; they are accompanied by adequatebibliographical descriptions to enable the publications orarticles to be traced, and are frequently arranged in classifiedorder. They may be in the language of the original or betranslated into English or some other language. Periodicalswhich contain only abstracts are known as journals ofabstracts or abstract journals.Abstract Bulletin. A printed or mimeographed bulletin whichcontains abstracts of currently published periodical articles,pamphlets, etc. It is issued by a special library and distributedmonthly, weekly, or daily to its clientele. Also called abstractjournal,Abstract Classification. Refers to abstract arrangementin classes/abstract assignment to a class.Abstract Entity. Abstract of a thing that exists or hasexistence.Abstracting Periodical. Refers to the abstracts ofmagazines (Periodic) published at regular intervals. It is aspecial magazine for the purpose specially having abstractsof magazines under a class of knowledgeAbstracting Service. The preparation of abstracts, usuallyin a limited field, by an individual, an industrial organizationfor restricted use, or a commercial organization; theabstracts being published and supplied regularly tosubscribers. Also the organization producing the abstracts.Such services may be either comprehensive or selective.Abstraction. Refers to the mental process of dividing andgrouping which is involved in classifying.Abstract Journal or Periodical. A periodical which ishaving abstracts of current material in books, pamphletsand periodicals.Abstracting Service. Abstracts in a particular field or on aparticular subject which are being prepared by an individualor a company and supplied regularly to subscribers or onrequest.Abstractor. Refers to one who summarises the thought inreference.Academic Dissertation. Written discourse which treats asubject at length academically.Academic Libraries. Those of universities, universitycolleges, and all other institutions of forming part of, orassociated’ with, institutions of higher education.


t-2

Academy Publication. Refers to a work which is beingissued by an academy. Sometimes, in an inclusive sense,it refer to a work issued by any learned society.Acceleration Time. The time elapsing between theinterpretation of an instruction to a peripheral unit to read orwrite, and the moment when transfer of information fromthe unit to store or vice versa could start, e.g., the timetaken for accelerating the tape transport on a magnetic tapeunit.Acceptance Test. Refers to a test which is used todemonstrate the-capability of a new computer system. It isgenerally conducted by the manufacture to show thecustomer that the system is in working order.Access(1) In information retrieval : (i) a device or method whereby adocument may be found; (ii) permission and opportunity touse a document (IBM); (iii) the approach to any means ofstoring information, e.g., index, bibliography, catalogue,.electronic computer.(2) The ability to get data from and/or place it into memory.Access Arm(1) A device which is employed to position the reading andwriting mechanisms of a storage device.(2) A mechanical device in a desk file storage unit that isable to position the reading and writing mechanisms.Accession. To enter in an Accessions register particularsof each book in the order of its acquisition.Accession Arrangement. Refers to the arrangement ofposting different facts relating to a acquired property/materialof library.Accession Assistant. Refers to a person who helps the jobof acquiring and accessioning of the material.Accession Book. See Accessions Register.Accession Card. See Accessions Register.Access Control Register. The term used for a register whichis used to record the access level allocated to an activeprocedure.Accession Date. Refers to the date on which a publicationhas been entered in the accessions register.Accession Department. See Cataloguing Department.Accession Division. Refers to the section of an acquisitiondepartment that records, in chronological order of receipt,publications secured by purchase, exchange, or gift.Accessioning. Refers to addition to library property byacquiring it because of demands as it is a growing organism.Accessioning Book. A register which is used foraccessioning purpose.Accessioning Book of Periodicals. A register which isused for maintaining account of periodicals.Accessioning Date. Refers to the date of posting the arrivalof the library material.Accessioning Department. Department which rendersservices of accessioning the material of the library.Accessioning Register. Refers to a strongly bound registerwhich has the following Columns :(1) Date of acquisition. (2) Accession number.(3) Author. (4) Title.(5) Publisher’s Name. (6) Place of Publication.(7) Ed. (8) Vols.(9) Pages. (10) Source of supply.(11) Price class/Book No./Remarks, etc.Accession Number. The number given to a book from theAccessions Register. It may also be a number given to an

article in a periodical, or other document, which is indexedby the Uniterm Concept Co-ordination System.Accession Order. Refers to the arrangement of books onthe shelves according to the order of their addition to aclass; a numerical and chronological, as distinguished froma classified, arrangement.Accession Record. The term used for a record of thevolumes which are added to a library in the order in whichthey are received. It may be known, from its various forms,as Accession Book, Accession Cards, AccessionCatalogue, Accession File, Accession Sheets, etc.Accession Slip. A slip which is used for accessioningpurpose.Accessions. A group term which indicates additions to thestock of a library.Accessions Catalogue. Synonymous with AccessionsRegister. Accessions List. See Accessions Register.Accessions Register. The chief record of the books addedto a library. Books are numbered progressively as they areadded to stock and entered in the register. It may be inbook form or on cards, and may give a condenseddescription of the acquisition and history of each book fromits reception to its withdrawal. Materials other than bookswhich are added permanently to stock and of which recordsshould be kept are similarly recorded. Not to be confusedwith Acquisition Record.Accession Section. A section of a cataloguing orprocessing department which concerned with accessioninglibrary materials.Accession Stamp. A rubber stamp which is impressed onthe back of a title-page; when the information is written inthe appropriate panels of which the stamp is comprised, itgives much information concerning the records, andprocessing, of the individual book.Access Method. Refers to the way in which data in a filehas been selected for processing; e.g., a direct accessstorage system can contact files which have been accessedin a number of different ways serial access, random access,and selective sequential access.Access Permission. A response which is given to anattempt for initiating a software routine, when access controlmechanisms have ascertained that the attempt possessescorrect status and satisfies predetermined security checks.ACM. An acronym for association for computing machinery,a professional computer science organisation.Acme Colour Separator. A machine developed for makingthree or four colour-corrected continuous tone negatives fromcoloured transparencies.Acquisition. The processes of acquiring, or the departmentconcerned with acquiring, books for a library.Acquisition Department. The department of a libraryconcerned with the ordering of books and possibly theircataloguing and processing also. Often other functions suchas obtaining books by exchange or gift, administration ofserials and binding are undertaken.Acquisition Number. Refers to the number in serial to thematerial acquired in accession register of entry.Acquisition Record. A record of all books and othermaterial added or in process of being added; it is usuallykept in alphabetical order.Acquisition Work. The work of book selection, ordering,obtaining by gift or exchange, serials control, and rebinding(American).


t-3

ESSAYS

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCESOCIAL ROLE OF LIBRARIES

Libraries are service centres. Libraries help the users toget the information they want. For this purpose the librarystaff has developed a number of tools and techniques. Theclassified arrangement of books on the shelves helps theusers to locate easily the books they want The library cata-logue helps the users to know whether a book is availablein the library or not; it is the call number in the catalogueentry helps to locate the book on the shelf. The variousmaps, plans, guides, etc. provided in the library helps theusers to find their way in the complex library mechanism.In addition, the Reference Library Staff provides personalisedservice whenever the user is in difficulty. The lending, refer-ence, bibliographic, inter-library loan, translation, reprogra-phy etc. are the general services provided by the library.Services other than these normal services, we can call asextension services.

BASIC REQUIREMENTSExtension services are employed for the following purpose1.To help the users to better utilise the library services2.To attract and see that more and more people make useof the library.For achieving die first objective mentioned above, the librar-ies have to employ what some call as the “InternationalExtension Services”. For achieving the second objective,one has to apply what we call “External Extension Ser-vices”.Internal Services:- Apart from providing assistance to us-ers, the reference librarians or reference assistance areexpected to orient the users in the library mechanism. Be-cause libraries are these days mechanised things.Mechanised things are dependent ones. One needs orien-tation to exploit the resources to the fullest extent. Theactivities to be carried out by the Reference staff within thelibrary to orient or educate the users are called ‘InternalExtension Activities’. Some address these activities as‘User Education Programm e’. Such as lower education or‘orientation’ programme not only help the users in exploit-ing the resources of a library, but also, help the library staffin better organisation and management of the libraries.Some of these Internal Extension Services are detailedbelow:Orientation into the Library Mechanism:- The Referencestaff may orient the users either formally or informally intothe library systems. In an informal way, the user may betaken to the Library Map/Plan and explain the various sec-tions, special collections and services. The Reference Staffmay take the user personally to various sections and ex-plain the type of material available, kind of information onecan get, etc. It will be more effective if it is demonstrated tothe user as to how to locate the information from varioustypes of source material. In the formal system of orienta-tion, the structured orientation programme may be plannedwherein one can combine lectures supported by audio-vi-sual aids; tour around the library demonstration; etc., canbe used effectively.In a formal programme, the following areas may be compre-hended:Introduction to the Library:- Concept and role of the li

brary; types of libraries; kinds of documents; sections of alibrary; services provided etc.Documents:- Sources-Primary, Secondary and Tertiary,’Kinds-Books, Periodicals, Audio-Visual, etc.Parts of a Book:- Preliminaries-Half title page, Title page,Back of the title page, table of contents, preface, introduc-tion; Body of the book Parts, Chapters, Paragraphs, Sec-tional headings, references, notes, etc., End matter-Notes,references, index etc.Care of Books:- How to pick-up a book from the shelf, open-ing of the book for consultation, protecting books from itsenemies, improper ways of handling, etc.Arrangement of Material:- Books-textbooks, referencebooks-pamphlets; pictures; clippings; periodicals; films andfilm strips; slides; wire, tape; phono; cassettes-audio, vi-sual; floppies; CDs, DVDs; etc.Location of Documents:- Use of catalogues-Kinds of en-tries; arrangement of entries; location in the catalogue; CallNumber-Parts and role of each part; Arrangement of bookson the shelves-Bay guides, shelf guides, inclusive num-bers on the tier, arrangement are spine labels; identifica-tion of the book etc.Reference Books:- Characteristics, Kinds-Encyclopedias;Dictionaries, atlases, almanac, guide books, gazetteers,gazettes, biographical dictionaries, indexes, etc.Bibliography:- Selection of items, arrangement preparationof index cards; etc.Technical Writing and Editing:- Planning a study order-ing of the subject chapterization; paragraphing; providingfeature headings; hints on punctuation and capitalizationciting references; arrangement of references editions proofreading; etc.

OTHER ACTIVITIESOther extension activities that a library may take-up to bringbooks and users together are:Organisation of Exhibitions- Which will help in bringingto the notice of the users the richness of me collection ofthe library: topical exhibitions will attract large number ofusers; provide an opportunity to discover bocks which werenot expected of.Display of New Additions:- Many libraries display the jack-ets of the new additions at the entrance of the library sothat they can draw the attention of the users and thustempted to read. Nagpur University Library has started a‘Monthly Book Exhibition’ wherein, books added in the pre-vious month are displayed from 3-11 of every month. Thisprovides an opportunity for users to have a look at books onall subjects at one place. Inter-disciplinary nature of theresearch support such displays.Lectures:- Libraries should arrange topical lectures; lecturessuitable to different sections of the users-men, women, chil-dren, students, etc. This opportunity should also be utilisedfor arranging suitable exhibitions/display of books and otherreading material which help the users to select the rightbook for extended reading. Dr. Ranganathan used to bringout topical bibliographies also on such occasions and dis-tribute them among the listeners so that they can easilyselect literature on their choicest subjectOther Extension Activities:- Many public libraries are alsoorganising dramas, musical concerts, film shows, quizprogrammes, elocution and essay competitions, etc. to at-tract the public to the library and finally become beneficia-ries of its resources.


t-4

External Services:- External Extension Services are thoseprovided outside the library. These services are aimed at:1.Creating awareness among the general public about therole of libraries, library services, etc.2.Use of external sources like mass media, mass contactprogrammes, etc. for the spread of the message of the li-braries as sources of enlightenment and education3.Organising community services, group oriented progra-mmes, etc., as supportive to library service and4. Plan an integrated, coordinated and well modulated li-brary and information services at various levels.Reader Friendly Service:- Regular users of the library knowthe role and resourcefulness of the libraries. There may bemany who are not aware of the role of the libraries and howto exploit the resources of the library. The creation of aware-ness among the public may be taken up either by librarystaff or by voluntary organizations (NGOs).

STAFF AT WORKThe library staff may attract the people to the library andappraise them about the role and services of the library. Infact, the library staff can serve the public at large and makethem willing beneficiaries of the library-literates, neo-liter-ates as well as illiterates. The ways and means by meansof which the library staff can achieve this objective will bedetailed in the next section.

SERVICE CENTRESIn India, voluntary organizations (NGOs) have been playingan important role in the establishment, maintenance andexecution of innovative services. The Library Movement inAndhra Desa was described as ‘peoples movement’ be-cause the enlightened public took initiative in spreading thelibrary movement to the nook and corners of the region.The Andhra Desa Library Association (established in 1914)organised ‘Library Pilgrimages’ for spreading the messageof library movement. They used to go from place to placeconvince the local public the need for establishing a library,as well as, advice the existing libraries in organizing librar-ies on technical lines and organise various extension ser-vices to enhance their utility.Publicity:- Publicity is the art of influencing public opinionand demand. The publicity target may be general or indi-vidual. General, here we mean, those programmes whichare aimed at making the public aware of the need of librar-ies; value of books and other reading material; educativerole of libraries; services offered by the libraries etc.Mass Media:- In this context mass media can be exploitedin spreading the message by writing articles in newspa-pers and magazines; radio and television talks; organisingpublic lectures; demonstration tours; attractive sign boards;organising exhibitions: observing library weeks publishingbrochures; leaflets; bulletins; etc.Library Bulletin:- Publication of library bulletin would be avaluable medium which can be used to provide generalinformation about library services, particularly new initia-tives; routine programme of the library topical issues bookreviews literature survey articles; rules and regulations spe-cial announcements etc.

MEANT FOR PEOPLEUse of Fairs and Festivals:- India is said to live in villages.Villages have the tradition of holding fairs and festivals. Theseprovide greater opportunity to have mass contactprogrammes. Programmes like lectures, exhibitions, etc.on libraries and books can be organised which will enable

the public to realise the importance of libraries and the so-cial change mat die books can bring.Wall magazines, posters, charts giving useful informationabout libraries, literacy, education, etc. be displayed at thevenue.Exhibition of manuscripts, maps, microforms, phonorecords,use of internet, CD-ROMs, etc. will prove to be usefulCultural events like dramas, film or video shows, musicalconcerts, etc. can be arranged at the venue of the lectureor exhibition which will attract more and more people to theevent

SOCIAL ORIENTATIONAdult Education Programmes:- As a part of the exten-sion programmes, library enthusiasts were organising adulteducation classes to make the public literate so that theycould make use of the libraries. Even today many of thepublic libraries are conducting adult education programme.Local Broadcasting:- Village libraries have been organisingfilm shows, audio and video broadcasts, lectureprogrammes, etc. In order to enlighten the illiterate publicin terms of health, hygiene, family welfare, agriculture, cul-ture and heritage, contemporary politics and economics,etc.Reading Newspapers, Display of Wall-newspapers:-Libraries in the villages, in localities where there is a con-siderable number of illiterate population have been readingnewspapers and magazine articles of interest to the illiter-ate public at specific hours in the morning and evening,during those hours where majority of them have a free time.For the benefit of neo-literates, libraries do prepare wall news-papers and display in the library as well as at places wheremajority of the public congregates.

COLLECTIVE EFFORTSReading Circles:- Many public libraries are organising‘Reading Circles’ for various groups, like, ‘Women Circles’;‘Children’s Circle’; ‘Student’s Circle’; ‘Special ReadingCircles’ on the basis of subject, profession, etc.Such circles are found to be always effective. These groupsprovide an opportunity to come together discuss, commonissues, problems and get die information from the library attheir disposal.Libraries should provide suitable time, space and readingmaterial for these groups. In the United States of Americasome of the public libraries are providing free accommoda-tion for NGOs to locate their offices and offer services.Special ‘Summer Reading Programmes’ for pre-schoolers;special awards or incentives to children who visit the libraryoften and for those who read more books; specialprogrammes like story-telling; film showing; library tours;reading lists for different age groups; different standards;lists of books giving fairly fables; poems; etc., guides toparents giving information as to how they can help theirchildren succeed in schools.To Young Adults:- College bound students should have ac-cess to material that help develop skills for college entranceexaminations (like PMT, GATE, etc.); complete set of col-lege prospectuses; computer and internet facility: job infor-mation; career planning literature etc.To Adults:- Health guides and medical tips events lists; ref-erence and referral service; bibliographical service book listsworkshops and seminars; etc. integrated services.Extension service also implies providing library service by


t-5

LIBRARY AND

INFORMATION SCIENCEPAPER -II & PAPER -III (PART A & B)

UNIT—I• INFORMATION, INFORMATION SCIENCE, INFORMA-TION SOCIETY

• INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE/COMMODITY

• INFORMATION TRANSFER CYCLEGENERATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE AND DISSEMI-NATIONROLE OF INFORMATION IN PLANNING, MANAGEMENT,SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGYTRANSFER

• COMMUNICATION—CHANNELS, BARRIERS

• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS —CONCEPT, COPYRIGHT, CENSORSHIP—PRINT AND NON-PRINT MEDIA

• LIBRARY AND INFORMATION POLICY AT THENATIONAL LEVEL

INFORMATION, INFORMATION SCIENCE,INFORMATION SOCIETY

INFORMATIONInformationThe man is a thinking animal so various kinds of thoughtsand ideas are created in his mind. Thus human mind is agenerator of ideas. These thoughts and ideas are based oncertain facts, which are derived by continuous observancesand experiences. When these facts hold the test of time,they become data, i.e. something which occurs, which canbe seen, felt and observed. When these data are arrangedin an organised manner and presented, told or passed onto some one, become information. Hence we can say thatinformation originates from an idea that creeps in mind of aman as a result of observation.The word information is derived from two Latin wordsForma and Formatio, which convey more or less the samemeaning. There are other such terms as knowledge, facts,data, news, message, etc., which are used synonymouslynear to the word information. But none of these terms areequivalent to information. In fact, information is the act ofinforming the fact. Therefore the concept of information istaken to the meaning as a collection of facts or other data.It is also an assemblage of data in a comprehensible formrecorded on paper or some other medium, and capable ofcommunication.In simpler terms, the processed data is information.

Information consists of data that have been retrieved,processed or otherwise used for informative or inferencepurpose, argument or as a basis for forecasting or decisionmaking. The way in which the data of a message arestructured is crucial to their effect as information.GENERAL CONCEPTAccording to Shera, information is that, which is transmittedby the act or process of communication, it may be amessage, a signal, a stimulus, it assumes a response inthe receiving organism and therefore, possess responsepotential... its motivation is inherently utilitarian... it isinstrumental and it usually is communicated in an organisedor formalised pattern, mainly because such formalisationincreases potential utility.A number of authors defined information as follows :1. Facts concerned with a subject, called information.— J. Beeker2.The information is a collection of statements, facts andthe figures. — Haufman3. Information is a symbol or set of symbols which has thepotential for meaning. —Faibisoff & Ely4.Information is that which has the power of changing thesize of a thing. — BaconA PROPERTY OF DATAAccording to ALA World Encyclopedia of Library andInformation Service, information is a property of dataresulting from or produced by a process that produced thedata.According to Ford :The structure of any text which is capable of changing theimage structure of a recipient is information.”With reference to library and information science,information may be defined as the structure of any textwhich is capable of changing the image-structure of a re-cipient or any stimulus that reduces uncertainty.


t-6

Mainly the terms data and knowledge are also used forinformation, where the term data refers to an individual fact,a piece of information. Thus data can be described as dis-crete and unorganised pieces of information. Data becomesinformation when these pieces are processed, interpretedand presented in an organised or logical form. And knowl-edge is the organised body of that information. Thus in com-mon parlence, information and knowledge more or less canbe used synonymously without making any distinction be-tween them.The following example may make the ideas clear aboutthese 3 terms i.e. Data, information and knowledge. Wetake the example of cloth which is weaved by yarns andthe yarns are prepared from the cotton. Cotton is loomedinto yarns which in turn is weaved into cloth. In the sameway data also can be weaved into information which can beused to form an organised body of knowledge. In general,both data and information are the building blocks of knowl-edge. Thus now the meaning of the above terms might beclear.PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION“Information is the product of the human brain in action. Itmay be abstract or concrete. When an individual begins tothink, a variety of images and sensations flash across hismind. This makes some information to accumulate in hismind and his memory retains some pieces of knowledge”,says Viswanathan.INFERENCEFrom the above statements, we can infer that :(a) Information is the data that have been retrieved andprocessed;(b) Information may be a message, a signal, or a stimulus;(c) Information is meant for communication and it is capableof bringing a change in the recipient;(d) What we often call information is only a random collectionof data, until it is used by someone to achieve a specificpurpose; and(e) Information reduces the uncertainty when used.Data and InformationAccording to Faibisoff and Dely, data can be numericallyexpressed, that is, quantified, quantifiable or objective. Datais highly repetitive. Information is not highly repetitive orquantified or quantifiable. It is characterised as narrativeand subjective. Data then are number or unit facts, frequentlyrepeated. Whereas, information is an idea. Information is asymbol or a set of symbols, which has the potential formeaning.ILLUSTRATIONLet us take the datum ‘9 6 1946’. This may be a date (9thJune 1946), a telephone number, an account of a person ina bank, or any thing like. When we attribute a value ormeaning to a datum, it is called information.Since the invention of printing, there has been a continuousrevolution in the generation, transfer and communication ofinformation in fact has been growing at an exponential ratewhich is often referred to as “information explosion”.Information is Cumulative-Human activity can be viewed asa process of building-up knowledge. The knowledgeconserved by human, we call as ‘Universe of Knowledge’.The individual knowledge is the sum-total of ideascomprehended by a person. An individual gathersinformation either by (sensory) experience or through formaleducation or both.

The information available can be elaborated, consolidated,interpreted and used for varied purposes basing on the kindof information. The information can be used as raw-materialfor elaboration and generation of new information. The broadareas of application of information are :(i) Recreative; (ii) Creative (or technological); (iii) Economic(or Financial); (iv) Management; (v) Planning and Decisionmaking.Characteristics of Information: The following are the characteristics of information.1. Information is the flow of message.2. Information is transitory by nature.3. Information inherits meaning.4. Information is particular.5. Information is fragmented.6. Information is dynamic.7. Information is timely.8. Information is purpose oriented.9. Information can be recorded.10. Information is quantitative.11. Information is structural.12. Information is explanatory.13. Information may be destroyed.Types of Information:Shera has categorized information into following types:1. Conceptual Information :The idea, theories, hypotheses about the relationships ex-ists among the variables in the area of a problem.2. Empirical Information :Experience, the data of research, may be drawn from one’sself or through communication from others. It may be labo-ratory generated or it may be a product of Literature Search.3. Procedural Information :The methodology which enables the investigastor to oper-ate more effectively. Procedural information relates to themeans by which the data of the investigation is obtained,manipulated and tested, it is certainly methodological, andfrom it has been derived the scientific attitude. The commu-nication of procedural information from one discipline or fieldor investigation to another may illuminate vast shadows ofhuman ignorance.4. Stimulatory Information :Man must be motivated and there are but two sources ofsuch motivation, himself and his environment. Stimulatoryinformation that is transmitted by direct-communication thecontagious enthusiasm of another individual - but whetherdirectly or indirectly communicated. It is probably the mostdifficult of all forms of information to systematize. It is fortu-itous by nature, it submits unwillingly to direction or com-pulsion.5. Policy Information :This is the focus of the decision making process. Collec-tive activity necessitates the definition and objective andpurpose, the fixing of responsibility, the codification of rightsand privileges, and the delineation of functions,6. Directive Information :Group activity cannot proceed effectively without coordina-tion, and it is through directive information that this coordi-nation is achieved.


t-7

UNIT—V• ORGANISATION OF KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION

• MODES OF FORMATION OF SUBJECTS

• LIBRARY CLASSIFICATIONCANONS AND PRINCIPLES

• LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION SCHEMESDDC, UDC AND CC

• LIBRARY CATALOGUINGCANONS AND PRINCIPLES

• LIBRARY CATALOGUING CODESCCC AND AACR -II

• BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS—ISBDS, MARC AND CCF

• INDEXINGPRE-COORDINATE, POST-COORDINATE

• VOCABULARY CONTROLTHESAURUS, LISTS OF SUBJECT HEADINGS

• DATABASESSEARCH STRATEGIES, BOOLEAN OPERATORS

• KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION/KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTInformation and knowledge are related words and are usedsynonymously to each other. Even then there is a shade ofdifference in their meaning and in the context of their us-age. Both are being explained with reference to library andinformation science.1.Information — Any news is the information but it is newor interesting information. There are so many news aroundus which create information. Information is created as aresult of the different types of human activities. Both indi-viduals and corporate bodies are involved in the creation ofinformation for some specific purposes.2.Knowledge — The organised body of information is calledknowledge. With some statements, we can clearly under-stand the meaning of knowledge. We often say a knowl-edge of French is desirable for the post, which means thata person having reasonable acquaintance with French iseligible for a certain position. Similarly, we often called li-brary as a store house of knowledge, which means thatlibrary store documents which contain knowledge.Thus we see that with a shade of difference in their mean-ing, we treat information and knowledge more or less syn-onyms to each other without making any distinction be-tween them.Information Management:The application of the principles of management to the ac-quisition, organisation, control, dissemination and use ofinformation is called information management. The terminformation management is used ambiguously in severalfields. In computer science it is used as a synonym forinformation technology or as indentical to data manage-ment. In business or management studies it has similarconnotations to technology management. According toD.D.Wilson compared with other areas, in the context oflibrary and information science, it is more widely concernedwith the meaning of information for the information usesand with information retrieval issues.Knowledge Management:Knowledge Management is form of application of soundmanagement practices to human resources as a wholewhich are the carrying vectors of knowledge. In a sense, itis the management of the organisation towards the con-tinuous renewal of the organisational structure, facilitationof organisational members, putting information technologyinstruments with emphasis on teamwork and diffusion ofknowledge into place. Knowledge Management process isa question of proper vision, organisational networks, edu-cated decision and the best use of lessons learned as thekey to organisational learning. Hence KM is needed in thelibraries to improve library services, record information, createknowledge and enables users to share and learn by provid-ing user friendly approach in all the activities.Information Management v/s Knowledge Management:We often use information and knowledge interchangeablyand more so because we are unable to clearly distinguishbetween the two as they are very much related. However,while trying to manage them, the distinction would be fairlyclear in the sense that KM (i.e Knowledge Management)involves not only all activities of IM (Information Manage-ment) but some more specialised activities centred aroundcreation and recording of new knowledge and sharing it.IM basically deals with information present in the docu-ments while KM deals not only with the information con


t-8

tent of documents but also with the knowledge present inthe employees’ brain. Also, in IM, coded information be-comes knowledge for the future use but in KM, coded knowl-edge becomes information for future knowledge base, IMand KM have different challenges to meet. For IM, the chal-lenges lies in valuing separate information items and dem-onstrate the power of IM in the context of profit margins,increased organisational efficiency etc. As far as KM isconcerned, the challenge lies in tapping the tact knowl-edge (knowledge which cannot be easily codified) and cre-ate an environment that would facilitate creation of newknowledge and sharing it for organisational developments.

2. MODES OF FORMATION OF SUBJECTSToday new subjects are being formed in the universe ofsubjects by different modes of formation of subjects. Whereeach mode has distinct implications on the design anddevelopment of schemes of classification. Dr. Ranganathanmade initiation towards the modes of formation of subjectsin 1950. He first postulated four modes. Later he recognisedfollowing types of modes of formation of subjects. Of them,some are simple, some are compound and some are com-plex. Thus these modes are as follows:1. Fission —Fission is the process of division of subjects into smallerpieces. In this mode an isolate or basic subject gets fis-sioned or split into subdivisions. Thus there is increasingintention and decreasing extension of subjects into spe-cialized fields. Hence fission is an internal process of divi-sion without involvement of outside agency. Example:

2. Dissection —Dissection is a process to cut a universe of entities intoparts of coordinate status. In this mode an isolate or a ba-sic subject gets fissioned or split into parts of coordinatestatus. The classes are ranked equally. Example:

3. Denudation —This term is used to denote fission, when a subject is splittedup in chain type relationship, the mode of formation is denu-dation. Here the classes are subdivided and the extensionof class is decreased and intension is increased. Each laterclass is subordinated to the earlier one. Example:

4. Lamination —The process of lamination gives rise tocompound subjects. It means layering one facet on the

other.When a subject has more than one, direction, it is calledlamination. Example:Agriculture of corn ,Curriculum of university education5. Loose Assemblage —It is the process linking together different classes. This isachieved by the process of assembling together of two ormore basic subjects or compound subjects. It is used toshow relation of a subject with another subject or its subdi-visions.Examples: Mathematics for engineers BobDClassification and cataloguing 2:51or56. Fusion —In this mode two or more main subjects are fused togetherin such a way that each of them loses its individuality inrespect of the schedules of isolates needed to form thecompound subject going with it. This results in fused mainsubject.Examples : Biophysics, Geochemistry, Medical Jurisdic-tion etc.7. Distilation —In this mode, a pure subject is evolved as a main subjectbased on experience in its appearance in action in diversecompound subjects going with different basic subjects. Thisresults in a distilled main subject. Examples:Management of university, Public heath, Microbiology etc.8. Agglomeration —Agglomeration is a subject comprehending several succeed-ing consecutive basic subjects and having some essentialqualities in common. This mode of development is used insome partial context usually in the context of main class.In CC, enumeration device and interpolation device are usedfor agglomeration. Examples : Biological science is an ag-glomeration class including Zoology, Botany, Animal Hus-bandry, Agriculture and Medicine etc.9. Cluster —This mode was formerly known as subject bundle. In thismode a new kind of agglomeration of subjects is formedand a new subject is constructed. Example : Indian Phi-losophy. Indian Culture, Indian History, Indian Civilizationetc.


t-9

UNIT—X• TYPES OF LIBRARIES—NATIONAL,PUBLIC,ACADEMIC ANDSPECIAL OBJECTIVES,STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• DIGITAL LIBRARIES—CONCEPT

• VIRTUAL LIBRARIES—CONCEPT

• TYPES OF USERS, USER STUDIES, USER EDUCA-TION

• ROLE OF UGC IN THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTOF LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION CENTRES IN INSTI-TUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

• ROLE OF RAJA RAMMOHAN ROY LIBRARY FOUNDA-TION (RRLF)

TYPE OF LIBRARIESThe word library has been derived from the Latin wordLibraria, whose verbal meaning is the house of books, i.e.the place where the books are collected or stored. But thereis no suitable definition of the library which would describeclearly, but the aims of the library has always been changedat time to time. Before inventions of papers, printing andmachines, the main aim of libraries was only to keep safeof the books and they were available only to high gentry ofthe people. But now their aims have basically been changedand now they are open to every one. Thus keeping in mindsthe present aims, libraries can be defend as a collection ofbooks so organised and arranged in a suitable physicalplan by the staff to facilitate easy use by readers. In moreclear way, we can say that today libraries are those thatcollect, store, process, organise, disseminate and distrib-ute information and knowledge recorded in documents. Thuswe see that there was a time when libraries were regardedonly as store houses of books and other reading materials,but now they have become the dynamic social agencies foreffective dissemination of information and knowledge. Nowthe/libraries are essentially to promote the best utilizationof their resources and services and to make the users awareabout them. Thus libraries play a predominant role in theprogress and development of the society and has also be-come an integral part and indispensable agency for impart-ing education.Libraries are not only the nucleus of the society, but theyare also very dynamic components of the society. Hence alibrary is supposed to be the most powerful and effectivemedia for bulk communication of ideas for the betterment ofsociety. The modern libraries serve as information and com-munication centres. They identify the information needs ofthe users and supply required information and necessaryguidance. The success of a library depends upon the qual-ity of the services it provides.There are variety of libraries which are functioning in mod-ern society these days to meet knowledge and informationneeds of different segments of our contemporary society.Parry Committee on libraries (UK) talked about 6 types oflibraries while discussing the functions and duties of thelibraries. Libraries differ in their nature and forms of activi-ties they perform. On this basis libraries are of various types.But mainly five types of libraries are present at this time,which are being discussed.1. National Libraries2. Academic Libraries3. Public Libraries4. Special Libraries5. Information CentresSuch libraries exist in almost all the countries all over theworld. We give below the brief discussion of each of thelibraries here as follows:NATIONAL LIBRARIESNational Libraries differ in size and scope from country tocountry. For example National Libraries like British Museum(Britain), Library of Congress (U.S.A.), and BibliothequeNationale (France) contain not only literature of theircountries but also of other countries.Earlier the aim of the National Library was to build upexhaustive collections. Secondly, during the first centuryand half of their development, most of the National Librariesallowed the public to have limited access to their collections.


t-10

Thirdly, they did not participate in the inter-library cooperationwith other libraries of their countries.The essential services for National Library are follow-ing:-1.A reference collection of all the publications of the par-ticular country, achieved by compulsory legal deposit (i.e.,the requirement that all publishers deposit at least one copyof everything which they produce with the national library).2.A current national bibliography of the country’s output ofpublications (the comprehensive of which can be best as-sured by the legal deposit requirement), which in time willcumulate into the country’s definite retrospective bibliogra-phy.3.A lending service, consisting of a store of multiple copiesof the whole of the country’s publication, plus as much ofthe publication of the rest of the world as is economicallyfeasible, so that-(a)any individuals or groups within the country concerned,through their own local or specialised library services, maybe sure that a copy of an information-containing material,which they require, may be made available through the na-tional library service as quickly as possible(b)so that libraries in other countries may have a centralpoint mat they may approach to borrow material which maynot be available in their own collections.Other services of national libraries include:-(i) A national information service, or at least a national re-ferral service, i.e., an office which can reliably and speedilyrefer enquiries to, sources of information which may not beavailable from the national library itself.(ii) A national translation centre, where new and proposedtranslations are recorded, copies of completed translationsheld, and translations made of foreign material which is ofgreat interest or importance, but is unlikely to be translatedelsewhere.(iii) A national publishing house. This might, e.g., repub-lish out of print material and give opportunity to authorswho cannot achieve publication elsewhere.(iv) Librarianship and information work research and devel-opment.(v) Librarianship and information work education and train-ing.

STAFF AT NATIONAL LIBRARYThere are two broad classes of staff employed in libraries-those involved in library and information work and thosewho provide back-up services. These categories car be sub-divided:1. LIBRARY/INFORMATION STAFFNon-professional:-Unqualified staff are usually educated to ‘O’ level standard;should be able to understand national language and En-glish language. They may have ‘A’ level or even higher quali-fications which will enable them to take professional ex-aminations.Non-professional staff are expected to undertake most ofthe routine work so that professionals can afford more intel-lectually demanding duties. Some librarians have recognisedthe Reed for a career ladder for non-professional staff.Pre-professional:-Broadly speaking all non-professional staff are pre-profes-sional, but strictly the term relates to trainee librarians. Thedistinction is worth making, for trainees should be givensome practice at professional duties and an attempt should

be made to introduce them to a wider perspective oflibrarianship than they see in their immediate job. The useof trainees as a cheap source of high quality labour is unfairand on a par with the use of library science students onfield work as convenient extra hands, available for clearinglong-standing work and doing unpopular jobs.Specialist:-Professional librarians can specialise in many ways, bytype of library, i.e., national, public, academic, special; byfunction, Le., reference work, children’s services, biblio-graphical services etc.; or, perhaps, by subject interest, asin university libraries where graduate qualified staff specialisein an area of the stock-selecting, cataloguing, classifying,and taking general responsibilities in that area. In speciallibraries the knowledge of a particular subject area is veryuseful. Professional staff also carry out indexing, abstract-ing and translation work.Managerial:-Very senior posts in large libraries require more than biblio-graphical skills. Chief librarians are professional librarianswith wider than average responsibilities, or professionalmanagers comparable to industrial executives. Irrespectiveof the classification, it is evident that managerial expertiseis now necessary for more senior posts in the profession.2.SUPPORT STAFFManual/caretakinglibraries are expensive warehouses of knowledge. Equip-ment, stock, the buildings themselves are valuable. It makesgood economic sense to employ people specifically to carefor the library and its physical assets. Caretaking staff needto have qualities of realibilities, responsibility and resource-fulness-many caretaking problems arise outside normalhours of work when senior staff cannot be consulted.Clerical/Secretarial:-Many libraries employ secretarial and other clerical staff.Increased use of ‘media resources’ in libraries of all types,and the installation of computerised processes, have madetechnical knowledge essential. Although all staff concernedwith handling new media should be trained in their use,large collections will require specialist technical staff. Com-puter processing in libraries has led to a need for trainedoperatives and, for libraries with in-house systems, sometechnical expertise; such posts are often designated ‘Tech-nical Services Librarian’.Here we are discussing in brief some familiar national li-braries of important countries of the world.1. British Library, London (National Library of UK) — The British Museum which was founded in 1759, was thenational library of UK till March 1973. Since April 1973 theBritish Library has assumed the status of National Library.British Library is not the name of one library but of a sys-tem of libraries which is comprised of the six libraries andinformation centers.British Library has occupied a central position in the libraryand information network of U.K. It reflects the intellectual,Cultural and socio-economic life of the country. The libraryaims to serve scholarship, research and development, in-dustry, commerce and all other major users of information.This library is directed by a Board of Management compris-ing a chairman and the nine experts.2. Library of Congress, Washington (DC) (National Li-brary of USA) —The Library of Congress founded in 1800 is the national

ias notes for physhic

Education

Transcript of ias notes for physhic