IACP Training and Professional Services Fair and Impartial...IACP Training and Professional Services...
Transcript of IACP Training and Professional Services Fair and Impartial...IACP Training and Professional Services...
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IACP Training and Professional Services
Leading Fair & Impartial Policing Organizations
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• Science- Based: Decades of research by social psychologists…the neurology/science of human bias
• Gaining National and International Attention
• U.S. States adopting legislation; Academies infusing the perspective into police training curricula
• International trainings: Canada (Toronto Police Service; Vancouver Transit-2015); Department of State—Brazilian Law Enforcement Officials
• IACP’s Leadership Training Programs
The Fair and Impartial Policing Perspective is….
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The Fair and Impartial Policing Perspective Allows Police Organizations..• To understand how biased behavior manifests in policing
• From the perspective of the modern science of human bias and
• To develop organizational policies and practices to promote safe, effective and just policing
• To establish and sustain mutual trust between police and communities they serve which leads to police legitimacy.
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Policing in Democratic Civil Society
• Is founded on the concept of police legitimacy
• Police derive their authority from the governed (citizens)
• Police are most effective when they have the support and cooperation of the citizens they serve.
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Bias-based decisions and actions…in ANY profession has detrimental
consequences
Why are We Concerned about Biased-Based Decisions and Actions?
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Current Studies • Doctors, nurses (e.g., Van Ryn & Saha, 2011)
–Biases on the basis of race, class, weight
• Lawyers, prosecutors and judges
–Gender (e.g., Levinson & Young, 2010)
–Race/ethnicity (e.g., Smith & Levinson, 2012)
• School teachers (e.g., Van den Bergh et al, 2010)
• Law Enforcement (e.g., Correll et al., 2007; Peruche
& Plant, 2005)
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Why Should We Care About Bias in Policing?
• Law enforcement officers are and SHOULD be held to the highest standards
• Threaten/Destroy Police-Community Trust and Police Legitimacy
• Litigation—U.S. and Canada
• Consequences of biased-based decisions and actions in policing can be deadly• For both community members and police
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Our Understanding of Human Bias Has Changed
“Personal and public policy discussions regarding prejudice and discrimination are too often based on an outdatednotion of the nature of prejudice” (Hardin/Banaji, 2010)
That “outdated notion” – focus on EXPLICIT biases.
• Explicit bias: Based on personal animus, hostility towards groups.
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Understanding Implicit Bias
• Links people we don’t know to the stereotypes associated with their groups
• Occurs automatically, below our conscious awareness
• The key to the FIP perspective is to understand how this works and develop the skills to manage it.
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Bases on Which Humans are Stereotyped• Socio-Economic Status
• Class
• Gender
• Age
• Religious Affiliation
• Language Capability
• Disability
• Sexual Orientation
• Ethnicity/Race
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To Understand How This Happens…..
We turn to the science of human bias
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The Science of Human Bias• Bias is a normal human attribute—even well-intentioned people have biases
• Biases are often unconscious or “implicit” • Implicit biases are sometimes incompatible
with our chosen beliefs and values • Implicit biases can influence our actions• Understanding how implicit bias can affect
our behavior is the first step to “overriding” implicit bias
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Understanding Implicit Bias--Answers
• Whom do we pre judge?• We prejudge people we don’t know--“ambiguous
stimuli”
• What determines the characteristics we attribute to them?• Group stereotypes/biases
• Do we know when we are doing this?• Not always.
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Susan Fiske Princeton University Study
• Subjects—MRIs
• Photographs of average people and young children
• Brain activity monitoring
• Photographs of street/homeless people
• No brain activity except for amygdala- fear, disgust, flight
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Race-Crime/Danger Association Studies
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The Bump/Shove Study
• Study: Experiencing an ambiguous “bump” on the part of a stranger How did people interpret the bump by African Americans
versus the bump by whites?
• Ambiguous bumps were perceived as more threatening when performed by an African American. Replicated to show this phenomenon true for both white
and non-white subjects.
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Subway Study
• Subjects were shown a picture of a crime occurring on a subway.• Both Caucasians and people of color were in the scene.
• When asked to reflect back with their memories to identify “who was holding the deadly razor in a subway scene”….
• Subjects were more likely to (erroneously) identify a person of color.
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Visual Perception Study
• Subjects were “primed” with Black male faces, White male faces, or no faces.
• Completed object recognition task.
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Levels of Degradation
Frame 1Frame 25Frame 41
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Crime Object
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• Objects That Were Not Related To Crime
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Visual Perception Study: Hypotheses
• If there is a Black-crime implicit association
• Participants primed with Black male faces should be faster to identify crime-relevant objects than those primed with White male faces.
• [The crime objects would be more “accessible.”]
• There should be no effect of prime for crime-irrelevant objects.
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Object Identification
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Flashing White
Faces
No Faces
(Control)
Flashing Black
Faces
Fra
me n
um
ber
Crime-Relevant
Crime-Irrelevant
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Visual Perception Study: Conclusions
• Exposure to Black male faces facilitated the identification of crime-relevant objects.
• Exposure to White male faces inhibited the identification of crime-relevant objects.
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Shooter Bias Studies
• Research question: Does the race of the person impacted on the perception of threat?
• Measurements:
• Speed of decision-making
• Errors
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Shooter Bias Studies• Subjects sitting at a computer• Pictures of people flashing up on their screens
VERY QUICKLY• Either white or Black people• Some carried a weapon; other carried a safe
object or not• Subjects were to hit “threat/shoot” key if
weapon, “no threat/don’t shoot” key if no weapon.
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Results: Race Made a Difference
• Reaction Times:
• Subjects are slower to see “Gun” with a white target.
• … slower to recognize “No Gun” when it is a black target.
• Errors -- These are the most likely errors:
• Incorrectly shoot the Black with NO GUN
• Incorrectly NOT shoot the White WITH gun
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The Turban Effect Study
In 2008, Australian researchers documented a “Turban Effect”
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The Turban Effect Results
• Subjects were much more likely to shoot Muslim-looking characters
•Even if they were carrying a harmless item/not a weapon.
• Subjects were more likely to shoot men than women
•Even when the men were carrying a harmless item.
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Biases are Based, at Least in Part, on Fact!
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Economic Status, Race and Crime• A = Lower income people are
disproportionately represented among people who commit street crimes
• B = People of color are disproportionately represented in lower income levels
• A+B=C People of color are disproportionately represented among people who commit street crimes
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While Biases are Based, at Least in Part, on Fact…..
• Policing based on biases is:
• Unsafe: Recall the Visual Perception and Shooter Bias Studies
• Ineffective: Recall Susan Fiske’s Study
• Unjust: Recall the Concept of Police Legitimacy in a Democratic Society
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Addressing Our Implicit Biases
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Two remedies for our implicit bias….what the science says
• #1. Reducing our implicit biases
• #2. Recognizing our biases and thwart their impact on behavior.
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Reducing implicit bias
• Contact theory
• Unlinking stereotypes
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Contact Theory: Reducing Implicit Bias
Positive contact between members of
groups improves inter-group attitudes and reduces both explicit and implicit
biases.
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Unlinking Stereotypes
• Difficult to undo our implicit biases….took lifetime
• BUT police firearms training seems to help us unlink the stereotypes we associate with groups (e.g., minorities and danger)
• How might this work?
• Repeatedly exposed to random pairing of threat and race (and other demographics).
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• Every INDIVIDUAL must be cognizant of how biases can impact him/her and be proactive in implementing unbiased “controlled” responses
• Every LEADER must supervise to promote fair and impartial policing.
• Every AGENCY, because they hire humans, must be proactive in implementing policies which promote fair and impartial policing.
Implications of the Science for Change Efforts
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The Science Allows Us to Re-Think Biased Policing
• Move away from the narrow view that biased policing is ONLY exhibited by ill-intentioned/explicitly biased officers
• Move toward an expanded view, the implications of which are:
• Even the best officers, because they are human, might practice biased policing
• Even the best agencies, because they hire humans, will have biased policing.
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Comprehensive Approach to Leading a Fair and Impartial Policing Organization
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Seven Components of a Comprehensive FIP Approach• Assessment of institutional practices and priorities
• Policies prohibiting biased policing
• Recruitment and Hiring
• Training at ALL levels
• Leadership/supervision and accountability
• Outreach to diverse communities
• Data Collection/ Measurement