I('''A 'm, - TAUgiorar/files/Giora81_Sentence_ordering.pdf · 5. All at once the threat of a steep...
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Transcript of I('''A 'm, - TAUgiorar/files/Giora81_Sentence_ordering.pdf · 5. All at once the threat of a steep...
I('''A 'm,nl,non n'ln~ Alnn
~'~N - ~n nD'0'~'J1N
n"lynD Dn~D~ D'~Dn "0 ~~ 'on'n ~nlnn ,~,~ n~l(~n
nJl~ D'~D "OJ D'y'nlD D'Dl' D'Dn~D 'J D'J'nJD '~I(J
ONDln l~"~ IIn~Nnl'JJynll'lnOJ .DOj1DJD'Jl~ nlDlj1DJ
'~YJ D'Dn~D D'y'gln ,~~D~ (Dylan Thomas 1965 :44 ,62)
.lnlOJ1.D0j1Unn'~I('JnJl~ D')'J'D "0) nnl' 'nJYD lJln
:(2) D9~D) D"npnl (1) D9~D) ~ 'lg'On
(1) In the eaves of the lunatic asylum were birds
who whistled the coming of the spring. (44 'DY)
(2) In the eaves of the lunatic asylum the birds
still whistled. (62 'DY)
\
1.
(were) Nl~Jn ,nN~ (birds) N~1Jn Y'91D (1) 09~D~
.(whistled) Nl~Jn 'Jg~ (the birds) N~1Jn Y'91D (2) 09~D~1
'lD~ '9'D~' .N~'J-N'~J 'lD~ Og~Dn Y'91D ODpOn n~'nn~ .'Dl~J
.N'~J-N~1J
D'J'~ nlDlpD~ 09~D~ D'~'J'Dn "lD D'A~gnD nDl' 191N~
09~D Y'91D 11',n N~1J nN D'A'~D '~NJ npD'g n'~N'~ .npD'g~
(4) ~'~pDn Og~Dn 1A'1ND npD'g 91D~1 .N~1J-Nl~J "D~ (3)
n,'n~~ 11'D,n nN D'A'~D D'JD1DDn D'Og~Dn .Nl~J-N~1J "D~
ND'A 'l'ND n'~'J'Dn "D~ 'Jl~n nNl ND'A lnD D'~Dn
(3) Alone in the kitchen, among the broken chairs and
china, stood the mouse that had come out of the
hole. (62 I Dy)
(4) And on the clean stones of the kitchen floor the
mouse stood still. (54 IDy)
(N~1J-Nl~J) inN D'~D 'lD~ 09~D lnlN Y'91D Yl1D N'n n~N~n
-N~1J) ,nN D'~D "D~1 .(npD'g IN D~~ ODpO) DJDAD n'~N'~
N'n~ IT'N~ y~1J 09~D~ D'~Dn 'lD DNn .'Dl~J .'9'D~ (Nl~J
?n'~~ N~DD Nln~ nl'~pJlgn 1Dl ODPD~ lDlp'DD nl'D
.ND~y~ 111A~ n~"l nlD1Y N~ nyglnn 11D'~~ Nll1~ 'lJ
DNDln 1~'1~ 111911N~" lOP ~1Y~1I'1gDn 1D n,nN NDA11 1n~J
~9D D9~D Nln pl~Jn D;~nn "D DY9n .(Dylan Thomas 1965:54)
nnlg (5) NDA11~ '~NJ .(n~"DND) ',p'y 09~D nD1Y~ ('1~y~)
Og~Dn nN n~"ONDn nnnlg (6) 09~D~1 .~J~n Dg~Dn nN 11~y~n
:(l'Jyn n,n~n "1~~ 1~YJ lDJJ,n~ D'~pn D"1l'~n) .JJ~n
264
5. All at once the threat of a steep hill disturbed him.
No longer bothered about the adventures of his father,
he stared at the hill swooping up and clung to Dan
and me.
6.?? All at once the threat of a steep hill disturbed him.
He stared at the hill swooping up and clung toDan
and me, no longer bothered about the adventures of his
father.
(5) ~ 'J~n ug~nn) D'Ug~~n 'J~ Dl~'n (6.5) nlNnAl'~
.Ug~n lnlN ',nN D,y,g1n Dn'J~ : nnT ( (6) ~ 'J~n Ug~nnl
.D'~nn "o~ F' nrn nr D'~'~J Dn .nnN 'J'Y DnlN Dn'J~~ .1J lnJ
~,g~ 11'N 1~~ .'1Fn~ ,nl' n~l,~n) (5) NnAl'~ .1J '9 ~Y 9N
,1J-DN .n'~n ", ~Y "~ln n~yn~1 "nl' 'Y~U D'~nn "0 ( (6)
~~nn n'~~ nl'~pJ19 1~'N ?n'~n nl~'"n Y~1J Ug~n~ D'~nn "on nn
? Ug~n~ D,~nn "0
D'Xl~'Nn 1n F~n ,D~1Nl .'~91n lJ'N U9~n~ D'~nn "O~ ~)1Fn
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D'Y)lJn D'U9~n ~~ DnlJ'~n~ D'~~J nOJ~ 11'OJ .n'~n nl~'"n
nl~'"n nl0J .n9~) ~1n~n '~~J nN nOJ~ 11'OJ Nln .n'l~~nn 'NJnn
n"l~nn ~~ nn71yg Dlnn Nln D'Jl~n l"'Fgnl n9~J ~1n~n ~Y nl~nn
n'~n'lgJ'Nn 71~~~~ D'Jl~ D'y~nN n9~7 .n'unA,g-n'UO'~Jl'~pJlgn
:!DJInl!1lnn~)'J,n lnlN - "Ug~nn nnnlli10'1J~D'JnO n) ~, .il~~
'Imnil)'J,rm .nnn nnlN ~y 1YUJ~ iln- ""g~nn-n'Tn" i10'n~1 ,P'Y
,lInnnJ" IN "ilyl,,1Iil'~n'lgJ7Npyn ,YF' n'~n'19J7N~ )~nJ
'l'Dnil)'J,nil1nl0n '~J-"1J .il~'nilil'~n'l'9J7Niln901lnn P~Yl
ngDUil i1~,nili1'~n'1gJ7Nil,p~Y 1YUJ~ ilnl.,,,g~n)'~'nn nYIJ~
265
1nyn '1' 7Y 77J l'1J ln10n ,D9~n~ n'Tn7 J~nJ1 'Dnn~ J'J,n~ 7Y
.D9~nJ '910
n'Tn1 ~nn 'JnO '1m '1' 7Y DN D'~YJ n'Tn1 ~nn '1m7 D'i71Jn
In 1J7 .iJ 11nJ D9~n~~ D0i7DJ1i7~ni7'1J '1'-7Y DN1 D9~n~ D1nnJ
,11,..7 '~NJII lUJ D"1DJ D9~n~ D1nnJ ilnn~ nN D'JnOn D1i7'lJn
N1~ D9~n~~ ~n nN D'mn~ ,IID'J9-7J-7yll oll...~ x 7Y D',n1NII
D'Jn10n~ D'DJn'7N~ D'DU lJ 1nJ .D9e1llJ1I11nJIIN1~~ ~1lnN 1N ,,'7y
D'D9~n 1N ,D"D'9 n1n~ 1N ,D'Y1"n DXY n1n~ ,1lAJ) IID'yll,IIJ
n1?~7 (Yi7'~n'Xn'19J'NnN 1N n1nJ~~-D1i7 nN nN~7 D'D1J~ D''79D
D'1nN D'1nY1n 1'il'1nN D9~nJ~ N1~ YJnJ~ In N'7 .D"Dnn~ D'DJn7N~
D"D'9 n1n~ 1N 91A "1JJ '90n D9~nJ D'Y'S1n 'e1NJ ,'7~n'7,D9~n~ nnn'7
7J 7~ 11llyn nN D0i7DJ1i7~Y"Jn ~TJ ~'i7nJ .D'Y11'n DXY n1n~ 1N
~n nN n1~T'7 '1J ,1J'7 .D9~n~ nnn nN ,n1J1 ~nn'7 D'1nY1n~ In 1nH
D'J'1~ nnN .~~Tn D0i7DJ1i7n1yxnNJ 1n1N D'i711J 1''7yN1~ D9~n~~
.~''7y~n1NJ ~J1~n N1~ D9~n~~ 11nJ D9~nJ x '7y~'7N~ J'x~'7 N'~
,~J1,nH~ ,1T~ D1~n n'Dnn~ In ~~1n~ ~'Xn'19J'N~ nN n111Jn ~'7H~~
D0j7DJ1i7nJX~ N'~ i1nJ~ D9~n~ n'7''7~DA lJ .~'7N~J ~'71'7J,(x)
1J'7J n'Tn~~ D1~n ,~nn 1J'N~ ~n nN ,n'Tn~ nN n111Jn N'~ 'J ~~Tn
0'1~T 71J' lJ '7y901JJ .nnJ1n'7 nJ~nJ ~nn~~ 11YJ n7''7~'7nJn'J
,1Ii7,1I,1I1'7'9NII1nj D''7n '1' '7yDA n1~y'n'7 D9~n~ nn'J n'Tn~
nJ"9Hnil n1J"Xn lil~n~'A1nil n'XJ1DJ'Nil 7~J n'Tn ·n1JnOnil
D'Jn10n ,nHT nn1Y'7 D9~nJ D"Dnn~ D'DJn'7N~ .n'Tn n"Xn'19J'H
.ilD'7Jn ilJ'H~ n'7'D'J n'XJ1DJ'N '1' 7Y
D'1i71nn D'D9~n 7~ Dn17'Ji77 D'77Jil nN lnJH 1T il11JYJ
y'91n 1J~ D9~n J~nJ 1i71nn D9~n'7 .n'7AJNJ1 n"JYJ (topicalized)
.(6 - 1 D'D9~n) H~1J 1J'N~ D9~nil 7~ 1n~7J J'J,n '7'nn 1nynJ
,1I11i7'nn-n"Xn'19DJ1DII ~J1Jni1 ,D9~nn n'7rini17mJ J'J,n mJYfl
266
·N1~Jn1 N~lJn 'lD nN nJ~nn ngD1J n"~n'lgDJ'D D'nyg~ n,'nn
~~ n1'~VJ1gn1 (nn~ygn 'NJ 1N) 1T n'~n'lgDJ'D n~ygn~ D'NJnn
,vnnn N~lJ Dn N1~Jn1 N~lJn ~~ D'Jl~n D"lD~ 1Vlnnn Dg~nn
.nTn
.nnn D~~ D'lV1nn D'Dg~n Dn Dn~ 111N~ D'lV1nnn D'Dg~n~
~'J,nn "n1~J ,1~~ 1V1nnn ~'J,nn~ nTJ N1n nnnD~~ 1Vlnn Dg~n
(n1nnn nnN~lN) nnn~ ~~nJ ,Dg~nn n'~N'~ N~lJnn"~'T19~ '~Yln~
n~glJ nnYDnn .n~'A1n n'~J1DJ'N ,~, ~y DyDln Hln l'N .Dg~nn ~~
D'J11Jn D'Dg~nn ~J nN N1'V~ ~, nNTJ nnYDn~ .Dg~nn ~~ Ng'Dn ~y
.Dn1J'vn nN Tln~~ ~, n'lN~l ( (5) v,g N'~ln~) nNT n11~y~
nN ,gn 1J'N Dg~n '~NJ DA .n'~n nn,~ ~~J l'l~ np1~J nl~'~V
D1V'n~1 nn"lDn n'~J1DJ'N~ ,D"lDn D'~n 'lD~ ',n ,p11p1n '~~J
N1n '~N~ ~'~p 'n7~~ D"~ll '1' ~y ~~nn~ Nln ~lJ' n'~~ D"lDn
.n'~n n1~"1 nN ,gn
N1n 1p1nnn ~'J,nn on~ n~NJ Dn 1n~N~ D'lplnnn D'Og~nn n~l~p
nn 1N ,D~y-D~ N1n~ nPN -u ~,~ 9"~ "nl~J ,(~II~) 'Jn~-9"~
Dn'-9n~ npnlJ D~~ 1HJ N'P" '~N (D'Dg~n N'~ln~) ~"~ 1J7N~
,Dn'-n~'n ,~Y1gn-'N1n ,D~n-'Nln ~~n~ lJlJ' ,II~ D~~ .(,"~)
• ,ItX~ ~~J l'l~ D'~~nJ DPH Dv~n~~ ,.UI:!-Um,lnT-'1Nn,D1pn-'1Nn
(3) P'9~1 ,'~gln 1J'H 1p,nn Dg~n~ D'~nn 'lD~ nN'H (2) P,g~
l'lN (4) v,g~ .n"~n Hln 1n~~ nl'DnA,gn nl~"ln nN nDJ~ nDJN
1p1nnn Dg~n~ 111H (5) P'9~1 Og~nn nn,~ 11p'nn ~~ n1'~pJl9~
l'l'pgn np'l~~ Y'An~ ~J1J 1Jn ,nN~ P' ~(D1P'9) nnyon D~~
.(6) n'~n n"J~~D9~1:l~ D'~nn 'lD ~~ D'~J"nn
267
;nll'I'ni'nn .N) n'1J.Yil il!ll'il'j71n PJ. nnl11 ilYi
~'Y!lD 1J.YJ.ij71DD O!ll'DI'N'il (Givon 1976; Ben Horin 1976
IN .Nll'J-~I'lJ 1iO ~'Y!lD illlilJ.ij71DD O!ll'Dl NI'1J-Nl"J 1iO
.~~J~ ~Y D'111Yil ~~Jil lD D'N~l'il ~I' J.1n 1!10DJ. D'J'nJ.1J D~1J
110 'J.A~ j71n pN J.J11D lPNI' O!lfJDJ.II~1Y10 (1974) '1PJ.N .'
.IINI'1Dl Nll'Jl NI'1J
-NI'1J) D'~Dil 1iO n"~D"!lOJ1D n'N1J n'1')nn ~J'nJ.D .DJDNl
-NI'1J 110 DA n11'!lND 11j7Dil ~I' n'0j70J'Oil ilJ.'J.Oil:n'''!lln (Nll'J
(1:NI'1J-Nll'J 1iO DAl Nll'J
Nll'J-NI'U 1iO.N.N
.ilJI''J!I~
fJA!I11 'n11nN.7
.j7n,,~ill"D
N~n~ilJDil1!10il-n'J.i'~Y.8
•il'011D
lnn!ll'D'JJ.nNI'iUI11 ilj771DNJ..9
?ilJI'
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1!10 il~J.j7'n"
lJD13i'I"Nil• 11
N"'J-N'l'J'iO.J.
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'J!I~11 I'A!I'n"nN.71
.j7n,,~
n~ilJ13ilil",DN~1!10il-n'J i'~Y.81
•il'O"D
lnnDI'1J 'JJ.nN11 "A!I iljP113NJ..91
?ill"
'J!I~n "A!I'D nN.10 I
••• 1!10
'nl' il~J.j7lJlJDI',,'Nil• 11 I
:'''!lln 11'N N'''J-N'''J 1iDil" ilN'J n"nN nlN13Ali j71iJ.JON IN
1nl' D"YJ.O Dil ;Nll'J-NI'1J 11DJ. D'~.J.j7 DJ'N 15-12 D'O!ll'D
: NI'1J-Nl"J 'iDJ.
268
* .nJ~'Jg~ ~19 DJ"DO nT'K 'n" nK
.",n,~ D"'~n 'J~ Dg~nn D,n~
.,n,yDJ"DO 'n', '1nK
.OJJJ " 1,n~
.nJ~ 'Jg~ DJ"DO nJ'K ~19 'n" nN
.D','~n'J~ '1,n'~Dg~nn D,n~
.DJ"DO ,n,y 'n" ',nN
." OJJJ "n~
%.12
% .13
%.14
%.15
.12 I
.13 I
.14 I
.1 5 I
18-1~ D'Dg~n lK."p'n~ ,'nn '1~9KK~'J-K'~J"0 nJ~n~
~'Y'Dn1,On n~N D'Dg~n~ ;'~g,n'J'N N~'J-K'~J"0 Dl 'J "'Y'
: K'~J-K~'J1'0 N,n
'~N K'~' N,n 1nn
nN ,np~ on 'Jnn~~'Nn••• 19tm
'~N N,n N'~' ,nn
...,gon nN Dn ,np~ 'Jnn~~'Nn
.16
.17
lDJ D'Dg~n .n'DD119n'~g,nnJ'N "v'nn n"Xn"DOJ1D n'~lJN~Dl
: D'~'~PDn 21 - 18
18. Going down the street I met Dan.
19. Alone, he stared into darkness.
20. In the room the women come and go.
21. Contentedly he let the chair fall down.
269
18'%
19'%
20'%
21'%
Going down the street a man met Dan.
Alone, (no one 1 stared into darkness.lchildren)
In the room5women 1 come and go.lpeoplej
Contentedlyja ChiJ..d1 let the chair fall down.(somebody j
N'~J~-N~'Jn D"~ n3~ ng~~ n3~nJ n'~A~Nn ng~n 'J 9N
Dn~ l'N~ D'~'~N N'~J' N~'J 1'0 ~y D'~n (2(Subject dominant)
-N~1J 1'03 Dn~ 91'(D'~'3~ 'n~3 "n' (25-22) D'''9~J:ln:'1'3nn 130n
:NHJJ
22%. Into the room Dan come.
23%. Up the road a dog trotted.
24%. In the eaves of the lunatic asylum birds dwelt.
25%. On the wall a picture of Mao Ranges.
22'. Into the room came Dan.
23'. Up the road trotted a dog.
24'. In the eaves of the lunatic asylum dwelt birds which
whisteld the coming of the Spring.
270
22"% Into the room came he.
23"% Up the road trotted it.
24"% In the eaves of the asylum dwelt they.
25. Into the garden ran a golden-haired girl. Into the
garden she ran.
'~A~ D'1~'in ~~ Dn'n,giyn nN Ali~D'1~gNn DJ'N 1'~nnn '~~J
.D'Dg~n ~~ Dn,~'~v
D'~nn liD'~y n,~nn n"DnAlgn n'~~Ann nN nDJ~ nDJN (3) v19~
.n'~AJN~' n'1~y~ i'v'n~
,Berman) In,' '~g,n D'~nn liD n1 ng~~ n~~nJ n'11yn 'J 9N
.n"DnAlg n'~'1i In'N~ n,n"xn n'11yn DA' n'~AJNn DA~ nN1J (D'9i1
D;~~n 110 ~y nl'D~A1gnnl~lA~n .3
NlI!1J-NI!IU 110 . 3.1
N~'Jn 1~NJ ~'lv n'n' N'~J-N~'J 1'D1 ip,nn Dg~n~ N'n 'nJYD
'v'ivin N~'Jn 1~NJ .1n'~J .nnn~ '1~9N iny,n n'n' ,~~ 'v'ivin
IN YiPn N~ ~"x 'N 9U 'UJ 'N •'019 t1~ IN ,Yi,'n ~"x n'n'
.1,n~J nnn~ ;(21-18 ,11-7 n,~nA'i) (3'~~J'N D"'Dn DJ19l l"Xn
•(Reinhart 1980 ) Dg~nn ~DJ 1~~ p,xnn ~y 1~N "1D~ ~~n'
nlgD1J nl~nAli l~n~
271
I!I"X- NI!IU) In the room the womtYl. come and go (27)
(T.S. Eliot) (Y"TPll
.(91A '1JJ - Nl!llJ) .n'n1190 n"Tl~Y~ 1!I'''TPll 'IN "n nN (28)
('n'llY .,)
Walking on the tram lines, a neat man held his (29)
banner high and prominetly feared the Lord.
I knew him as Mr. Matthews. (Thomas D.)
'~~J Y"TPll 'n~~ I!I"X= Nl!llJ) .D'~ D'Xn1nlJ D~1J y'n (30)
.(nxup p'Xlln
"TllYl11lJ'N lPl1111 091!1ll~'pl"Tp"Tn Nl!llJn11!1NJ ,nNT nlllY~
,lJJ 1N '019 DI!IIN Y"TPll I!I"X1J7N 11!1NJ ,~l!Ill~ ,nlln~ '1"9N
-Nl!llJ1"T01 091!111n,Y"Tl'll lJ'NI!IJ '9'X90 OJ191 l"Xll IN ,91A
(21-18 ,14-12 nlNllAl') ~'lP lJ'N Nll!1J
nJI!I'J9~ I!IA9 OJ'100 'nl1nN
In the room people come and g~~
lJ~N Nl!llJn11!1NJD~'~'00JT19 D'~Y9 '~Y~ D'091!111~,1J~
NlI!1J-Nl!llJ1'0 ,nl!l,nnn'X1l119J~Nn Klnl!lDll!111nllnnl'n~~lJ'
~I!IDY~O DXyll Y~1J nT Y1~N .(241 - 201 ,151) '11!19N 'n~~
nl!ln1nllnIN nllnnlln nY91n Ogl!lll~D'A'XllnD"~'00J119n D'~Y9n
/Y'91nn 1111J9" Nln 'pnp,n NI!IUn ~I!Il"Ulln ,1J .YP1n 'J9 ~Y
272
~1il '1il ilTJJl •(Firbas 1975) "npnm1nilil nil) '7y illlilnll
•lJ-D~ .~HJJ-~I'1J1iD .illln1'111''7'71J' lJ7~1 ill'inil':r1l119J7~
:')'UUJT19 '7Y19 '7y) iFlll1l Ugl'll) '11'9~ 'n'7) ~1il
.DJJJ l! 1inil 11n '7~ %.30
On the wall the picture of %.31
Mao hangs •
Here the birds are. %032
Pil)1~il illYlllilNlill'911 '1JJ ~1il 'Fli~iil N~1Jil 11'~J .nNT nlllY'7
(Gundel 1979; Givon 1977; Kuno 1972) .illln'71nl')
:(171 - 16') ~1~J-N~1J 1iD ~'7N 1Jn' ~'7
.''7~ ~1)' ~1i1 1nll .33
.•• 19Dil nN ln~'7 Dil lJIlIl~~'~il .34
1iD) D''7')~ DJ'~ 911 '1JJ ~'il Dil'71''~'i~iil ~I"Jill' D'U9~1l
:Nt'1J-~'I'J
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••• '9Dil n~ Dil ,nF'7 'JIlIll'I"Nn %'34
'pli~in ~~1Jil 1~NJ '7'l~'7ll'nJ Nl~J-~~'J 1iD) iFlll1l Ugt'llt'lJ'N1
?1' 7Y n1J.Dlll nl'il'7 il'71J' nJ'N IT il~"i .U9t'llnnllnJ ~1lt''7'71J' ,'7t'
n'I'l H'71l1lilTJ D9~1ll'nl':r~J19il 111 nYJ.1J ~'nl' Dlt'1l t1')nnil ''7'7J
.(4.29'YD ilH1)
273
N~lJ-N1~J 1'0 3.2
n',~y~ DA N~lJ-N1~J '10~ 1v1D13D9~D~~ n1N'~~ ~OJN ~T~ 9'YO~
N~lJ~ '~N~ n'~N' .~Dn n1'~~ 'v11v1~ N~lJ~ ~1~' N~ n'~AJN~ DA1
,Y1"D 'n~~ eI"~N1~ '~N~ ,~elD~,~Dn~ "~9N 11JY11J1J7N 'v"V1~: N~lJ-N1~J N1~ 11v'1J~ "~9N~ '1'n'~ '~lN1 'y~o~ 110~
.~1I1n1JD'~' D'OJ1100 D'11J1~D'~I''''~ .35
.,OND n1JI',,,y1~ 1v09J 09"D~ D1n~ .36
.~n'~n 1'1~ "J'~ nT'N n~rr'n11 nN .37
1J'N'" '9~ D'~'~v 'n~~ nT A10n D'09"13l'n' N1"J-N"lJ '10~1
N"lJ~~ D"~'00JT'9 D'~Y9 Dy 11v'1J ~Y911J'''N~,n'J".3.1 9'YO~
,'0'9 D~ 1N Y11'1JN1n 1~'9N n1Jnn1'n~ ~1~' 1J'N Dn~" 'V11V1n
:N"lJ-N1~J 110 ~Y911J
.r! OJ~J '1nn ~N .38
Up the road trotted the dog. .39
Here dwell the beasts of love. .40
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(46) He delivered his speech standing on a platform.
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(50) Up the street trotted the dog.
(51) More significat would be the development of a semantic
theory.
(52) Standing next to me was the president of the company.
(53) On the wall hangs a portrait of Mao.
(54) In the eaves of the lunatic asylum were birds who
whistled the coming of the spring.
(55) In the middle room sat a child who had cut off hisdouble thumb with a scissors.
(56) Where the women were was an avenue of trees.
(57) Here dwell ••• the beasts of love.
(58) Lining the adolescent hill was a white route of stone •••
(59) Where he stood, stood a shadow under the moon.
(60) And with him dwelt a dog, a mouse and a dark woman.
(61) There from the stripped valley rose the smell of death.
(62) From their holes in the flanks of the hill came the ratsand weasels •••
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n')'DpgN nl'n~ n~1J' nNTJ nD~)n .n~'A,n n'XJ1DJ'N) 'plnnn ')'Nn
Nl~J-N~l] "onl ,nnn ~~J 1") N~1Jn n'n' 1J'97 .n'DNnn n)')o)
.(5.1)
D'D9~n .n'DNnn n)')o) P' n"~9N n'XJ1DJ'N ", ~Y nD~)n DJnNl
:D'~')P DJ'N D',nN D"]l'XJDJ'N D'01Pl9 '7Y)
/ I.)nlN l' n9~Jnn nN (l7'9N), ,.1' )nlN ng~Jnn nN (l~'9N), ,.n"1Don ,n~ l' D'~~l")
%(79)
%(80)
%(81)
-XJ1DJ'N nnNn :nln'Tn 'n~ D9~n~ ~, N~1J-Nl~J "0) lJ 'g ~y 9N
.(D9~n) '910 Dlp'n) D'7nn "0 nlJn n'J~nl (,plnnn ')'Nn) n'Jl'
(11:n')'DO'DJ1P N'n n~NJ D'D9~n ~~ n'XpJl9n 'J nN'J
/.Dl"N nT'N )nlN 'nl' nN P' .D'n~Xln D"Tnn nlJ)n 7J~ (82)
n'XJ1D]'N 7~ D'nJln) 11'~ ~, 01Pl9 D~~ 'lp'nn n"Xn'lgOJ'D)
1'1X~ nxxn "A) N'n 'nJ'Jn 11',n .D'~n "0 ~~ D'nJln) '~Nn ,nl'
.nN,,~n
n'~) (ilOnD~7) 'W'O 7~ npXpJlg· .6
Nl~J-N~1J ',O~ ,1p'Oil7~il'XpJ19il6.1
9'YO) nnO'J N'~J-N~'J "0) D9~nn Dlnn) "p'nn ~~ n'Xp]'9n
D"lg'O) 'nJ'Y~ np',)n .n'Tn~ '7Y9n 9"xn nJ'9il7~ D'nJ,n) (4.2)
284
n~ygn~ Y'Jnn~ ,,~nn (Dylan Thomas 1965) o~n,n 1~'1 ~~ D'I~K
~'ygn~ Y'~'Kn ,n'~J .('~'DK'Jn) DOvDn o,nn~ I'v'nn n"yn"gOJ'P
'"g'On 9y,n n,'n~ D~~ ~y,g .Dg~nn nn,~ n~TJ n'y,g,~ ~Y DOvP~
n'n'Tnn n'yn"gJ'~n nK K~'Jn Dg~nn v~n .~'DK'J~ n,'n'Tnn 9Y' 'K
Yv' ,n,n~ I'Y~ .,n,'~ 'n'Tnn o'vn~ ~,n~ .Dg~nn 9'0~ y'g,n~ nD'
.Dg~nn n~nnn~ ,~y,n nY'I'~ n'nlnnn 'K nY'I'J nnJ,nn n'yn"gJ'K 'K
n'Tn 'Dg~nJ O""g'O O'Dg~n n"~, .,n,'~ n'DKnnn n'Y'T,gn K'n~
Dn n'Tn 'Dg~n :(Labov 1972) ~n~~~~'DK'Jn ~~ n"'Knn ~y nJnnon
nK D'"nn, n'K'yn~ n'Y"Knn ~~ '~"gnDn 9y,n ~Y o',n'~n D'D9~D
nJ,yn 'Dg~n lK O""Kn O'Dg~n onn,y~ .1nTn "Y ~Y n11'Onn n~'~yn
n"yn"gOJ'D ."g'on n'Tn~ D'~~nJ OJ'K 1'9'0~ 1~'ln on' nK O'Y'~Dn
.Yj7''D,n n'n' '''yn,'"g'O 'n'Tn ,n,n n'n' g"yn 1~KJ ~yg,n I1v'nn
,gon ,~~ YDv DOvD~ 01'j7(1 v,g~ .6.5 KD1'IJ nly,n~) (83) ~nl'l~
D"'JTnl 1~ D'lYl~ D'I~'n .nlJ"nllnn 1'nlKvng1n ~Yl l'~K ~Y 'l~'ln
1'n1J1'n, nK YD1j7(83) YDj7.1~~~ K1n lK .nv1' K~K 'J'K "~K~ ,~
:'n'Tn '1'9'0 Dg~n~
"All at once the threat of a steep hill disturbed him"
D"YJn nY'DJ "J 11n n,g10nn nY'1n 'YDv l'yn on lJ~ D'lv 1YJn ,,~,
C'D9~D~ n,g10Dn n~'~yn 'D'~J .~'DK'Jn n'Tn (nY'OJn) K'n~ .n'K~n~
.'~"gnD 9Y'~ 0"110D
11
he stared at the hill swooping up and clung to Dan and me",
.'lj7'Dnn"XD'190J'D~ n1'1n c~~n ~J'1nn Dg~n~ 'g,O Inyn Ogln
nn"j7 ,~y,n ~9D D9~D~ y~gln1 nJ~' n'yn1,gJ'K l'yn K,n~ nn ~J 'J
.,n1'n'Tn nK D'~~nn ,~, .nl'n'n 910~ '~1J '"g'on Dg~nn~ lJ
:(C'llv 'J~~ n1KD1"~ D~~1ng"Xn •,n'~J •"lg'On Dg~nn mTn)
285
(83) All at once the threat of a steep hill disturbed him.
No longer bothered about the adventures of his father,
a small, dusty, skullcapped and alpacacoated man stan
ding and mumbling all day in a shop full of herbs and
curtained holes in the wall, where old men with
backache and young girls in trouble waited for consul
tations in the half-dark, he stared at the hill swooping
up and clung to Dan and me. (Extraordinary Little
Cough).(54 I1JY)
(83')77 All at once the threat of a steep hill disturbed him.
He stared at the hill swooping up and clung to Dan
and me, no longer bothered about the adventures of
his father, a small, dusty, skullcapped and alpaca
coated man standing and mumbling all day in a shop
full of herbs and curtained holes in the wall, where
old men with backache and young girls in trouble
waited for consultations in the half dark.
1964 :37) DN1J1n 1'7'1-'7 1Ii1:lnNilm]1J1I ,1n1J iln1p'7 (84) NI1A1:T
.ilJ.ilNilm:Jl1nN O']nn Oil"J lJ.1N11 nNJ. nN n1Nnl11 (Dylan Thomas
0'09"l1il1 YP1 n"~1J119]~N Oil ilJ.ilNilngl1 nN 0~1Nnl1il 0'09~l1il
ilX'10Nl1il n"n1 .n'Tn n"XI1119]'N Oil 0'1'7'n n1'71Y9 nN 0'1Nnl1il
9"Xil no'7J.il 0"'7 n'''YJ 09"l1il 91D'7 liThe children blushedll
286
"For sham.€ of •••" ilj7D1'il'7ilJ.'1'ilfJ"TlYJ. •''71UlDlJil9X1il '7y (ilj7D1'ilil)
: Yj71 n"~D1,gJ'~ '~fJ1JJ il'7nnn'7'1J.Y'il C"1,~nil C'lJgfJDill
(84) Beth Rib and Reuben marked the green sea around the
island. It ran through the land cracks like a boy
through his first caves. "Under the sea they marked
the channels, painted in skeleton, that linked the
first beasts' island with the boggy lands. For shame
of the half-liquid plants sprouting from the bog, the
pendrawn poisons seething in the grass, and the
copulation in the second mud, the children blushed.
(The Map of Love) ••(37 IDY)
'1lg'1'il IJgfJDiln~ 19'il il'ilYIJj7J.l'1n~il IJgfJDJ."Tlj7'D 1"Tyil l~J CA
.D9fJDJ. 'gl1'il lDlj7D C~yD 1nl' 'n'Tn'7 1'n'il9'1~ n~, 'n'Tn nlng'7
n'yj71-n'DDn il'~'T,gJ. Y'91D ''71'9DD 'J.'DN1J 1D,n 1fJNJ lJ'
yj71-n'Tn '1'n' D'19'D,'n'Tn "TDynJ. ily'g'D Yj71 n"~D1,gJ'N'
:1,g1'J.
(84')? Beth Rib and Reuben marked the green sea around the
island. It ran through the landcracks like a boy
through his first caves. Under the sea they marked the
channels, painted in skeleton, that linked the first
beasts' island with the boggy lands. The children blushed,
for shame of the half-Liquid plants sprouting from
the dog, the pen-drawn poisons seething in the grass,
and the copulation in the second mud.
287
(n"~9Nn) n'~pJ'97 n7'7~n 1" 7Y n90'J n'N' N'n (85) NDA"f
.DOpDn D'nn~ n'7Y n'7nn n'7~AD7 DA' "p'Dn n"~D"90J'D 7~
n'~n"9J'Nn' ,D'D9~nn 7~ n~"DNn~ n'J~' n'Dn n'OJ~,n (85) yDp~
,n~ .D9~nn 9'0~ Dp1nnn 'n'Tn 79D D9~n~ n'OnJ In'7Y n'n'Tnn
Dp1Dn Nl~ '~NJ 'n'Tn nl'n7 71J'n (gerundive phrase) On'-91'~
D'9nn~n 1~ D17n 7~ "~ N1n (85) YDpn .(4.1 nN') 09~nn q'o~
nJ'n~ Dn 17N 7J ."nnJn n~Nn"1 "D'~J'Nn, D"~Jyn" "N'n"
D71J 7Y .n,nnJ lN~ D'~D~D, nT YDP~ (n'n'Tn N7) nJ~' n'~n"9J'N
nJ'n~ Dn~ n"~,n Dn7 D"'P TN1 ny'p~n ny~~ D"'1ynn Dn~ ,nNJ
'J~~) "nN~ n'OnJ 1T n'~n"9J'N .(n'n'Tn) n~,n n'~n"9J'N
:790n 09~n~ (n1n97 D'D9~n
(85) He could no longer listen to the speaking of reason.
The pulse of a new heart beat at his side. Contentedly
he let the dream dictate its rhythm. Often he would
rise when the sun dropped down, and, in the l~natic
blackness under the stars, walk on the hill, feeling
the wind finger his hair and at his nostrils.
The rabbits on his towering hill came out in the dark,
and the shadows consoled them for the light of the harsh
sun. The dark woman, too, had risen out of darkness,
pulling down the stars in their hundreds and showing
him a mystery that hung and shone higher in the night
of the sky than all the planets crowding beyond the
curtain~. (The Mouse and the Woman. (46 'ny)
.YDP~ 1"nNn 790n 09~nn nN ,'~yn7 D'OJn 1J"n '7'N 1N
nT n,pn~ '~NJ ,'9107 n1n'7 n~"DNDn nN' D9~nn n'~N'7 ,7~n7
qx, n'n ,n~,n n'Xn',9J'N N'n l'N~D1~D'7'~ n'n'Tn N'n'l'N
n~ln n'Xn',9J'N .n'~n"9J'Nn 'on' n1~~n~n 7~~ n1ng 7'~P "9'on
288
nJ~' n'~n"gJ'~' nn"Tnn niJ~n, n'D~nn n'~'T,g~ n'Jy,n nn'n
'n~J 19'~J nJgnJ nn'n (nJ~') nnn n~YJ ~'~'JD~'i,g n~"D~nJ
:n'Tn~ "J1'
(B5')? He could no longer listen to the speaking of reason.
The pluse of a new heart beat at his side.
Contentedly he let the dream dictate its rhythm.
Often he would rise when the sun dropped down, and,
in the lunatic blackness under the stars, walk on the
hill, feeling the wind finger his hair and at his
nostrils. The rats and the rabbits on his towering
hill came out in the dark, and the shadows consoled
them for the light of the harsh sun. Pulling down
the stars in their hundreds and showing him a mystery
that hung and shone higher, in the night of the sky
than all the plane~s crowding beyond the curtains,
the dark woman, too, had risen out of darknes.
(S5') n~ JnJ~~ (851) ~ (85) l'J n'~'JvJ nJnJnn n~ iin7 'iJ
1"n~n Dg~nJ .nT iAJJ nT lnJn~ '~J'" "~vn' Yvln' n'Tnn~ 19'~J
'1'nJ~'n'Tn ,n,n :yv,n, n'Tnn '1'n'n~ ~J'~~ il~'n n~YJ (8511) J
- 'D~nn ,n,n, .yv' ,n,nJ ~'vJ' 'D~nn inyDJ Dv,n (4.1 nN1) i'JY~J
'~'~J ~'vJ' 'n'Tn iDynJ Dv,n - n'~'JDv'i,gl nJ~' n'~D"gJ'~
:n'Tn ,n,n iPn
85".?? Often he would rise when the sun dropped doun, feeling
the wind finger his hair and at his nostrils. The rats
and the rabbits came out in the da$k, and the shadows
consoled them for the light of the ha~h sun.
289
Pulling down the stars in their hundreds, the dark too, had
risen out of darkness.
11iPIJil n"XIJ1HIDn,,1'J D1I'JIJil1'IJ ilnHCl '7'J.P 1PK (8511) Y"P
YP1 "DI'Jl31 YP1'7 n'Tn "DI'JIJilJDil1 9X1J. D'KnIJ 'n'7J. D1JnJ. il'7YD1il
.n'Tn'7
'1'-~ n'7J.A1IJ K'il .n'1'J91n ilJ'K 11P'IJil n"Xn11DDJ'" 'J ilK1J
.n'l'JJ.ilK'7IJIJK'ill'Jn1'XpJ1Dil '1' '7Y1 n'l'Jil
1I'JKJ P1 n''7AJKJ. '7Y91IJ KI'J1J-K1I'JJ 11DI'J l"X (Gary 1975) '1A
(Baillard 1979) 11"J. ilKXIJ 1'7 ilIJ11J..(n1'D'x'7 1A1JIJ) y'n9IJ KI'J1Jil
il'XpJ1Dil1 '1DX 'n'7J. K1il KI'J1Jil 1I'JKJ KI'J1J-K1I'JJ 111' '7Y91IJ n'nD1XJ.1'J
.n'nI'JA1il K'il i1T~ 111' n'7ygn 71'J
il'71J.nn DA K1il KI'J1J-K1I'JJ 11DJ. 11p'IJ 'J ilK1J il7K D'1'J1IJI'J1XJ.
'7Y91nn'7AJKJ. • (12(Green 1980 DA ilK1) n'I'J'7n11'J1n n1IJn nDJJil'7
Dil D''7Y9il1 1P1IJIJ Dn'il 911X DilJ. D'''9I'JIJJ.ilT ,11X7 KI'J1J-K1I'JJ 111'
(Dylan Thomas 1963) ,DKIJ1n .1-'7 lIil:lilKilngIJII 119DJ. .D":l'''''JT19
D~A'XIJil il'7KJ D'''DI'JIJJ.119Dil n'7'nnJ. ilI'J1nilPD'D '7J il7~nnIJ ,'7I'Jl3'7
:nll'J1n nllJn "DP"'7
86. Here dwell, said Sam Rib, the two backed beasts. (37 Iny)
87. Here, said Sam Rib, digging his finger in the hill of
the island, dwell the first beasts of love. (38 ll3y)
88. Here is the first field, said Beth Rib to Reuben{38 l3Y)
:ilTJ "91'Jl3J.nn9J lIilI'JKil11J.JYilll 119'Dil DA
290
89. In the eaves of the lunatic asylum were birds who
whistled the coming of tre spring. (~4 I13Y)
1j711313 "gfl13l NflU-NlflJ 110 '"Y "gflJ:lilr110~ NflUiI nj7'n1
i1'~'Tlgil 111 n1f11n nlJ:ln nOJJiI~ i1~1lnn n'N1J 1"'~lil~ nJJ:l ~y
D'UgflJ:ll nlJ:ln~ D'Jglil i1~N D"j711j71 D'NfllJ DJJ:lNl .n'n~Tnil
:D'1nN D'Nlil
90. Where the women were was an avenue of tree. And the trees
leant forward •••(45 IJ:lY)
91. In the eaves of the lunatic asylum were birds ••• A madam,
howling lik~ a dog ••• could not disturb them. (44 IJ:lY)
92. •••where she stood stood a shadow under the moon. He took
its hand and they ran together. (49 J:ly)
93 •••• And with him dwelt a dog, a mouse, and a dark woman.
The woman went away and the dog died. (48 IJ:lY)
ilj70'gil nN nnlgil "gflIJiI .(89) 11g'Oil nN nnlgil VgflJ:lilnJ:l1Y~
.n1Jt!J' nlJ:lnil ~J 1J. 'J ~IIJiI iI~1J.nnl flJ:lnflJ:llJ7N 11g'Ol ilJ"nNiI
:N1f1J-Nfl1J N1i1 lJ-DN 110il
(94) In the eaves of the lunatic asylum the birds still
whistled. (62 IJ:lY)
ilfl1n iI'~J:l11gJ'NJ 1JJYil nN ~'~IJiI "gflIJiI lnJ1J:l DA 1J1
Nt!J1J-NlflJ 110 .ilJt!J'iI'~J:l11gJ'NJ 1A'~J:lil l~ iln11 "gflJ:lJ:l(n'on')
:i1j70'g n't!JN1J i1f11n i1'~J:l11gJ'NJ 1JJYil nN ~'~D
291
(95) Alone in the kitchen, among the broken chairs and china,
stood the mouse that had come out of the hole.
"VD79" ~1D~ "JW7 "7~n'19J7~J '~JY" y791n 'W~J ,1nn1Y~
:~1WJ-~W1J ~1n D7~nn liD
(96) And on the clean floor of the kitchen floor the mouse
stood still. (54 ny)
"1'V . ., .,W IIn1~"9n Y1~J. ilD7"Y"1'3n1 9DU n1~I'3A1i l~n"
~WU-~1WJ 'iD~ D7ij71nl'3D71J9WnJ. W1n71' nwwn (Carrol 1865)
:n7w" n1Win n11'3nnDJJn"
(97) Last came a little feeble, si~~~~ng voice. (That's a
Bill, thought Alice). (60 Iny)
(98) First came the soldiers, carrying club_ ••• Next came the
guests ••• Then followed the Knave of Hearts ••• and last
of all this grand procession came THE KING AND QUEEN
OF HEARTS. (106 'l'3y)
,"1'31i191~~ D7WI'3wn ,~W1J-~1WJ 'iDJ. D7ij71nl'3D71J9W1'3,n7'~YJ. DA
rilJ"~n 7i7 "y ,n,n1H nHT ,n7n7Tn n7~7T19J. n1Win n11'3n'1W'W"
.791D D1j7D~ n7Tn" 1nJ79n1 7v1ij7in ~w1in
.lInU1JII (1979 'H~)'HJ. D77n .,W 119DI'3D7inH D7YIJv "WI'3"7nvi~
-~1WJ '1D~ D71j711'31'3D71J9WI'3~IJDvlJ" n1DJJ11'3 n1W1nil n11'3nil11'3n1~'
-:'90il nH nn19il D9WI'3il"wn" 1J .HW1J
ilT '197D "w 1n7W~' ~H n"91j71'3D1Hn 7J~ "w Dil7n1"Y91'3~1'J (99)
• (7 'l'3y) .D1"n~
:"., 171" nun
292
.~y~n~ nn~l"n nln1 n9v1Tn .'~v ~'lnNn .D1Nn9 yn9~l ..•(100)
.1~ll1 3' .n9 n~1Y nnN nn ...n~~NJ~~1V nJ3~ n9~~n n~l3~
.(9 Iny) .Dl~n3 ~nN'v
D~Y'" 'l3y~...D~~~91n D~~ll'~3 nln1 nY~91n n,nDn 'In nn93 (101)
3'v3 '3Y ~n'...nn3~ 1JD3 .n~~D nOl~n ", N~ln D~lnN
.n~n~y nl3~~n ~N~n .D~Jl1yn D~IY~3 vn~J Dn~J~3nl D~90NJn
.(12 Iny) .'9~~ 3,n n~n nT ...l~l3~~ D~J9 Nl~J ~11n~
-Nl~J '1031 Nl~J-N~1J,i03 11V~nn ~~ nl~~VJ19n 1~3 nJn3nn nN
'Nn3~ .N ~~n_D'3vlY ,~~ ~n3 ~J~ nly~nN3 D'''ln~'~9N N~1J
(1976 ~Nn3~) ("n~n~3 nnNl9")
."~'N I ~0~~3 IN I n,,,n3I 3nT '3~n I DN~
.n~n, 1yn~ I nJTln I 3nTn D1Nn9
(21)
(22)
(102 )
.N~1J-Nl~J '10n 1~~ .n~1n nnn nvTh.11.Ylpn lPN "3nT" n 21 n'33
'10n l~~l .DOVD~ Dl1v n,,:nn~nnn '3~ Nln l.1nT"n(22) n~.13
.Nl~J-N~1J
Dlv~n Nln DOVD.1~DNnnn 11"'N~ ,n1~3 n~0'03n n~l3nnn
~nlT .(~,~ "13 .N~lnn lnyn3) '~Y9n ~l'~3 n~1nn n'~n'lgJ~Nn
-'l9J'Nn n'~'l~~ ,nN~ .~910n nnlv~n ~~3 D9~n3 n~n'Tnn n'~'Tl9n
nnn~ 77~ "1.1 n~91n N~n .'n'Tn ~91D lnyn.1DOVD7 n~lnn n~xn
lnT .~Jl ~9 ~y .(Danes 1974) '7'nn 1nyn.1nY'91nl .1vlynD9~nn
ll'vyn ~9 7Y ~Yl9n n'~n'l9J~Nn 'l~'~~ n9~3 ,nl~.1~0~03n 'y~nNn
'10.111v~n .ln7~nn3 l~~n Dlv'nl D9~nn 910.1~1nn Dlv'n ~~
nnnn Nln N~1Jn '~N~ :nnll 191N.1~Yl9n ~01J ~y~nN Nln N~1J-N'~J
~l~'nl 11v'nn n~'~n'l90J'D '1' ~y vnl' Nln n'~~ nOJJlnn n~lnn
1nyn Ol9n~l D9~n3 '910 lnyn7 N~1J-Nl~J '103 Nl~J-N~1J '10
293
nN D~P~ '~J n9~~ n1~1'~n~~n n'Xn'19J'N'1~'~~n1~1~nn
nn'J~ n~1~nnN1n1 ,1nnnnN N1n N~1J-N1~J,~O~ ~1p'n .n'~n
N1n 'DJJ'n1~nD'~nn ,~O n~~ n'~AJN~DA nN'~9nn~,n~1n',~y~
.N1~J-N~n ,~O
D 1 J 1) 6.3
'on' ~Y n,'n~D~~ N1~J-N~1J,~o~ ~1p'n n~YJ n'~n D1nn~
"p'n '~1Y N1n '910 ,IIX~Y'91n YP' ,n1n '~NJ :~'DN,n YP' n'Tn
.D9~nn tpO~ .,N~'911Xn~1J
D'ny~ ~n~n ,'n'Tn~N~1Jn nN 191nn ,N~1J-N1~J,~O~ ~1p'n
~1n'~n ,n"~Y~ DA ~~N ,'P'Y~n'~AJN~ .n'~~n~~n nnn nAxn~ n~1~nnJ
'~NJ n~YJ n'~~ m~~n mnn nOJJnD~~ ,IIX~1p'n~N~n-N1~J ,~O~
n'Xn'19J'NDn Dn~~ D"p1~p~n D'N~1Jn~D1~n D"~'DDJT'9 Dn D'~Y9n
.n'n'Tn
n~Y9n~D'NJn ~'xn~ ~1J' DopDnDA N~N D9~nn P' N~ 'J nN'J
nN ~'~An~D'~1J'n'~~ n'Xn'19J'Nn'on' :~1p'nnn"Xn,190J,D
.(84,83)nn~Y9nnN 1',xn~1N (851) n'Xn'190J'Dn~~ nn1"~9N
nJ'n~nn1J1~n ,n'~AJNn1n"~yn ,n19~n'n~~ N1n y'n9n~nn
.n1'DnA,gn1~"1 1n1N~n1n"xn ,n'A1~19'D
* * *
294
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Y'J.'~n nN~,n .1'~A'l'iJ.~~ ~J .1975 .n'~1 .Y'J.'~'J.1:J.'J.N-~n.1nlN~n
D'~yg'~ .nN'1~ l~'D .n'n'J.n n~N,gn .1976 .11nN .'nJ.~.1'N' nN~,n~ D"ND'D1J.'J1N
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