IAD and its Severity Instrument

Designed and validated by WOC nurses and their faculty

2 WOC nurses established initial face validity

Content and criterion validity via 9 WOC nurses in North Central Region of WOCN

Interrater reliability via 247 WOC nurses attending 2007 National Conference

Descriptive, ranks severity allowing longitudinal assessment; responsiveness has not yet been tested

Borchert K et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2010; 37(5): 527.

IAD and its Severity Instrument

Borchert K et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2010; 37(5): 527.

IAD and its Severity Instrument

Borchert K et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2010; 37(5): 527.

Validity and Reliability of IADS

Original article describing instrument development evaluated face validity (2 WOC nurse)

Original article evaluated criterion validity (establish association between IADS and external criteria)

Original article evaluated inter-rater reliability (are scores similar when administered by different clinicians)1

IADS used in several in press publications in JWOCN

Borchert K et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2010; 37(5): 527-35.

IAD: Institute Defined Skin Care Regimen Routinely Followed

Doughty D et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2012; 39(3): 303-15.

IAD: Principles of Prevention & Treatment

IAD: Cleanse

When frequent bathing necessary, current evidence suggests….

– Gentle cleansing: NO scrubbing 1,2

– Consider type of washcloth

– Select cleanser with pH close to acid mantle of skin

– Select product that minimizes potential irritants, scents, etc.

1. Gray M et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing 2007; 34(2):134. 2. Voegeli D. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing 2008; 35(1).

IAD: Cleanse

Some clinicians have raised concerns about effectiveness of no-rinse cleansers and residue

Study comparing bacterial counts in skin of volunteers using controlled bacterial exposure technique (E. coli and Staph aur.); both exposure technique (exposure technique (exposure technique (

CFU dramatically; no differences based on technique1

1. Ronner AC et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing 2010; 37(3): 260.

Moisturize

Three categories – Humectants attract water to the skin

– Emollients replace lipids to stratum corneum; designed to smooth skin surface

– Occlusives shield skin from exposure to moisture and potential irritants; we will call these by their FDA category name: skin protectants

– Sparse evidence concerning their role in preventing or treating IAD1

1. Beeckman D et al. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2009; 65(6): 1141-54.

Protect

Skin Protectants should – Act as a “moisture barrier”, protecting skin from

deleterious effects of exposure to irritants and excess moisture

– Maintain hydration and favorable skin’s normal transepidermal water loss (TEWL)

– Avoid maceration when left on for prolonged period of time

– Options Ointment based skin protectants

Liquid acrylates (marketed as a skin barrier)

Gray M. Skin Protectants in the Treatment of Irritant Dermatitis In: Sek CK. Advances in Wound Care, Volume 1. New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Protect

Ointment based skin protectants – Petrolatum: blend of

castor seed oil & hydrogenated castor oil

– Dimethicone: silicone based oil

– Zinc Oxide: white powder, mixed with cream or ointment base

Clinical Evidence

Petrolatum – Good protection against irritant – Avoided maceration – Modest skin hydration

Dimethicone – Variable protection against irritant – Modest protection against maceration – Good skin hydration

Zinc Oxide – Good protection against irritant – Did not avoid maceration – Poor skin hydration

Hoggarth A et al. OWM 2005; 51(12): 30.

Protect

Skin barriers (polymer acrylate)

– Non-alcohol preferred

Less pain

Less drying

No different when compared to ointment based skin protectants in one robust RCT (powered for economic rather than efficacy outcomes)

Bliss DZ et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing 2009; 35 (2).

RCT of 1-Step Pre-Moistened Cloth vs. Soap & Water for Prevention and Treatment of IAD

Block randomization of 11 nursing home; 6 units allocated to intervention (pre-moistened cloth with no rinse cleanser, emollient & humectant moisturizers and 3% dimethicone skin protectant) and 5 to standard treatment (pH neutral soap and water)

141 subjects; prevalence of IAD at enrollment 22.3% in intervention group, 22.8% in control group

Pre-moistened wash cloth reduced IAD prevalence 8.1% vs 27.1% (p=0.003) and non0significant effect on IAD severity 3.8 vs 6.9 (p=0.06)

Beeckman D et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2011; 37(6): in press.

IAD Product Selection: SORT Statements

Doughty D et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2012; 39(3): 303-15.

IAD: Treatment

Establish or continue defined skin care program based on “cleanse, moisturize & protect”, consider changing skin protectant

Minimize exposure to irritants (aggressively manage UI or FI)

Treat secondary cutaneous infections

Allow skin to heal or apply protectant with active ingredients designed to promote healing

IAD Product Selection: SORT Statements

Doughty D et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2012; 39(3): 303-15.

IAD Product Selection: SORT Statements

Doughty D et al. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2012; 39(3): 303-15.

IAD Treatment: Severe Cases

Create Skin Paste with aluminum sulphate or acetate and karaya powder

– Applied as compress; causes protein precipitation & has antimicrobial properties

– Exerts drying & soothing effect; followed by application of moisture barrier

– Often used when dermatitis complicated by extensive erosion and serous exudate

IAD: What about Dressings DressingsDressingsDressings

Topical Dressings – Hydrocolloids

– Thin film dressings

Act as barrier to urine & stool

Promote moist environment for wound healing

Can be combined with topical treatments

Dressings: Practical Concerns

Role of topical Dressings

– Maintaining adherence significant challenge

– Skin surfaces complex

– Borders often roll when ointments or moisturizing products have been applied

– Undermining of urine or stool may occur

IAD: Contain/ Prevent Exposure to Urine Stool Establish or continue defined skin

care program based on “cleanse, moisturize & protect”, consider changing skin protectant

Minimize exposure to irritants (aggressively manage UI or FI)

Treat secondary cutaneous infections

Allow skin to heal or apply protectant with active ingredients designed to promote healing

Conclusions

IAD is a prevalent and clinically relevant condition

Defined skin regimen key to prevention and treatment of IAD

Principles of skin regimen: cleanse, moisturize & protect