I. Why empire?
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Transcript of I. Why empire?
I. Why empire? 1. markets – farming
and industry. 2. yellow press – Hearst,
Pulitzer 3. manifest Destiny –
Strong: Our Country: Its Possible Future and present Crisis
4. Social Darwinism – Roosevelt, Lodge
5. navy power – Mahan: sea power is world dominance
Diplomatic fusses
Near war with Germany (Samoa), Italy (lynchings), Chile (sailor deaths), Canada (seal hunting), and Britain (gold).
Hawaii – immigrant and tariff tensions, annexation opposed by Queen Liliuokalani
Trouble in Spain Cuban rebels struggled
under tariff, wanted independence; Gen. Weyler gave them reconcentration camps.
Yellow journalists Pulitzer, Hearst sensationalized the sinking of the Maine: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”
review
Give 5 reasons for American imperialism.
Name 5 countries we almost went to war with.
What happened in Hawaii? Why trouble with Spain? What did General Weyler do to
suppress the insurrectos?
II. Spanish-American War, 1898 McKinley
pressured into war by Roosevelt, Lodge; Teller Amendment said we would give Cuba independence
Commodore George Dewey destroyed 10 ships in Manila Bay, Phillipines
Phillipines
Aguinaldo helped defeat the Spanish in the Phillipines; Hawaii annexed as provisioning station
Overweight Shafter; TR and Rough Riders charged up San Juan (Kettle) Hill
Splendid little war Spanish fleet
destroyed, Puerto Rico and Hawaii taken
400 battle deaths, 5000 to disease in “splendid little war.”
Praying over dilemma, McKinley paid $20m, annexed Phillipines, angering anti-Imperialism League
match 1.Pressured McKinley
into war 2. Defeated Spanish
navy in Phillipines 3. Filipino rebel leader 4. Annexed as provision
station 5. Rode on a door 6. Leader of Rough
Riders 7. Battle deaths 8. Disease 9. annexation
1. Answer to Filipino dilemma
2. TR 3. TR/Lodge 4. Shafter 5. 5000 6. 400 7. Hawaii 8. Dewey 9. Aguinaldo
III. Results of war Free Cuba; U.S. world
status went up, acquired Guam, Phillipines, Puerto Rico, and unified north and South
Platt Amendment – U.S. retained right to intervene, Guantanamo naval base, and oversee Cuban treaties and debt.
Former Confederate Wheeler: “To hell with the Yankees – I mean Spaniards!”
Filipino rebellion
Emilio Aguinaldo led rebellion ag. 126,000 U.S. troops; reconcentration camps and water cure.
350 lb. William Taft civil governor of Phillipines, improved roads, health, sanitation, schools but resented.
China’s Open Door Fearing an imperial
takeover of China, Sec. of State John Hay issues Open Door Policy.
All nations would be allowed to trade in China; resented by Chinese (Boxer Rebellion) , commercial and territorial integrity respected
review
What were the results of the Spanish-American War?
What was the Platt Amendment? What and who was the problem in the
Phillipines? What nasty things did we do there? Who became civil governor? What did
he improve? Open Door – who what when where
why?
IV. politics 1900 McKinley beat
Bryan, this time on prosperity and expansion; war hero TR became VP, less trouble than in NY
McKinley killed by Leon Czolgosz, TR President – ex cowboy and Harvard grad, “Speak softly and carry big stick.”
Teddy Roosevelt Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty – Britain gave us permission to dig canal thru isthmus
Phillip Bunau-Varilla aided Panamanian revolution against Colombia
Canal construction 1904-1910; Gorgas disease eradication
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Concerned with Germany
and Britain, TR announced that US would intervene to collect Latin American debts – justified Big Stick intervention
TR won Nobel Price for Portsmouth Treaty between Russia and Japan
“Gentlemen’s agreement” on Japanese immigration; Great White Fleet sent around world
review
Who won the election of 1800? Whom did he beat? Who was the VP? Hay-Pauncefote Treaty? Bunau-Varilla? How did we get the canal zone? What was the Roosevelt corollary? What prize did TR win, and why? Gentlemen’s agreement? Great White Fleet?
I. Progressivism Progressives were
reformers who wanted government to fight monopoly, corruption, and injustice.
Veblen – Theory of the Leisure Class; Riis – How the Other Half Lives
Middle class, Socialists, social gospel Christians, feminists
Muckrakers TR labeled
progressive writers “muckrakers” for their focus on the negative.
McClure’s, Cosmopolitan magazines.
Lincoln Stephens – “Shame of the Cities” about city corruption; Ida Tarbell – “History of Standard Oil”
politics Direct primaries – not
bosses; initiative, referendum, and recall
Campaign finance reform, Australian ballot, direct election of Senators, city managers
Leaders: Robert LaFollette (WI), Hiram Johnson (CA), Charles Evans Hughes (NY)
review
ID author: Theory of the Leisure Class How the Other Half Lives Shame of the Cities History of Standard Oil Name 2 progressive magazines. Name 7 progressive reforms Name 3 progressive state leaders
II. women
Settlement houses exposed problems to women, who devised solutions
Focus on moral, maternal issues like child labor, sweatshops, tenement life
laws Muller v. Oregon –
factory work bad for women; Lochner v. New York (1905)– 10 hr day not nec; but upheld in 1917
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 mostly immigrant women; stronger workplace safety laws resulted
saloons
Associated with party boss, corrupt elections, fought by WCTU and Anti-Saloon League
Wets – urban areas, favored legal alcohol; drys – rural areas, half the country by 1914.
review
How did settlement houses affect women?
Muller v. Oregon? Lochner v. NY? What was the importance of the
Triangle Shirtwaist fire? What social ills was the saloon
associated with? Where were wets and drys located?
III. TR and square deal
Square Deal – treat everyone fairly; 3 C’s – Corporations, consumers, conservation.
Negotiated compromise between coal miners and mine owners; 1st to stand up to corporate leaders
More square deal Elkins Act: fines for
rebates Hepburn Act – ICC
could set maximum freight rates
Trust buster – Northern Securities Company, run by JP Morgan, broken up; but often tolerated “good” trusts
Consumers andconservation Consumers: TR read
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act 1906.
Conservation: Set aside 125m acres from development; expanded national forests; friends with conservationist Pinchot and Muir; Boy Scouts founded
review What was TR’s domestic program called? What were the 3 C’s? What strike did TR negotiate an end to? Elkins Act? Hepburn Act? What trust did he bust? What two laws resulted from The Jungle? What conservationist measures did TR take? What friends? What organization/
IV. Taft TR strengthened
Presidency, huge personality, won 1904 didn’t run 1908, picked Taft
Taft beat Bryan; both claimed Progressivism; Socialist Eugene Debs got over 400,000 votes
President Taft
Conservative, mild-mannered
Dollar diplomacy – invest to advance U.S. interests; intervention in Cuba, Honduras, Dominican, Nicaragua
controversy Taft 90-44 antitrust
suits; Standard Oil broken up; U.S. steel antitrust suit.
A conservationist, Taft fired TR friend Pinchot, for criticizing Interior Sec. Ballinger
TR preached “New Nationalism” and started 3rd party.
review
What was TR’s legacy? How did Taft get to be President? What was Taft’s foreign policy? Where did he send troops? How did Taft fare as a trust buster? What conservation policy angered
TR? How did TR undermine Taft?
I. Election of President Wilson Woodrow Wilson –
Southern-born Democrat, Govt professor, Princeton President
Supported by Bryan, his New Freedom Program advocated small business.
Progressive/Bull Moose Party Taft was
Republican; TR nominated by Progressive/Bull Moose Party; shot and made speech
Taft and TR split the Republican vote; Wilson elected with 41% of vote; Socialist Debs got 6%
President Wilson
Pro-South; idealistic, Presbyterian, intellectual.
Loved humanity generally more than individual; inflexibly stubborn
review
What kind of man was Wilson? What 3 other parties? Why did Wilson win, with how much
of vote? What were his strengths and
weaknesses as President
II. Wilson’s domestic policy
Attacked “the triple wall of privilege:” tariffs, banks, and trusts
Low Underwood Tariff;
16th amendment - income tax, chief revenue source
Federal Reserve 1913
12 reserve districts, each with a central “bankers” bank.
Issued “Federal Reserve notes;” amount could be easily increased
trusts Federal Trade
Commission (FTC) attacked unfair trade practices.
Clayton Antitrust Act –attacked trusts not unions; labor exempt from antitrust legislation; AFL leader Gompers called it “the Magna Carta of Labor.”
Other progressive measures Low interest rates
for farmers, higher wages, workman’s comp. child labor, 8 hr day on trains
Nominated Jewish Louis Brandeis for Supreme Court, more segregationist on black appointments
Match ‘em Triple wall of
privilege Underwood Tariff 16th amendment Federal Reserve Powers of Fed FTC Clayton Antitrust Act Other stuff Wilson
did Wilson’s nominations
Jews not blacks New source of revenue Lowered rates Control money supply,
regulate economy Fight trusts,
monopolies, and insider trading
12 banks, print paper money
Int rates, wages, child labor, workman’s comp
Tariff, banks, trust
III. Wilson’s foreign policy – missionary diplomacy Missionary
diplomacy: Less aggressive posture – lowered Panama Canal toll on Britain.
Jones Act – Phillipines a territory, independent when ready (1946)
Still sends in troops
Marines to Haiti 1914-15 to protect U.S. citizens; supervised government/finance.
Marines to Dominican (debt); bought Virgin Islands (close to Panama)
Mexico
Wilson sent arms to Pres. Huerta’s rivals, Carranza and Pancho Villa
U.S. seized Vera Cruz; resented by Pres. Carranza; Villa killed 35 Americans on both sides of border, chased by Pershing
review
Not big stick not dollar but what kind of diplomacy?
What did the Jones Act do? Into what two countries did Wilson
send marines? Why? Why was Wilson mad at Huerta?
What’d he do about it? Why was Wilson mad at Villa?
What’d he do about it?
IV. W.Wilson and WWI Causes: nationalism,
militarism, imperialism, alliances – Triple Entente (FBR) v. Triple Alliance (GAHI)
Events:1. Serbs kill Ferdinand.
2. A-H threatens. 3. Russia, France
mobilized around Germany
4. Germany attacks France through Belgium: trench warfare
war
Britain attacks: Allies (FBR) v. Central Powers (GAH)
Wilson urges neutrality of thought and deed.
Divided America: British ties & German spies v. 11m immigrants
Election of 1916 and WWI British trade only;
German subs Lusitania sunk; 128
Americans on board; Wilson mad and Bryan resigned; Sussex Pledge
Wilson reelected 1916 277-254 for staying out of war, defeating Judge Charles Evans Hughes; TR bellicose
review
Name 4 causes of WWI. What were the two
alliances/countries? Start the war in 4 events. 2 sides in the war US position? Why were we divided? What brought us close to war? How was Wilson reelected in 1916?
I. Going to war
Unrestrained sub warfare: Germany sank four U.S. ships in March, 1917.
Zimmerman telegram: Germany proposed a Mexican alliance with land back at end of the war.
Wilson’s idealism To overcome
isolationism, “War to end all wars…to make the world safe for democracy.”
14 Points speech: no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade (no tariffs), arms reduction, self-determination
loyalty
George Creel’s Committee on Public information used propaganda to get war support: posters, songs, speeches, movies.
Germans persecuted, antiwar leaders Debs and Haywood jailed.
review
List 3 causes of American entry into WWI.
What did Wilson call the war? Why? Identify and list some of the 14
points. Who was George Creel and what did
he do? Who was persecuted and
prosecuted?
II. Life at home “Work or fight”
slogan; Gompers and AFL supported war, Haywood and IWW didn’t; Steel strike biggest in history, failed
Great Migration – African-Americans moved north, used as scabs; race riots in E. St. Louis and Chicago
Suffrage finally
Some feminist pacifists, but most women supported war effort; Wilson supported 19th amendment.
Fought ag. Workplace discrimination and child labor.
Hail Hoover Food Sec. Hoover fed the
starving in Belgium, pushed voluntary food rationing: wheatless Tuesdays, meatless Wednesdays, victory gardens.
Fuel rationing: heatless Mondays, lightless nights, gasless Sundays (18th amendment)
War financed with Liberty bonds (pressured) and taxation.
match 1. Work or fight 2. Gompers/AFL 3. Haywood/IWW 4. Great Migration 5. Women’s war
support 6. Voluntary
rationing 7. War bonds, taxes 8. Spirit of self-
denial
1. Financing war 2. Supplying war 3. 19th amendment 4. 18th amendment 5. Unions supporting
war 6. Unions striking
during war 7. Gasless Sundays,
meatless Wednesdays.. 8. effort to discourage
strikes
III. The war
Conscription: 18-45 – exemptions for shipbuilding; 4,000 conscientious objectors.
4 million “doughboys,” 11,000 women, black soldiers segregated, noncombat
fighting Germans within 40
miles of Paris; Americans helped push them back.
Gen. Pershing led Meuse-Argonne offensive; biggest battle in U.S. history - 1.2m troops, 120,000 casualties; Alvin York the hero
End of war
Armistice signed 11/11/18 at 11:00.
U.S. contributed supplies and prospective battle wins.
Wilson went to Paris with no Republicans, angering For Rel. Chairman Lodge
review Describe the draft. How many soldiers, women, African-
Americans? What was happening when we got there? What American general? What American hero? What was the biggest battle ever? What was the U.S. contribution to the war
effort? When is Armistice/Veterans Day? How did Wilson mess up?
IV. Treaty of Versailles
Big 4 at Paris: Wilson (US), Lloyd George (Br), Orlando (Italy), Clemenceau (France)
Other allies wanted land: Britain got Iraq; France got Syria
Wilson saw League of Nations as cure-all
Failure of the Treaty
Germany signed Treaty with reparations, lost land and military.
Lodge delayed;Wilson speaking tour, had stroke
Feud killed the treaty
Election of 1920
Warren Harding, picked by GOP Senate bosses, defeated James Cox (D-OH) in 1920.
Americans were tired of idealism, do-goodism, ready for Harding’s “return to normalcy.”
review
Who were the Big 4? Who got what land? What was the key to peace, for
Wilson? How was the Treaty of Versailles
tough on Germany? How did Lodge and Wilson kill the
treaty? Who was elected in 1920, and why?
I. 1920s fear Red Scare: fear of
Communism; led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, whose home was fire-bombed.
Sacco and Vanzetti – two Italian immigrants executed for murder, were atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers
Acting on the fear KKK made a comeback
as antiforeign, antiCatholic, antiradical, antiJewish (Leo Frank case); marched in DC, burned crosses
Emergency Quota Act 3% of pop. 1910; National Origins Act 2% of pop. 1890; no Japanese immigrants at all
Prohibition
18th amendment; Volstead Act passed by Congress
Speakeasies and moonshine flourished; bank savings increased, less absenteeism, probably less drinking
match
1. Red Scare 2. A. Mitchell
Palmer 3. Sacco and
Vanzetti 4. KKK 5. Emergency
Quota Act 6. National Origins
Act 7. Japanese
immigration 8. speakeasy
1. Prohibition era bar
2. Antiforeign, antiJew
3. 3% immigration 1910
4. 2% immigration 1920
5. None after 1920 6. Fear of
Communists 7. Anticommunist
attorney general 8. Executed
radicals
II. Roaring 20s
Gangsters /mafia made $12m to $18m on illegal alcohol: more than govt.
Al Capone ruled Chicago, murdered rivals, jailed for income tax evasion, died of syphillis.
Declining values Modernists v.
Fundamentalists: Scopes-Monkey Trial 1925; Scopes taught evolution; Darrow put Bryan on the Stand; Bryan died in 5 days
Cars represented freedom, “prostitute house on wheels.”
Advertisers created discontent, buying on credit, less discipline
The Ford Henry Ford sold 20m
Model Ts; “any color as long as it’s black”
Mass production Taylorism, Fordism ; a Ford produced every 10 seconds: oil in TX OK CA, roads, suburbs, gas stations, farms all helped; rr hurt
Babe Ruth 1st sports hero: “better year than the President.”
All this stuff
Gangsters Al Capone Mafia money John Dewey Fundamentalists Scopes Monkey Bryan Darrow Ford every 10
seconds
Advertising Buying on credit Babe Ruth Taylorism Ford – 20 million Industries Car as self-respect
and freedom Deaths House of prostitution
on wheels
III. Heroes and entertainment Wright brothers
flew first, 1903 Lindbergh’s Spirit
of St. Louis; 1st transatlantic flight; rr hurt again
Marconi invented radio; KDKA of Pittsburgh 1st station; had domesticating effect
movies
“Great Train Robbery” 1st silent film; “Birth of a Nation,” “Jazz Singer” 1st talkie
Charlie Chaplin silent movie star; Al Jolsen was Jewish star imitating African-Americans.
jazz Women: Margaret
Sanger pushed birth control; flappers danced in jazz clubs
Jazz from New Orleans - Louis Armstrong, Cotton Club
Harlem Renaissance – black cultural achievement – Langston Hughes “I Too Sing America.”
review
When did the Wright brothers fly? What did Lindbergh do? What was the first silent film? First
talkie? How did Al Jolsen make a living? Who was the greatest jazz star? Its
most famous club? What was the African-American
cultural achievement called? Name Langston Hughes’ most
famous poem.
IV. Rejection of values
Sigmund Freud invented talk therapy, focused on repressed desire
Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey led back to Africa movement, focused on self-reliance, deported for mail fraud
Lost Generation Fitzgerald – “all gods
dead, all wars fought, all faith in man shaken.”
Wrote Great Gatsby about self-made Jay Gatsby
Hemingway – The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms
TS Eliot – “Waste Land”
Other important figures William Faulkner – As I
Lay Dying; Absalom! Absalom! about Yoknapatawpha, Miss.
Treasury Secretary Mellon lowered taxes on wealthy $600,000 to $200,000 for millionaire, lowered debt
Speculation, margin buying to gain wealth
Match ‘em
1. Freud2. Marcus Garvey 3. Fitzgerald 4. Hemingway 5. TS Eliot 6. Faulkner 7. Andrew Mellon 8. Speculation 9. Margin buying
1. Short term investing
2. Indebted short term investing
3. As I Lay Dying 4. Great Gatsby 5. The Sun Also Rises 6. “The Waste Land” 7. Talk therapy 8. Back to Africa 9. strange folks in
Mississippi