Ian Laing. Some oyster diseases List of Diseases Bower, S.M. and McGladdery, S.E. (2003): Synopsis...
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Transcript of Ian Laing. Some oyster diseases List of Diseases Bower, S.M. and McGladdery, S.E. (2003): Synopsis...
Ian Laing
Some oyster diseases
List of Diseases
Bower, S.M. and McGladdery, S.E. (2003): Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish
URL: http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/shelldis/title_e.htm
The Single European Union Market• Animal health conditions for placing aquaculture animals
on the market ~ EC Directive 91/67, as amended.
Europa Animal Health and Welfare Web site
Listed diseases - THEN
95/70Haplosploridium nelsoni
Haplosploridium costale
Perkinsus marinus
Perkinsus olseni
Mikrocytos mackini
Mikrocytos roughleyi
Oyster velar virusMarteilia sydneyi
91/67Bonamia ostreae
Marteilia refringens
2003/390NON-Susceptible speciesBonamia – Pacific oysters, mussels and clamsMarteilia – Pacific oysters
OIE - International Organisationfor Animal Health
Aquatic Animal Code and Manual
2006/88
Susceptible species
DiseasesFlat oysters
Cupped oysters
Mussels
Bonamia ostreae YesMarteilia refringens
Yes Yes
Perkinsus marinus
Yes
Bonamia exitiosa YesMicrocytos mackini
Yes Yes
Listed diseases - NOW
Aims of the legislation• Prevent the spread of serious disease• Allow trade
This means• Controlling the movement of shellfish• Import and export checks
Bonamiasis• Introduced into Europe in 1979 - Brittany
Bonamia ostreae is an intracellular plasmodial protozoan parasite (2-5m) that belongs to the Haplosporidium group. It affects the granular blood cells (haemocytes) of flat oysters.
Bonamia ostreae
Shellfish News
Project BOLCI
Web site – www.bonamia.com
Google – 14,000 resultsASFA – 168 papers
•EU Health Rules (91/67/EEC)•UK programmes approved (92/528/EEC)•Approved Zones (2002/300/EC)
Zones in Great Britain
1993 – 20053 infected areas
2006 - Loch Sunart (E) and Milford Haven (F) 2007 – West Loch Tarbert (G)2008 – North Kent
Meanwhile, in Ireland
1993 - 2002
2003 – Achill Sound and Blacksod Bay
2005 – Lough Foyle2006 – Lough Swilly2008 - Strangford Lough
“Placing on the market” (2006/88 continued)
• Authorisation of Aquaculture Production Businesses
• includes dispatch and purification centres
• Susceptible and vector species• Risk-based surveillance
• for increased mortality
Surveillance for mortalityFishFish MolluscsMolluscs
Mobile SedentaryVisible behaviour StaticEndoskeleton ShellContained Open (sea bed)
Marteilia refringens
Marteilia (type M)in mussels inSouthampton Water(and elsewhere)
One species?Two types?
Pacific oysters
• Oyster Herpes Virus• Vibrio splendidus• Environmental factors
“Summer mortality”
500 μm
2006/88 Susceptible species
Diseases
White Spot Disease
All decapod crustaceans
Taura Syndrome Three tropical shrimp spp
Yellowhead disease
Seven tropical shrimp spp
Listed diseases - NEW
White spot disease (WSD)
• Global spread via live and frozen animal movements – 100% mortality in days – no effective treatment
• Can be transmitted to European decapods (crayfish, crabs, lobsters)
• Experimental infection of European lobster via feeding of WSD-infected prawns
• Causes disease within the European water temperature range
• Little research into vectors/carrier hosts
IS THERE A THREAT IN EUROPE?
• Small crustacean aquaculture industry
• Large and very valuable marine fishery for prawns, lobsters and crabs
• Potential routes of entry of WSD to Europe – larvae or broodstock for aquaculture, imported fresh and frozen prawns or live potentially carrier species for consumption
• Significant movement of fresh, frozen and live European crustaceans within the EU
White spot disease (WSD)
I hope that was not too complicated
Note: None of these diseases affect humans