IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency 32. Closure of R2D2 Project Summary of the National Progress...

IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency

32. Closure of R2D2 ProjectSummary of the National Progress Reports

Vladan LjubenovMika Shimba-Yamada

Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste SafetyWaste and Environmental Safety Section

Workshop on the Implementation of Decommissioning Schemes under the Research Reactor Decommissioning Demonstration Project (R2D2P):

Release of Buildings and Sites/Final SurveyHumboldt Bay, Eureka, California

28 September-2 October 2015

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Content• R2D2 project overview

• Project background• Objective• Implementation• Participating countries

• Summary of the National Progress Reports• Main achievements• Remaining tasks• Conclusions• Lessons learned

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R2D2 Project Overview - Background

Status 2006:• There are over 200 research reactors that have either

not been in operation for a considerable period of time and that may never return to operation or are close to permanent shutdown.

• Many of these reactors are in state of limbo since countries may not have a decommissioning policy or prepared decommissioning plans for their nuclear facilities.

• The national legal and regulatory framework, the professional expertise or the funds to effectively implement a decommissioning project may also not be available.

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R2D2 Project Overview - Background

Action:• Following the recommendation of several international

meetings and conferences, the IAEA decided to implement a new approach to enhance the exchange of information and the lessons learned between countries with actual decommissioning experience and those whose decommissioning programmes need to be developed.

• Organize workshops that provide “hands-on” experience to participants in an international demonstration project.

• This project was aimed to implement Agency safety standards and provide a model for other research reactor decommissioning projects.

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R2D2 Project Overview - Objective• Scope - focus on demonstrating the decommissioning of a

research reactor. The scope includes all aspects of the decommissioning process, from establishing a legal and regulatory infrastructure to the final release of the facility from regulatory control.

• Purpose of the project – assist Member States in planning and implementing safe decommissioning of research reactors• Provide a platform for “hands-on” and practical training• Facilitate exchange of information, experience, education and training• Serve as a model for use in the decommissioning of research reactors• Demonstrate the interaction between the parties involved in decommissioning

• Achieve objectives through series of workshops involving lectures, national presentations, discussions, exercises, practical demonstrations/observations of activities

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R2D2 Project Overview - Implementation

1. Legal / regulatory 06/062. Basics of D+D 10/063. Transition 11/074. Characterisation 12/075. Decommissioning planning

09/086. Cost estimates 03/097. D+D Technology 07/098. Safety Assessment 10/10

9. Release of sites / buildings 10/10

10. Review of D+D plan 07/1111. Prepare for D+D 05/1212. Project management / RR

dismantling 12/1213. Dismantling of higher active RR

parts 06/1514. Release / final survey 09/15

Two phases: planning (2006-2012) and implementation (2012-2015) with a total of 14 workshops

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• Algeria• Argentina• Brazil• China• Egypt• Indonesia• Iraq

• Libya• Malaysia• Mexico• Philippines • Romania• Serbia• Vietnam

R2D2 Project Overview – Participating Countries

• Not all the countries attended all the workshops

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SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL PROGRESS REPORTS

(10 reports received)

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Argentina (1)

Current decommissioning situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP RA3 U 20% 5 MWt (in oper since 1967)RA6 U 19.7% 1 Wt (in oper since 1982)RA1 U 20% 40 KW (in oper since 1958)

Having a DP RA0 U 20% 1 Wt RA4 U <20% 1 Wt

A DP reviewed by the regulator Existing DPs under reviewShutdown and awaiting decommissioning

None

Being under decommissioning None

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. Decommissioning plans for two RRs have been prepared

2. Decommissioning plans for other three RRs in preparation3. No changes in the regulatory framework since 20064. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning allocated5. Progress made in characterization for decommissioning6. Cost estimation for RRs not completed7. No information on funding mechanisms8. Safety assessment for decommissioning not completed 9. At the moment, no active decommissioning projects

Future plan To complete the decommissioning plans for the three RRsR2D2 Impact Positive impact of the R2D2P on decommissioning planning

Argentina (2)

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Current decommissioning situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP IEA-R1, ARGONAUTA, IPEN/MB-01, RMBHaving a DP IPR-RA DP reviewed by the regulator NoneShutdown and awaiting decommissioning

None

Being under decommissioning None

Brazil (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The DP for IPR-R1 is in an advanced draft version

2. National standard on decommissioning of NPPs was published in 2012, new waste classification system adopted, new regulation licensing of storage and disposal facilities

3. No fully independent regulatory body (the CNEN responsible for promotion and regulation)

4. Characterization of IPR-R1 has been conducted5. The cost estimation for IRP-R1 is in advanced stage6. SA was developed for the preliminary DP for IPR-17. RWM was integrated in the preliminary DP for IPR-18. Regulatory review of the DPs has not been performed yet9. At the moment, no active decommissioning projects

Future plan 1. Finalise the preliminary DP for the IPR-R12. Establish fully independent regulatory body, develop

regulations for decommissioning of RR3. Prepare the DPs for other RRs

R2D2 Impact Positive impact on characterization, planning, cost estimation (DACCORD contribution), safety assessment, RWM

Brazil (2)

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Current decommissioning

situationNames of facilities

Still requiring a DP • Reactor of Shielding Testing (RST, Tsinghua University, 1 MW)• China Experimental Fast Reactor (CIAE, 65 MW, operating)• China Advanced Research Reactor (CIAE, 60 MW, operating)• 49-2 Swimming Pool Reactor (CIAE, 3.5 MW, operating)• Original Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (CIAE, 27 kW, operating)• Low Temperature Thermal Supply Reactor(Tsinghua University, 5 MW,

operating) • High Temperature Gas Cooling Reactor (Tsinghua University, 10 MW,

operating)• High Flux Engineering Test Reactor (Nuclear Power Institute of China

(NPIC), 125 MW, operating)• China Pulse Reactor (NPIC, 1 MW, operating)• Mingjiang Research Reactor (NPIC, 5 MW, operating)• In-hospital Neutron Irradiator (Beijing Capture Tech Corporation, 30 kW,

operating)• Shenzhen Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (Shenzhen University, 30

kW, operating)

China (1)

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situationNames of facilities

Having a DP Heavy Water Research Reactor (HWRR, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), 10 MW)

A DP reviewed by the regulator

Shandong Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (SD MNSR, Shandong Institute of Geologic Science R&E, 30 kW)

Shutdown and awaiting decommissioning

Heavy Water Research ReactorReactor of Shielding Testing

Being under decommissioning

None

Having been decommissioned

Shandong Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (SD MNSR)

China (2)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. Information provided about two RRs (HWRR, SD MNSR)

2. Both RRs have DPs3. New regulations on decommissioning and RWM, as well as related

standards have been developed since 20064. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning allocated5. Characterization for decommissioning completed for both RRs6. Cost estimation completed for both RRs7. Decommissioning of RRs is funded by the Government8. Detailed SA for HWRR not completed (under revision)9. RWM is integrated in the DP for HWRR10.Decommissioning of SD MNSR completed up to unrestricted

release of the site, decommissioning of HWRR not started yetFuture plan 1. Completion of the SA for HWRR

2. Regulatory review of the DP for HWRR3. Implementation of HWRR decommissioning

R2D2 Impact High impact to improvement of legal and regulatory framework, planning, characterization, cost estimation, SA and planning of WM

China (3)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP NoneHaving a DP ETRR-1 (initial & ongoing planning)

ETRR-2 (initial & ongoing planning)A DP reviewed by the regulator

ETRR-1 (initial & ongoing planning) ETRR-2 (initial & ongoing planning)


None


None

Egypt (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The preliminary DPs for two RRs have been prepared

2. New independent regulatory body established in 20103. Lack of regulatory framework of decommissioning, IAEA

standards to be used4. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning allocated5. No information provided on characterization for

decommissioning6. No information provided on cost estimation for

decommissioning7. Decommissioning of RRs will be funded by the Government8. No information provided on SA for decommissioning9. The Preliminary DPs have been reviewed by the regulator10. No active decommissioning projects

Future plan 1. Establishment of regulatory frameworkR2D2 Impact Positive impact, proposal for extension of the project

Egypt (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP MPR-30 Reactor, Serpong - Decommissioning Plan under development

Having a DP TRIGA-2000 Reactor, Bandung – preliminary plan under revisionKartini Reactor, Yogyakarta – preliminary plan in place


TRIGA-2000 Reactor, Bandung - preliminary plan reviewed, under revisionKartini Reactor, Yogyakarta – preliminary plan undergoing a regulatory review


None


None

Indonesia (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The preliminary DPs for two RRs have been prepared

2. New independent regulatory body established in 1999, new regulations developed since 2006

3. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning allocated4. Characterization of TRIGA-2000 is in progress5. Cost estimation for TRIGA-2000 has been done6. SA for TRIGA-2000 has been performed7. Planning includes RWM8. The Preliminary DP for TRIGA-2000 has been reviewed by the

regulator and is under revision9. The Preliminary DP for Kartini Reactor is under regulatory review10.No active decommissioning projects

Future plan 1. Finalise the revision of the DP for TRIGA-2000 2. Finalise the review of Kartini Reactor DP3. Finalise the preliminary DP for MPR-304. Update of all the DPs every five years5. Start decommissioning on TRIGA-2000 in 10 years (TBC)

R2D2 Impact High impact (together with other IAEA projects like TC, DACCORD) on all aspects

Indonesia (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP NoneHaving a DP Tammuz-2 Research ReactorA DP reviewed by the regulator

Tammuz-2 Research Reactor

Shutdown (Destroyed) and awaiting decommissioning

IRT-5000 Research Reactor


Tammuz-2 Research Reactor

Iraq (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The DP for Tammuz-2 reactor was approved by the regulator in

2013 and the reactor is under decommissioning2. Decommissioning regulations have been developed since 20063. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning allocated4. Characterization of Tammuz-2 reactor has been done in 20115. Cost estimation for Tammuz-2 reactor has been done6. Government is providing funds for decommissioning7. SA of Tammuz-2 Reactor has been prepared

Future plan 1. Decommissioning of IRT-5000 will be done by contract with international company specialized in this field

R2D2 Impact

High impact to establishment of regulatory framework, characterization and planning for Tammuz-2 (other IAEA projects contributed as well – INDP funded by US)

Iraq (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP NoneHaving a DP IRT-1, Tajoura Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) –

DP not completeA DP reviewed by the regulator

IRT-1, Tajoura Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) – available parts of the DP reviewed


None


None

Libya (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The regulatory body is not fully independent (under the same Atomic

Energy Establishment with the operator)2. New Law under preparation to establish independent regulatory body3. Decommissioning addressed in the SAR for the operating reactor

(parts of the DP prepared and reviewed by the regulator in 2009) 4. Characterization for the RR not complete (continuation of operation

envisaged)5. Cost estimation not performed yet 6. Funding for decommissioning will be provided by the Government7. SA for decommissioning not prepared yet8. RWM will be integrated into the DP; initial estimate of waste absent9. No active decommissioning projects

Future plan

1. The SAR for the operation will be revised, including the part related to decommissioning (DP)

R2D2 Impact

Positive impact of R2D2 on planning for decommissioning

Libya (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP None

Having a DP Reactor TRIGA Mk. II PUSPATI (RTP) – awaiting internal approval to be submitted for regulatory review


None


None


None

Malaysia (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The DP for RTP was completed but is pending approval

2. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning, but not fully independent regulatory body

3. Regulations for RWM were developed in 20114. Characterization of RTP performed, but not completely, as still

in operation5. Cost estimation for RTP has been completed6. Decommissioning of RTP is funded by the Government7. At the moment, SA of RTP has not been conducted8. DP consistent with the national RWM plan9. No active decommissioning

Future plan 1. The DP for RTP will be updated periodically2. Safety assessment for RTP will be done

R2D2 Impact

High impact on the preparation of the initial DP for RTP (other projects contributed, such as DACCORD on cost estimation)

Malaysia (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP NoneHaving a DP Philippine Research Reactor – 1 (PRR-1)A DP reviewed by the regulator

Philippine Research Reactor – 1 (PRR-1)


Philippine Research Reactor – 1 (PRR-1)


None

Philippines (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The DP for PRR-1 was completed in 2013

2. The DP for PRR-1 has undergone a preliminary review3. No independent regulatory body, internal regulatory program for

PNRI4. Characterization of PRR-1 is on-going5. Cost estimation for PRR-1 has been completed6. No funding allocation at present7. RWM considered in the DP8. Preliminary SA of PRR-1 was completed9. Implementation of decommissioning has not started yet

Future plan 1. The DP for PRR-1 will be updated periodicallyR2D2 Impact

In the 1st phase of R2D2, PRR-1 was used as a model facilityHigh impact to all aspects of decommissioning planningOther IAEA projects contributed (DACCORD)

Philippines (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP NoneHaving a DP VVR-S Research Reactor, IFIN-HH Magurele

TRIGA Research Reactor, ICN PitestiA DP reviewed by the regulator

VVR-S Research Reactor, IFIN-HH MagureleTRIGA Research Reactor, ICN Pitesti


None


VVR-S Research Reactor, IFIN-HH Magurele

Romania (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The revision 12 of the DP for phase 3 (final) for VVR-S RR was approved by

the regulator in 2014 and a decommissioning licence was granted2. An update of the DP of TRIGA RR is under development3. Clear responsibilities for decommissioning allocated4. Complete regulatory framework in place5. Characterization of VVR-S RR was elaborated in the DP and implemented6. Cost estimation for VVR-S was completed7. The funding from state budget was obtained to implement the project in

2010-20208. SA has been addressed in the DPs9. RWM was integrated in the VVR-S RR DP10. Implementation of decommissioning is on-going (final phase 3)

Future plan

1. Finalize the dismantling and decontamination of the VVR-S RR until 20182. Complete the decommissioning of the VVR-S RR until 20203. Complete the revision of the TRIGA RR DP

R2D2 Impact

High impact to development of the DP and to implementation of the decommissioning of VVR-S RR IFIN-HH hosted two R2D2 workshops

Romania (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP Research Reactor RBHaving a DP Research Reactor RAA DP reviewed by the regulator

None


Research Reactor RA


None

Serbia (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. The initial DP for RA was completed in 2009

2. Clear allocation of responsibility of licensee and regulatory body for decommissioning was done in the Law adopted in 2009

3. New regulations developed in 2011 and 20124. Characterization of RA reactor has been conducted5. Cost estimation for RA reactor is under preparation6. No funding allocation at present7. Preliminary SA for decommissioning of the RA is under development8. RWM considered in the DP9. No active decommissioning projects

Future plan 1. Completion of cost estimation and safety analysis report for RA2. Preparation of the DP for the RB reactor3. Update of the national regulations regarding decommissioning

R2D2 Impact Positive impact on characterization and on the preliminary SA for RA (IAEA TC support contributed as well)Problem - discontinuity in participation in R2D2 due to institutional and staff changes

Serbia (2)

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situation

Names of facilities

Still requiring a DP NoneHaving a DP Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR) - NRIA DP reviewed by the regulator

None


None


None

Vietnam (1)

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Items Self-assessmentSummary 1. Not fully independent regulatory body (under the same Ministry with

the operator)2. Decommissioning covered in the Atomic Energy Law (2009), which

assigns clear responsibilities for decommissioning3. Establishment of a clearance policy with quantitative criteria for

release of materials and sites is underway4. The preliminary DP for the DNRR was prepared in 2009-2010, but

has not been reviewed by the regulator yet5. Characterization not fully performed (operating reactor)6. Cost estimation for DNRR done on the basis of the PDP7. Financial assurance is provided by the Government8. SA for DNRR has been prepared for the PDP9. RWM will be integrated into the decommissioning activities10.No active decommissioning projects

Future plan 1. Review of the DP for the DNRR by the regulatory body, update of the plan (more detailed).

R2D2 Impact

Positive impact of R2D2 on establishment of the legal and regulatory framework, planning, safety assessment, cost estimate (IAEA TC support contributed as well)

Vietnam (2)

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situation

Number of facilities

Still requiring a DP

23

Having a DP 17A DP reviewed by the regulator

10 (plus 2 under review)


6


2

Site release 1

Participating countries reported on:• New laws, regulations and guidance for

decommissioning of RRs, covering roles and responsibilities, financial aspects, planning requirements, licensing, conduct, management of RAW including clearance;

• Development of decommissioning plans and supporting documents for RRs;

• Development of cost estimates;• Progress in characterization;• Benefits from exchange of hands-on

experiences on decommissioning technologies;

• Ongoing conduct of RR decommissioning projects.

Main Achievements

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In several participating countries there are still remaining tasks related to the following deficiencies:• Legal and regulatory framework for decommissioning not complete;• Regulatory body not fully independent;• Decommissioning plans not developed for all RRs;• Cost estimations not prepared;• Characterization partly completed (in some cases due to the fact that the

RRs are still in operation);• Selection of decommissioning technologies is still an issue;• No decisions or clear ideas about the future use of the RR sites –

multiple options to be kept open;• Human resources on both operator’s and regulator’s side often not

adequate (number of people, experience) – continuous need for training and exchange of knowledge and experiences;

• Infrastructure for release of sites and termination of license is missing.

Remaining Tasks

IAEA

• R2D2: 10 years, 14 workshops, 7 hosts in 6 countries• IAEA implemented all the planned activities.• This is not enough to conclude that the project was a success.

The key success indicator is the progress made in the participating countries.

• That progress has been assessed on the basis of the National Progress Reports.

• Several participating countries did not provide reports.• Very positive impact of the R2D2 has been reported.• Contribution of the other IAEA projects has been recognized.• Proposal for an extension of the project was made (Egypt).• The need for continuation of training and exchange of

experiences has been recognized.

Conclusions

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Examples of lessons learned(proposed by the participants)

General• The international consensus is that decommissioning is a normal and

unavoidable stage in the lifecycle of a nuclear reactor and must be properly implemented to ensure safety and protection of workers, the public and the environment. The methodology of decommissioning has been well developed in countries that pioneered nuclear technology and is being shared world-wide.

• Decommissioning a research reactor could be a complex and technologically challenging task, but it can be done to international standards by the retrained operating staff, subject to a strong commitment of resources (manpower and funding).

National Policy and Strategy• Development of the national governmental, legal and regulatory infrastructure is

an essential basis for safe implementation of decommissioning.• The government shall adopt a policy decision related to decommissioning of

nuclear installations, including waste management policy.

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Legal and Regulatory Framework• A comprehensive legal and regulatory infrastructure including independent

and effective regulatory authority will ensure successful, safe and smooth decommissioning.

• It is mandatory that an independent regulatory body exists in order to issue a license for the construction, operation and decommissioning of nuclear facilities.

• Both decommissioning plans and supporting safety assessments should be reviewed by regulatory bodies.

• The regulatory body must ensure that decommissioning can only start when everything is in place and licensed, and regulatory body should survey the status of the facility / work and confirm compliance with licensing requirements / plans.

Decommissioning Strategy• The basic principles, criteria, approaches and alternative options have to be

considered in the evaluation and selection of a decommissioning strategy.


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Planning• Decommissioning plan must be prepared during the operation of the

installation. That allows to take into account aspects, which may be missing after the final shut-down, and to achieve technical capability required to evaluate and decide on the best alternative for decommissioning of a given nuclear facility.

• In order to prepare decommissioning plan for a research reactor, assistance of experts who have been conducting decommissioning could be very valuable. The IAEA Technical Cooperation Programme is a good mechanism to provide for involvement of such experts from countries with advanced decommissioning programmes.

Transition• An essential activity during the transition phase is the preparation of the Final

Decommissioning Plan. In an ideal case, a basic plan needing only small refinement and validation will already be available from the operational phase.


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Characterization• Knowledge of the status and the history of a nuclear facility is essential for

strategy selection and for successful decommissioning planning.• A proper characterization survey of a research reactor may require significant

investment in equipment and manpower, as in some cases most of that is not available at the time when decision for decommissioning is made. Equipment could be obtained with external assistance, foreign and local. Manpower could be obtained by retraining the existing reactor staff and adding qualified people from other organizations or organizational units of the same institution.

• Hazards characterization and preparation of a decommissioning plan are the first steps in the decommissioning process. These may be quite complex technical tasks, but are in most of the cases within the capability of the operating organization, once proper equipment and staff training have been provided.


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Information Management• Open information about all steps of research reactor decommissioning,

describing experiences in different countries, may help in building own knowledge and experience in the field of planning, conducting and regulating decommissioning.

• For research reactors awaiting decommissioning, adequate record management / quality management system is required to be in place to support the progress of decommissioning in accordance with the plan. Such system should be reviewed by the regulatory body.

• Technical visits and actual demonstrations of decommissioning processes are more effective ways for transferring information, knowledge and experiences, than classroom lectures alone.

• Decommissioning phase typically involves various activities and may take a long time. Therefore a systematic record management system is essential to keep track of every action taken during decommissioning.


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Project Management• Reactor decommissioning is a complex undertaking consisting of many smaller

activities that have to be coordinated in order to be coherent. There may be only one major project objective, but typically there are numerous intermediate goals that have to be met. Decommissioning also requires a major commitment in resources, especially for a smaller organization like research institute. That is why decommissioning should be organized as a major project and should be managed in a professional way.

• The objective of decommissioning is the reduction of risks, in many cases ultimately leading to unrestricted release of the site in a safe and cost effective manner. In order to achieve this goal, there are a number of important considerations that should be factored into the development of a decommissioning project, including a dedicated management organization. Along with other objectives, an early planning would provide a sound basis for decommissioning cost estimation and funding provisions.

• Decommissioning is composed of major and in some cases expensive activities, which should be considered as a complex project needing an effective and efficient project management process. Such process need to be managed by highly experienced, highly skilled and dedicated project management team and staff. Decommissioning of a research reactor must be a full-time job.


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Technologies• The selection of adequate and appropriate techniques is an important part of a

decommissioning project. The amounts and types of waste generated during decommissioning are important factors to be considered in the selection of the decommissioning technologies to be applied.

• Decommissioning does not always include full dismantling of the facility. A facility could, in some cases, be decommissioned with a limited dismantling, and the remaining structures subsequently be put to another use after decontamination.

• Decontamination, proper waste segregation and categorization are also considered to be effective ways in minimizing the waste generated during decommissioning. A great deal of materials from decommissioning can be recycled/reused, for example after meeting clearance criteria.

• The use of computer codes / software tools for specific tasks is very helpful. Some examples include activation calculation codes, dose assessment and optimization tools, project management software, and software supporting MARSSIM-like methodology for site characterization and final site survey.


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Waste Management• Facilities needed for management of radioactive waste from decommissioning

must be available prior to commencement of decommissioning. Facilities for local storage and treatment of radioactive waste from decommissioning should be designed and constructed in a timely manner according to standards and requirements applicable.

Completion• Final radiological survey is needed to demonstrate that the end-state criteria

for decommissioning are achieved. Regulatory body will typically perform an independent survey to verify that the objective of decommissioning and the criteria for site release are being met.


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IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency 32. Closure of R2D2 Project Summary of the National Progress...

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