3/12/19

1

IANAImportant,butnotforwhattheydo

ScottBradner22November2016

1

GivingAwaytheInternet!

2Cruz.Senate.gov

3/12/19

2

OnceUponaTime•  StartedwithNetworkWorkingGroup-1968

Ad-hocgroup“concernedwiththeHOSTsoftware,thestrategiesforusingthenetwork,andinitialexperimentswiththenetwork”RFC3

•  ThenRFCs–1969JonPostelRFCserieseditor

•  Thencoordinatingsocketnumbers–1972JonPostelcoordinator

InternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)name–RFC1060in1988

JoyceK.ReynoldslistedastheIANAcontact

3

Thenmorethansockets•  IPaddresses&ProtocolParameters

RFC739–1977•  IPaddressaretoohardtouse

DNS:RFC882/3–1982•  Hierarchyisyourfriend–DNSroot&commonTLDs:RFC920–1984

•  AlltheIANApartsinplaceby1984Jon&Joyce@USC-ISIFundedbyU.S.government

e.g.1988DARPAcontractwithISI,extendedin19974

3/12/19

3

ARPANetworkingResearch•  ARPAwantedtosharelarge(expensive)computersamongresearchers

•  Decidedtouse“packet-based”design•  Usednon-dedicatedlogicalconnections

Permittedmultipleconversationsonsamephysicalconnection

•  PacketnetworkingconceptcamefromPaulBaranatRANDDesignedtosurvivenuclearattack

5

PacketSwitchedNetworking•  Splittransmissionintochunks(a.k.a.,packets)•  Eachpacketproceedsonitsownthroughthenetwork,nostatekeptinnetworkswitches

•  NoassumptionsmadeaboutunderlingtransportnetworkPacketsmaybelost,reordered,duplicated

•  Packetnetworkjustforwardsthebits•  Noserviceguarantees

Reliability,quality,security…

6

DA

SA

CTR

Data

3/12/19

4

ARPABuiltaNetwork

7

1969

1982

Proveofconceptandproductionnetworktosharecomputers

Commercialpacketswitchednetworksfollowedbymid1990s-theinterconnectedpacketswitchednetworksbecametheInternet

But“noone”caredfordecades•  Well,theInternetfolkdid•  ButthetraditionaltelcomandcorporatenetworkingpeopleandcompaniesdidnotItsjustatoy–noQoS,noguarantees,nosecurity,nooneincharge

•  Sotheregulatorsdidnotcare

8

3/12/19

5

•  ProtocolParametersDatabasemaintenance(only)forIETF

•  IPaddresses&ASNsAllocateblockstoRIRs(whodefinedtheirownpolicies)

NetworkSolutions,RIPE-NCC,APNIC

•  DNSRFC920TLDs+.net+.int+rootservers(“oversee”)RFC1591:DomainNameSystemStructureandDelegation

Thereareasetofwhatarecalled"top-leveldomainnames"(TLDs).ThesearethegenericTLDs(EDU,COM,NET,ORG,GOV,MIL,andINT),andthetwolettercountrycodesfromISO-3166.ItisextremelyunlikelythatanyotherTLDswillbecreated.–JonPostel,March1994

IANASteadyState1984-1995

9

TheInternethasfewneeds•  TheIANAfunctionsaretheonlycentralfunctionsrequiredtokeeptheInternetworking

Recordprotocolparameters

AllocateblocksofIPaddresses&ASNs

ConfiguretheDNSroot

•  Everythingelseiscooperation10

3/12/19

6

$$$$$•  1993:NetworkSolutionswonNSFRFPtoregisterdomainnamesin.com,.net&.org

•  Sept.1995:NSFOKedNetworkSolutionschargingfordomainnameregistrations-$100/2yearsAbout100K.comnamesin1995

Wouldbe1Mby1999

•  Moneytobeminted!•  ButNetworkSolutionswastheonlygameintown

SomeccTLDsalsosawthelureE.g..tv

11

DNSandtheothertwo•  IANAdealtwiththreetopics•  ButDNSwastheonlyoneofinteresttomostpeopleItwaswherethemoneywasItwaswheretheTrademarkissueswereItwaswherethelawyerswereItwaswherethepoliticianswereItwaswherethepolicywonkwanabeeswereItsallthenewsmediacouldgrok(orthinktheydid)

12

3/12/19

7

MoreTLDs?•  Firestormoverchargingfordomainnames•  Fall1995:PostelfloatedideaofaddingnewTLDs

Tocreatecompetition•  Nov.1995:ISOCDNSrestructureproposal

draft-isoc-dns-role-00.txtIAB&ISOCchairs,JonPostel&NickTrioco-authors

MovegTLDmanagementunderISOCRegisternewgTLDs

note–callediTLD“internationaltopleveldomains”

13

IAHC•  May1996:Postel–proposedadhocDNSworkinggroupsforDNSissuesdraft-postel-iana-itld-admin

Alsoproposed150newgTLDsinfirstyear,30/yearafterward

•  Nov.1996:InternationalAd-HocCommittee(IAHC)formedbyISOC&IANARepresentativesfromIAB,NSF,WIPO,ITU,INTAReport&MoUpublishedinFeb.1997

Recommendedestablishing7newTLDsRecommendedRegistrar/Registrymodel>200signersoftheMoU

14

3/12/19

8

Incoming!•  Feb.1997:ImageOnlineDesignsuedIANA

i.e.JonPostelClaimedhehadrenegedonanoralpromisetosellthem.webSuedtostopIAHCplan

Whichincluded.web

•  Jul.1997:EugeneKashpureffreroutedInterNICwebsitetoAlterNICusingDNScachepoisoningAlterNICwasanalternativeDNStree

15

Dept.ofCommerceRFC•  2July1997:RequestforCommentsontheRegistrationandAdministrationofInternetDomainNames(62FR35896)•  Requestedcommentonprinciplesincluding:

Theprivatesector,withinputfromgovernments,shoulddevelopstable,consensus-basedself-governingmechanismsfordomainnameregistrationandmanagementthatadequatelydefinesresponsibilitiesandmaintainsaccountability.

•  430commentsreceived

16

3/12/19

9

Meanwhile•  Jonworkedonaproposalofhisvisionofa“institutionalized”IANA

•  ConsultedwithmanyinIETF•  ConsultedwithIraMagaziner(DoC)•  Semi-finalbyendof1997

17

ReengineeringtheInternet•  ConferenceinLondon,Jan.26-291998•  IraMagazinerforeshadowedU.S.governmentapproachQuestioninQ&A–WhynotjustgiveIANAtotheITU?Magaziner:Internetmovestoofastforgovernments

•  Joncouldnotmakeit,inhissteadIpresented:InstitutionalizingtheIANAFunctionsToDeliveraStableandAccessibleGlobalInternetforMissionCriticalBusinessTrafficandTransactionsCopyonwww.sobco.com(Googleforitifinterested)

18

3/12/19

10

GreenPaper•  20Feb.1998:ImprovementofTechnicalManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses;ProposedRule

•  InformedbyIAHC-MoU,butnotacloneWeproposethecreationofaprivate,not-for-profitcorporation(thenewcorporation)tomanagethecoordinatedfunctionsinastableandopeninstitutionalframework.ThenewcorporationshouldoperateasaprivateentityforthebenefitoftheInternetasawhole.

19

GreenPaper,contd.•  Authority:

1.TosetpolicyforanddirecttheallocationofnumberblockstoregionalnumberregistriesfortheassignmentofInternetaddresses;2.Tooverseetheoperationofanauthoritativerootserversystem;3.Tooverseepolicyfordetermining,basedonobjectivecriteriaclearlyestablishedintheneworganization'scharter,thecircumstancesunderwhichnewtop-leveldomainsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4.TocoordinatethedevelopmentofothertechnicalprotocolparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnectivityontheInternet.

•  i.e.,allofIANA,notjustDNS,butjustIANA•  >400commentsreceived

20

3/12/19

11

WhitePaper•  10June’98:ManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses(63FR31741)

•  “StatementofPolicy”Internetstakeholdersareinvitedtoworktogethertoformanew,private,not-for-profitcorporationtomanageDNSfunctions1)setpolicyforanddirectallocationofIPnumberblockstoregionalInternetnumberregistries;2)overseeoperationoftheauthoritativeInternetrootserversystem;3)overseepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewTLDsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4)coordinatetheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnectivityontheInternet.thenewcorporationcouldbefundedbydomainnameregistries,regionalIPregistries,orotherentitiesidentifiedbytheBoard.

21

SelfAppointedCommunityReviews•  InternationalForumontheWhitePaper

MeetingsinReston,Geneva,Singapore,&BuenosAires

•  BostonWorkingGroup•  …•  Thousandsofattendees•  TalkingaboutaverydifferentconceptthanjusttheIANAtechnicalfunctions

•  Assumed“theInternetmanager”•  i.e.,wantingtofillaneededvacuum

22

3/12/19

12

ICANNProposal•  JondevelopedaspecificproposalforanInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers

•  2Oct.1998:proposalsubmitted•  16Oct.1998:Jondied•  20Oct.1998:DoCsaidtheywouldacceptJon’sproposal(withtweaks)

•  26Oct1998:1stICANNboardmeetingCloseddoormeeting

Setapattern?

•  21Nov1998:ICANNincorporated•  25Nov.1998:DoC&ICANNsign10-yearMoU

23

ICANNMoU•  IntheDNSProject,thepartieswilljointlydesign,develop,andtestthemechanisms,methods,andprocedurestocarryoutthefollowingDNSmanagementfunctions:

•  a.EstablishmentofpolicyforanddirectionoftheallocationofIPnumberblocks;b.Oversightoftheoperationoftheauthoritativerootserversystem;c.Oversightofthepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewtopleveldomainswouldbeaddedtotherootsystem;d.CoordinationoftheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnectivityontheInternet;ande.OtheractivitiesnecessarytocoordinatethespecifiedDNSmanagementfunctions,asagreedbytheParties.

24

3/12/19

13

TranslatedICANNMoU•  Translatedintoactionitems•  TheDoCsignsoffonanychangestotheDNSrootzonefilei.e.,thefilethatliststheTLDsandoftheIPaddressesofthenameserversforeachoftheTLDs

25

ICANN’sfunctions•  ICANNwascreatedbyJonPostelto“institutionalizetheIANA”i.e.,dealwiththetechnicalbookkeepingfunctionsand“overseeing”theDNSrootserversystem

•  JonalsoexpectedICANNtodecideonnewTLDsInvolvescontractswithTLDoperators

•  ICANNhastodealwithtrademarkissuescomingoutofdomainnameregistrations

•  ICANNalsoconsultsonDNSsecurityissues

26

3/12/19

14

ICANNBudget:$M

27

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

ICANN:gTLDsareus

28

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

3/12/19

15

ICANNBylaws:Words

29

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

IamIgnoring•  WSIS•  VariousITUandITU-Tproposals•  IGF•  …•  MostlyignoringICANNcommunitysupport

BlewalotofgoodwillatstartToooftenseenassecretive&capriciousGeneralI*viewisthatitsbetterthananyforeseeablealternative

30

3/12/19

16

EnvironmentalChanges•  Sep.2001:India,Brazil,andSouthAfrica(IBSA)proposedthattheUNundertakegovernanceoftheInternet

•  Jun.2013:EdwardSnowden•  Oct.2013:I*-MontevideoStatementontheFutureofInternetCooperationTimetomoveawayfromUSgovernmentIANAoversight

•  Apr.2014:NetMundialInitiativeSelfanointed25-membercounciltoperformInternetgovernance(becausetherestillisnone)

31

TheBeginningoftheEndoftheBeginning•  14Mar.2014:NTIAAnnouncesIntenttoTransitionKeyInternetDomainNameFunctions

•  RequestsoneIANAtransitionplan•  Thetransitionproposalmusthavebroadcommunitysupportandaddressthefollowingfourprinciples:Supportandenhancethemultistakeholdermodel;Maintainthesecurity,stability,andresiliencyoftheInternetDNS;MeettheneedsandexpectationoftheglobalcustomersandpartnersoftheIANAservices;and,MaintaintheopennessoftheInternet.

32

3/12/19

17

TransitionProposalRequirements•  PartiestobeInvolved

InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)TheInternetArchitectureBoard(IAB)TheInternetSociety(ISOC)TheRegionalInternetRegistries(RIRs)TopleveldomainnameoperatorsVeriSignAndotherinterestedglobalstakeholders.

•  NTIAwillnotacceptaproposalthatreplacestheNTIArolewithagovernment-ledoraninter-governmentalorganizationsolution.

33

ICANNAccountability•  Majorconcern–who/whatwillholdICANNaccountableafterthetransition?

•  Fall2014:ICANNAccountabilityandGovernanceCrossCommunityWorkingGroup(CCWG)createdtoworkonanaccountabilityandgovernanceplan

•  Accountabilitymechanismdevelopedandaccepted

•  Followingproperprocess,theICANNcommunityhassignificantpowers:

34

3/12/19

18

CommunityPowersRejectICANNBudgets,IANABudgetsorStrategic/OperatingPlans.RejectchangestoICANN’sStandardBylaws.ApprovechangestonewFundamentalBylaws,ArticlesofIncorporationandCANN’ssaleorotherdispositionofallorsubstantiallyallofICANN’sassets.RemoveanindividualICANNBoardDirector.RecalltheentireICANNBoard.InitiateabindingIndependentReviewProcess(whereapaneldecisionisenforceableinanycourtrecognizinginternationalarbitrationresults).RejectICANNBoarddecisionsrelatingtoreviewsoftheIANAfunctions,includingthetriggeringofPostTransitionIANAseparation.Therightsofinspectionandinvestigation

35

TowardsaTransitionProposal•  Jan2015toFeb.2016IANAcustomersdeveloptransitionproposal

•  10Mar.2016:TransitionProposalsubmittedtoNTIA

•  9June2016:NTIAagreesplanmeetsrequirements

36

3/12/19

19

Meanwhile•  10Apr.2014:US.Housesubcommitteeholdhearingontransition–nooutcome

•  17Sep.2015:NTIextendsIANAcontractto30Sep.2016

•  14Dec.2015:USCongressblocksNTIAfromrelinquishingresponsibilityforInternetDNSfunctionsatleastuntilSeptember30,2016

•  Spring2016-Sep.2016:someincongresstrytoextendtransitionblockBecause,theysaid,theInternet,asweknowit,wouldend

37

DoneDeal•  27May2016:ICANNchangeditsBylawstoimplementaccountabilityplan

•  30Sep2016:thecongressblocktoactionandexistingIANAcontractexpired

•  1Oct2016:thebeginningofanindependentIANA

•  CannotnowbeundoneEvenifTrumpwantedto-Cannotun-expireacontractFCCmighthavesomesayintheUSbutnotelsewhere

•  Note:ifthetransitionhadnothappened–forcesintheUNwouldlikelyhavevotedtotakeitover

38

3/12/19

20

TechnicalFunctions•  JusttheIANA– nothingmore(e.g.nocontent!)

ProtocolparametersIPaddressblocksRootDNSzonefileNewTLDs

•  TheIANAperformscoordinationfunctions,notgovernance

•  ThefunctionsIANAperformsareoperationallycritical,butunimportantotherwise

•  WhattheIANAdoesnotdoiswhatisatissue

39

Internetgovernance•  SomethingasimportantastheInternetMUSTalreadybegoverned–right?

•  TheremustbesomegrouporsomeonethatensurestheInternetfunctions,itisopentofreespeechandtocommerce–right?

ThereisnoInternetgovernance!(Noonecareduntilitwastoolate.)Whichiswheretheproblemlies

•  Butisitaproblemthatneedsfixing?

40