I wanted to like my work - Sandberg · Byung-Chul Han. also illustrates the configuration of...

I wanted to like my work:: rethinking the value of labour

Juhee Hahm2019Sandberg InstituutMaster Desing of ExperiencesUniversity of the Underground

Abstract 6

1. Where am I standing ? 9: mapping the infrastrcuture of contemporary

meaning of labour

2. I am spying with my litte eyes 27: growing anxiety.

3. Finding the dignity of work 43: imagining the next model of working

4. Conclusion 63: beyond jobs

Bibliography 68

Contents

I wanted to like my work4

5 Chapter 01. Where Am I Standing?

Soul Mates series 1, Cavemen, Invent Jobs, 2016, channelABC


AbstractThis essay questions my tired body and my work. Why am I so tired? What is occupying my time? And further, what is everyone else busy with? What is everyone actually working on? How do labours contribute to each other and the whole? What is work in our time?

A designer is usually tasked with promoting a new product or idea amongst experts and non-experts through forms of advertisement. However, what are the consequences of design’s process and product? What is it actually for? In my time as a designer, I have been asked to explore social criticism at the same time as working to promote a product. Between producing meaningful works for the society and working for more consumption, how can I position myself and how can I survive economically? The designer is a non-expert on anything, like economy, politics or engineer. But it is a profession with tools of visualisation and materialisation for better or proper communication. What is my work actually doing, and what can it do?

“Searching for a work that makes you happy” is the phrase that I have been told while I grew up. Accordingly, I chose to be a designer who can show a different perspective from daily life. Finding ways to include different narrations in mundane life . However, during the process of finding my position in the design field, I have come to realise that the dream views made by designers often end up as fuel for advertisement that instigates more consumption. Commonly this is a way that designers can survive as a designer economically. However, I was also told, “be useful for society”. However, I found the structure between production and consumerism is the contradictory cycle. Do

7

we need to promote more consumption? What function is work performing in terms of production? What is hidden engine of these acts?

In chapter 1 “Where am I standing?” I will elaborate on how labour and moving bodies have transformed and expanded the globe. I will show how the infrastructure of labour in contemporary space has changed our perception of time and space. I will then explore the process by following an example, the spread of tea. Finally, through coffee, I will describe the contemporary global system of production and consumption and the influence of today’s technology on its’ rhythm.

In Chapter 2 “I have been spying with my little eyes” I will share my own experience of moving goods, human and ideas around the dynamic of labour. I will elaborate by comparing different countries, that has different stages of development. How the infrastructure of labour looks depends on the country and how the tension of globalisation is growing. I will map the phenomenon by following coffee, the mundane caffeine of current European, North American and East Asian societies. Through the journey, I will address how the anxiety from porosity have been transforming the movement of goods, human and ideas.

Finally in Chapter 3 “So where can I move?” I will focus back on my tired body. What are we chasing and what is actually occupying my time? What is keeping people busy? I will explore what is the model of worker that each country are pursuing? What are they actually working on and producing? What is the value of work?

( If you do not want to read entire essay, I would recommend to read only chapter 3 and conclusion.)


Chapter 01. Where am I standing ?: mapping the infrastrcuture of contemporary meaning of labour

“The brightest minds spend their working lives simplifying or accelerating functions of unreasonable banality. Engineers write theses on the velocities of scanning machines and consul-tants devote their careers to implementing minor economies in the movements of shelf-stackers and forklift operators.”

- Excerpt From: Alain De Botton. The Pleasures and Sor-rows of Work. 2008


This research started with observing my exhausted body.Why am I so tired? I had to reject other people’s favour or help, not answering the family’s calls, blaming other’s mistake. Being busy makes me extremely anxious, meticulous, easily blaming others, readily be angry. And moreover, make me consume more, because by purchasing products that are made by others time, I can save my time to work on my work. However, being busy is a virtue in contemporary society. Being busy on work make people understand to forgive of absent, not caring, and being angry. Because busy working is often directly related to economic survival, and without earning money, it is difficult to survive today.

However, what am I so busy with? What is actually occupying my time? Most of the time is filled with emailing, filling the forms that are asked, applying for every possible opportunity to perform activities in the Netherlands and also anything that I can earn money from. This is because as a migrant in the Netherlands, I need to prove of activities and required income by the government1. Moreover, to find a house in the Netherlands, landlords and agencies ask tenants the evident income that is more than 2-3times of rent price.2 And this money is more than what I need, except the reason of bureaucracy.

1 € 1,921 per month is required for a designer to get art-ist visa in the Netherlands. And as a higher skilled migrant, annually, € 4.500,00 is required to prove. IND, Immigration and Naturalisation Service, 2019, https://ind.nl/en/Pages/required-amounts-income_requirement.aspx#incomes_art_and_culture_jobs

2 €1,300 a month for a one-bedroom apartment in Amsterdam in 2019,(https://www.expatica.com/nl/housing/renting/renting-in-amsterdam-445853/) and I am paying around 550€ for my own room at the end of Amsterdam.


If I would not need this amount of money, then why do I need to spend my time to earn this money? What all this money is for? Which design company can pay that amount of money? Who is earning this money in my age and where the money is used for? And where this calculation is coming from? More design companies are trying to work with a freelancer, not hiring contract designer.3 This means the amount of work is translated directly to income.Furthermore, which work can help me to survive? And how that work is ended up and used?

On the other hand, why am I even trying to stay in the Netherlands? Why countries, like the Netherlands, United Kingdom4, United States, and many other countries attract more economic migrants than others? Why students from certain countries are restrain to stay in Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States, than students from other countries. And why those countries are asking so much money to earn to make boarder higher?5

“Basically, the UK Home office allows you stay and work in the UK based on how high skilled you are and how much you earn annually (In general, your annual income need to be over 35k at least) which is not really fair for someone who works in creative industry.” - Extract from magazine Between-Borders, interview with Jaeho-Hwang

3 58 per cent had jobs in the Netherlands which were part-time.https://www.iamexpat.nl/career/employ-ment-news/sharp-increase-burnouts-netherlands (Apr.19. 2019)

4 https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/press/60000-to-bring-a-non-eu-worker-to-the-uk-income-threshold-dou-bles-in-four-months-making-80-of-professional-jobs-ineli-gible/

5 https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBrief-ing/Summary/CBP-7264


To answer these questions, in this chapter, I will explore the infrastructure of labour in modern space and time. I start by investigating the meaning of job in contemporary society, and how productivity has developed in space and time. Later, how modern time and space have expanded and constructed capitalism. I will explain these phenomena by following the spread of tea and coffee, the most mundane caffeine today. In detail, how the caffeine drink has impacted on our productivity and consumption with technology and globalisation. Therefore, how these drinks have been reflecting on our bodies, and time through space between production and consumption.

However, there will be limitations in the perspective of a professional economist, medicine, anthropologist or historian. Also, I would not talk about the tea and coffee history of South America, but I will only trace tea that spread from China to Europe, and coffee trade between Europe, Asia and Africa. I admit that the reference is limited to the west and east Asian background of me as an author.

The work

First, where labour is positioning today? The labour is the activity that is positioned in the centre of the modern time, dictating citizenship, and identity. The novelist Ranadas Gupta points out the transformative appearance of labour with the change of the taxation system by the emergence of income tax in the 19th century. Besides, the leisure class disappeared, since every member of society started to work, including the richest who do not need to earn money for


living6. Moreover, Peter Frase also remarks in his book Four Futures: Life After Capitalism how work could have a different meaning today.

“It is important to keep in mind that when we talk about ‘work’ in the context of a capitalist society, we can mean three different things. It can be the way we earn the money we need to survive; it can be some activity that’s necessary for the continued existence of our society; and it can be some activity that we find inherently fulfilling because it gives purpose and meaning to our lives.”

As labour becomes the foundation of the modern lifeworld, entire time tied up with working time, even leisure time is another phase of working time. In the book The Black Tea Lesson(홍차수업) notes the introduction of tea-time to the factory workers for higher efficiency during the 18th century in England [fig 01]. Before, the tea was presented to the high class as a medium of leisure from China[fig 02]. However, because of the effect of caffeine in tea to the human body, tea was encouraged over beer to factory workers by foremen. While beer makes the body rhythm slow, tea increases wakefulness and productivity as well. As a result, leisure time is converted into part of working time. A philosopher Byung-Chul Han also illustrates the configuration of current society around working time in his book The Scent of Time. The author states. Thus, although, the leisure is the right of human7, as the article 24 from the International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights States, leisure time is easily ignored by productivity. Bertrand Russell describes in In Praise of Idleness about

6 Ranadas Gupta’ speech ‘Does the End of Work Mean the End of Citizenship?’ , The serpentine Podcast episode ‘On work - Universal Basic Income ETC’

7 “Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay”

fig 01. 15mins tea break during industrial revolu-tion. Source : teatoast-andtravel.com

fig 02. Joseph Van Aken. “An English Family at Tea”. 1720. Source:Tate


ignored virtue of leisure time. “Leisure time is an essential of civilisation, but its virtue has forced and sacrificed because of the future productivity by the authorities8”.

Time

As labour is at the centre of the lifeworld in modern society our perception on time is altered. Time was used to measure the labour of factory workers, leading to the development of the mechanical clock[fig 03]9. E.P.Thompson explains in his article, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism how clock changed time into fundamental currency. Thompson says, “Effort was now bought and sold by the hour; time was spent rather than passed”. Thus, the clock was required to be more accurate for more precise measurement. Consequently, clock, the measurement of labour, which measures the activities that are centred in modern life let us perceive ourselves and our environment through time.

As the more precise clock is introduced, it also influences on our anxiety level on time. Don Idhe, post-phenomenologist, who presents the transformation of our perception according to the development of technology, describes the relationship between the level of anxiety and the accuracy of the public time. From his experiment of non-clock culture and the development of three hands of the clock, he reveals that as time becomes more precise, the anxiety also

8 Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness, 1935 , p4

9 Time recorder that helps employers keep track of hours worked and hourly wages, is developed by The Comput-ing-Tabulating-Recording Company, the precursor to IBM, on 1911

fig 03. Employees punching in on ITR dial recorders, 1926. Source. IBM.com (April.21. 2019)


escalates.10

Moreover, the development of clock also meant independence from nature, which also indicates the human body separates from nature. Alan Watts remarks,

“Time is a social institution, not a physical reality.”

Thus, the human body also moves by the measurement of productivity, instead of the rhythm of nature. Heidegger mentions in his book, Being and time, before the clock culture, the understanding of time derived from the observing nature, such as sunlight, season or sky.11 Idhe also remarks on the impact of the development of preciseness and regularity of a clock. A mechanical clock was invented to measure the regular moment and it moves by following the perfect circular shape. This movement is also different from the motion of nature, which is not the same every day. He continues that the independence opens the autonomy that distant from nature. Furthermore, Idhe points out that clock introduced discrete state and duration of time simultaneously. Hence, he defined clock as the most ubiquitous machine ever and the key element of the modern industrial period could be considered. 12

Time in the Space

Time always exists in space. So how is contemporary

10 Don Ihde, Technology and the lifeworld, 1990, p59-64

11 Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, 1927 p466

12 Don Ihde explains with anxiety response to a lunch appointment between different preciseness of a clock. Don Ihde, Technology and the lifeworld, 1990, p64


space constructed if time separates itself from nature and converts into a precise measurement? It would seem that our perception of space also begins to become independent from the ground. To understand the transformation of space, I will introduce the development of modern urban space. The urgency for change in urbanisation began alongside the emergence of the factory working system in the industrial age. This led to a shift in our perception of the human body which was applied to city planning, the new discovery resulted not only in the construction of the city itself but also in a change of our view on space.

The book, Flesh and Stone, written by Richard Sennett, explains the separation and constant movement as the consequence of introduction on human circulation. Sennett describes that after Harvey’s discovery13[fig 04], city developers, applied the words “artery” and “vein” to design the city traffic system from the 18th century[fig 05]. This emphasized the importance of constant movement in products, such as water, air, waste, or commodities that are required for human settlement. Thus, like human body, “clogged” or “closed” flows of materials would result in an unhealthy urban environment.

Moreover, the discovery of blood circulation in the human body was also the birth of an individual mobile human being. Sennett continues that this new understanding of the human body changed the idea of the relationship of an

13 The appearance of William Harvey’s De moth cordis, in 1628, this certainty began to change. He discovered the circulation of the blood, therefore, he launched a scientific revolution in the understanding of the body: its structure, its healthy state, and its relation to the soul. A new master image of the body took form. Flesh and Stone, Richard Sennett 1996. p255,

fig 04. William Harvey explains the circulatory system, 1628.Source : Flesh and Stone, Richard Sennett 1996

fig 05. Karlsruhe in the 18th Century. Early design of circulatory city. Source : Flesh and Stone, Richard Sennett 1996


individual body with the crowd, the place, the soul, and god. Harvey declares, the mechanically moving circulation by heartbeat activates, moves, and protects individuals from injury and decay. This pumping process released an individual from god and the soul. Therefore, it allows an individual to move freely and reduces the sensations aroused from the place or the crowd. The desire to move has helped to disconnect the body from space and also led


to the and swift movement of individuals in contemporary cities.Time, space, modernism and capitalism

When time and space were segregated from the human body and nature in the beginning of Modernism, the approach of manipulating, designing space and time appeared14.

Free moving body interweaves together with the accumulation of capital. Freed body from space and time encouraged the desire of moving. Wider and faster spread movement is the result of diverse aspects such as culture, ideology, economy, and technology. Sennett remarks that the emergence of modern capitalism is the result of an individual’s segregated body from time and space. David Harvey insists on expanding capital by the accumulation of value through motion. Below is the quote from Flesh and Stone from Sennett’s book, explaining how the introduction of capitalism originated from the free individual.“The new understandings of the body coincided with the birth of modern capitalism and helped bring into being the great social transformation we call individualism. the modern individual is above all else, a mobile human being. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations first reckoned what Harvey’s discoveries would lead to in this regard,

14 Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity, 1999, p9

“Modernity starts when space and time are separated from living practice and from each other and so become ready to be theorised as distinct and mutually independent categories of strategy and action, when they cease to be, as they used to be in long premodern centuries, the intertwined and so barely distinguishable aspects of living experience, locked in a stable and apparently invulnerable one-to-one correspondence.”


for Adan Smith imagined the free market of labour and goods operating much like freely circulating blood within the body and with similar life-giving consequences. Smith, in observing the frantic business behaviour of his contemporaries, recognised a design. Circulation of goods and money proved more profitable than fixed and stable possession.

However, as David Harvey points out in his writing, Marx’s Refusal of the Labour Theory of Value, different from blood circulation of the human body, capital seeks for not only cycle but also self-expansion. This is because capital searches for bigger accumulation for profit and surplus value in the process. And the process of value in motion produces capital based on labour power. This process and pursuit create the tension between capitalism and automation. Peter Frase in his book Four Futures: Life After Capitalism says, “Anxiety about labour saving technology is actually a constant through the whole history of Capitalism”.

Spread of tea One of the examples was widely spread of tea culture from the 17th century till the 20th century. Tea was one of the major commodity of globalisation, the result of tension between productivity and consumption, technology and human labour. The invention of CTC tea, the tea bag, faster transportation describes the stress. Moreover, through moving tea from one to the other side of the world, not only tea leaves themselves, but also culture, technology, porcelain, mannerisms, painting, and stories were also exchanged and transformed. Consequently, with technology that are involved, with the effect of caffeine on


the human body, with the culture that around the tea, the merchandise has influenced the global societies in culture, economy, technology. Still today, tea is the most widely consumed caffeine in the world15.

CTC, Crush, Tear and Curl is the mechanised process to diminish process time and to have a massive amount of product with standardised taste. This system was developed to produce with reduced human labour during the English colonial period in India. China grew tea domestically as side income while, Assam, where tea tree was discovered in India had a different climate from China. It was located in a rural area where human labour was sparsely populated while harvesting was possible during most of the seasons. An enormous amount of tea leaves were produced, but labour was highly scarce. Thus, a different process from China was necessary. Mechanisation that could replace human hands and decrease production time was vital. After decades of development, England could be supplied tea at a cheaper price. Thus, due to tax fall, most the people in England could afford tea and it started to consume widely16.

The process of tea production and widespread tea coincided with emergence of factory workers in Britain after 1760. Tea perfectly fit with the situation of the workers for nutrition and for productivity. Factory system meant the introduction of commuting time. Moon noted, “Accordingly, tea with sugar fit perfectly in the situation of workers. Simple preparation and sugar and milk a primary nutrition source in the busy morning attracted the poor working class.”

15 Alan Macfarlane, Iris Macfarlane, The Empire of Tea. 2004. p32.

16 Moon Gi-Young, Black Tea Class, 2014


In addition to its nutrition and favoured taste, the popularity of tea time started with its effects on the human body, as I mentioned above. The awakening effect from the caffeine in tea speed up the labour more than the beer or wine. Therefore, drinking tea was more pursued and required in the age of industrial, especially for the productivity of capital.

The technology of tea bag and faster transportation allowed shorter and easier consumption. As a result, the mechanised tea factory system and drastically reduced time to access the tea removed “waiting time”. This emphasizes ceaseless and faster circulation of production and consumption which is one of the foundational aspects of capital, the pursuit of self-expansion. Byung-Chul Han comments in his book, The scent of Time17 about the disappearance of “staying” in modern society. “In a capitalistic society, people forget

17 Byung-Chul Han, The scent of Time, 2009

proteinC arbonhydratesbreakfast

break

supper


about staying. The objects of consumption do not allow contemplative retention time. Those products should be consumed as quickly as possible”. The removal of “waiting time” accelerated the velocity of circulation. Zygmunt Bauman describes the disposition of time and how it has been developed in his book Liquid Modernity.“Time was the active and dynamic side in the battle, the side always on the offensive: the invading, conquering and colonising force. The velocity of movement and access to faster means of mobility steadily rose in modern times to the position of the principal tool of power and domination18.”

Coffee and contemporary production

This acceleration expanded production and consumption around the globe. But how has the contemporary perception of time and space have changed in the age of globalised landscape with digital technology? The movement brought further disconnection between time, space and body. Nature and the human body have also further disconnected. Douglas Rushkoff comments the difference between the rhythm of our bodies and digital technologies, in his book Program or be Programmed19.

18 Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity, 1999, p9

19 Douglas Rushkoff, Program or be programmed, 2010 34p

“The human nervous system exists in the present tense. We live in a continuous ‘now,’ and time is always passing for us. Digital technologies do not exist in time, at all. By marrying our time-based bodies and minds to technologies that are biased against time altogether, we end up divorcing ourselves from the rhythms, cycles, and continuity on which we depend for coherence. Our computer lives in the ticks of the clock. We live in the big spaces between those ticks when the time actually passes. By becoming ‘Always on’, we surrender time to a technology that knows and need no such thing”


Shipping, the movement of global commodities by ship, rail or truck, depicts the relationship between the human body and physical circulation in the automated landscape. Logistic is one of the fields that is swiftly transforming into full automation. By this process, the seamless circulation can be achieved faster, more efficiently. However, the human body that performs labour in between automation is encountering difficulties. Deborah Cowen reports the struggle in her book, The deadly life of logistics.“Cargo moves from ship to rail or truck in minutes, and distribution centres are often fully automated. In some, goods are continuously circulating on conveyor belts. Yet how this speed is achieved and at what cost are precisely what makes logistics a terrain of struggle. After asserting that the revolution in logistics has been good for business, Bonacich and Wilson(2008, 159-60) also ask whether the effects have been positive for labour, and their answer is clearly negative. They highlight three trends that have intensified globally in logistics labour in the wake of the revolution. Increase of precocity weakened unions and radicalisation.20”

These need to be incessantly awake, and the attempt to adopt the body to digital technology resembles the usages of coffee among Sufism in the 15th Century, the first written history about coffee. Sufism used coffee to reach god, the only goal of the religion. Coffee helped Sufis to stay awake to pray through the night and to bring spiritual ecstasy before the religious dancing. Yoon Seop Lee stated these usages of coffee among Sufism in the history, in his book, 커피 설탕 차의 세계사 (World history of coffee, sugar and tea). “In the Islamic world, the most exalted religious act is

20 Deborah Cowen, The deadly life of logistics, 2014, p98

fig 06. Life in the City Mir Sayyid Ali, Persian, 1540. Source: Harvard Art Museums


praying all through the night at mosque. Naturally coffee performed major drink among the religion.” Park Young Soon also remarks in his book, Humanities in coffee, how coffee helped to separate body from the ground space. “Among Sufism, Mawlawiyah was famous for using coffee in the ritual. Before Sufis dance ‘Sufi dance’, they sat in a circle and drank coffee, poured into a red coffee cup. For Mawlawiyah Sufies, red coffee cups meant a gate to union with God. The ritual of sharing coffee is to taste the spiritual ecstasy, and to take the first step toward reaching the ultimate goal, ‘union with God’”.

The prompt effect of caffeine which is different from tea in the human body also depicts the basis of current society. As coffee help to contact with god among Sufis, Takashi Saito, the author of 齋藤孝のざっくり！世界史 - 歴史を突き動かす「5つのパワー」とは (5 Powers that Changed History) mentions the 19th French Author, Honore de Balzac21 to describe the function of coffee as the impetus. Saito continues that modernity explicitly shows that its foundation is on continuity. Zygmunt Bauman also represents the mechanism of current society as the dream model of Perpetuum mobile22. In the process of achieving the dream, the self-reproduction results from the fear-inspired actions and competitive behaviour.

Current technology seems like highly concentrated on

21 Honore de Balzac(1799-1850) is well known for his book, “Comédie Humaine” published on 1963. He was also famous for coffee addiction, which let him bury himself into writing for days and nights. He also wrote the essay “The pleasures and pains of coffee”. He suffered stomachalgia in his later life, because of excessive coffee drinking.

22 Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty, 2007, p21


creating its own rhythm by losing the relationship between Earth’s gravitational forces and the human body, space and time. According to Byung Chul Han, the author of The scent of time, the purpose of contemporary technology is to separate human life from the ground. And coffee is performing as the fuel of self-reproduction for constant productivity and increasing the speed of circulation. This also echoes the fact that the increased consumption of coffee in China, one of the most swiftly modernising society today. 23 Even in Yúnnán, the place of the origin of tea, is replacing the tea from to coffee farm.

With the increasing speed of movement, will we have more time for leisure or will we stay locked in the accelerating circulation of productivity and consumption? Where our work would be located in between globalisation and developing technology? On the next chapter, I will continue to explore productivity in a global relationship. I will investigate with my own experience, by following the global supply chain of coffee from the Netherlands to Kenya. Through introducing the voices of people that I met, I will focus on a different attitude on productivity between different countries and its consequences.

23 https://chinaeconomicreview.com/chinas-coffee-war-is-heating-up/

Chapter 02. I am spying with my little eyes27

“Amsterdam was founded on the sale of raisins and flowers. The palaces of Venice were assembled from the profits of the carpet and spice trades. Sugar built Bristol. And yet despite their frequently amoral policies, their neglect of ideals and their selfish liberalism, commercial societies have been graced with well-laden shops and treasuries swollen enough to pro-vide for the construction of temples and foundling hospitals.”

- Alain De Botton. The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work. 2008

Chapter 02. I am spying with my litte eyes: growing anxiety.


In Chapter 1, I investigated contemporary work and how modern time and space are constructed around production and consumption. I discussed how circulation of production and consumption through supply chains began and has subsequently expanded. With the example of the spread of the most mundane caffeine, tea and coffee, I explored their interrelation in history.

In this chapter, I will address how successive expansion is changing the patterns of globalisation’s movement. Expansion increases porosity, causing countries in different stages of development to mimic each other. For the exploration, I will use my own experience of a journey I had following the coffee supply chain between Kenya and Amsterdam.The research journey is a collaboration with a fellow student, Luke Rideout. Our intention was to gaze closely and search for an alternative narration of global trading, one that is silenced by its growing scale and speed. In this essay I will address my perspective of our experience. Our journey was following different stages in the coffee industry, from the farm, auction house, warehouse, traditional Ethiopian roasting house, harbours, specialty coffee companies, and cafes in Amsterdam. In this essay, I will focus on revealing the infrastructure of the labour from interviews of each stage.

Why the global supply chain? While I was observing my surroundings, I realised that 90% of objects around me, in the Netherlands are arrived after travelling abroad. And objects are always moved by human eventually, even though there is help from the automated machines. Therefore, dependency on globalisation is established deeply in our(at least in the Netherlands) daily life. Karl Marx demonstrates “means of production”, that the


product is a result of the accumulation of different labour. Michael Evans elaborates,”means of production are two broad categories of objects: instruments of labour (tools, factories, infrastructure, etc.) and subjects of labour (natural resources and raw materials). People operate on the subjects of labour using the instruments of labour to create a product; or stated another way, labour acting on the means of production creates a good” 1 Therefore, as labour often involves a human, the circulation of commodities stimulates a form of exchange of cultural narrations between two different locations, countries, places. Both Saito Takashi, and Philip D Curtin, emphasise traders as the major changer of the world. Curtin positions traders as the first foreigners and trading as the beginning of the city2. Saito also shows the crucial role of merchants especially in capitalism, the world has been deeply influenced by the movement of materials that are desired by people. Besides, these changes have happened not only from top-bottom but more from bottom to top3. Accordingly, what is exchanged inside of circulation through coffee trade? How the infrastructure of labour is built around different countries? And How they are transforming each other?

Network Of Information

Ahead of visiting Kenya, we visited few roasterys and met baristas in Amsterdam, to listen to their perspective and

1 Michael Evans, Karl Marx, London, England, 1975. Part II, Chap. 2, sect. a; p. 63.

2 Cross-cultural trade in world history, Philip D Curtin, 1984

3 Saito Takashi, 齋藤孝のざっくり！世界史 - 歴史を突き動かす「5つのパワー」とは (world history - 5 power that moves the history), 2009, 17p


thoughts from the end of the supply chain, before final costumers. Saad Ashraf, a barista from Bocca coffee4, explains his job as “extracting best taste from the effort of farmers”. Patrick the owner of Monks5 said, “Everyone can (be connected with supply chain) if they want to. It’s an effort to make sure that you do... if someone says to you what’s the farm like or what’s the washing station like or how do they produce the coffee, you know it’s important.” Meanwhile, a barista of Public Space6 showed me different coffee from different roasterys, admitted the limitation as a barista. “To be honest, we cannot really know if the process was really fair or not, but just need to trust from the fame on roaster house.” Regardless of how detailed or how directly they are connected to the chain, mostly seemed like very well aware of the process of the supply chain.

Therefore, I imagined, also in Kenya, every farmer own smartphones and are connected to each step of the supply chain and the consumption somehow. Especially because, in Kenya, 85% of the population owns smartphones, and it is widely used daily life, including mobile payment system, Mpesa7. Therefore, including farmers, every step of labour could be transparent, with the price of coffee shared and acknowledged among each stage. Moreover, as I am coming from countries like South Korea and the Netherlands, most information is easy to find from a smartphone. And since in both countries, debates on automation and algorithm

4 Cafe/Roastery in Amsterdam. The company manages “bean to cup”: from sourcing, roasting and packaging. Extracted from www.bocca.nl

5 A cafe in Amsterdam

6 A cafe in Amsterdam North

7 Mpesa is a mobile payment system that is broadly spread in East Africa.


are frequently discussed, I was wondering about how the shared data and automated algorithm through the mobile phone is converting the market and the form of labour and the supply chain in Kenya.

When we arrived in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, the smartphone was distinctly widely used from purchasing services or products to obtaining information. However, the situation with the farmers was a lot different from what I expected. When we met Kanaru, a smallholding farmer in Nyeri, he said that he feels completely disconnected to the rest of the supply chain. After delivering the bags of coffee cherries to the local co-operative, he has no idea what is happening to the bags. Moreover, he had never drunk coffee before we offered him a cup of coffee that we brought. This separation was not only him. According to both Naomi from KCCE(Kenya Coffee Co-operative Exporter Ltd), logistic company to encourage small scale coffee farmers in Kenya, and Vava from Vava Coffee, the specialty coffee company that focuses on empowering women in Kenya and Tanzania, remarked about farmers’ severance with coffee industry. They emphasised the importance of educating farmers. This is because farmers have been repeating the same process through generations, without any awareness of the actual industry. Then, it is difficult to reach the required quality of crops, which can give a higher price to the farmers. This was totally unexpected for me. Because I thought where the smartphone is spread, most of the things would appear easily with few finger touches.

The difference in the awareness of industry opens up a discussion on division on broken between two different lifeworlds according to the accessibility of the information. Manuel Castells describes in his book, The Informational


City that two categories are divided by extent of connected networks. “The space of the upper tier is usually connected to global communication and to a vast network of exchange, open to messages and experiences that embrace the entire world. At the other end of the spectrum, segmented local networks, often ethnically based, rely on their identity as the most valuable resource to defend their interests, and ultimately their being.”8 Bauman continues the interrelation and consequence of between connected and disconnected group of society.

Vava and Naomi, who are well informed on both the domestic and the international markets of coffee, highlighted the importance of a growth and spread of domestic coffee culture, to raise awareness around the crop. They suggest that the growth of the industry and improvement of its’ policies can be achieved by reflecting on the reality of the industry today. Despite the fame of Kenyan coffee abroad it is not consumed domestically, with 95% of Kenyan coffee being exported. Accordingly, it is highly dependent on markets outside of Kenya. Prices are dictated by European and American markets and have been escalated excessively by them. In Kenya itself the drink is only shared by a very small group of communities,

8 “Manuel Castells, The Informational City, Blackwell, 1989, p. 228.

“In sharp contrast to the upper stratum, it is marked by being cut off from that worldwide network of communication to which the ‘upper tier’ people are connected and to which their lives are tuned. The lower-tier city dwellers are ‘doomed to stay local’ – and so one could and should expect their attention and concerns, complete with their discontents, dreams and hopes, to be focused on ‘local affairs’. For them, it is inside the city they inhabit that the battle for survival and a decent place in the world is launched, waged and sometimes won, but mostly lost.”


like white people, tourists, young people and people of Ethiopian heritage in Kenya. Coffee culture is not widely introduced in Kenya, many people are not aware of it or simply not interested. The industry and the policies of the industry is built by people who consider coffee as a cash crop rather than a consumable product. Daniel, CEO of Coffee Exchange also commented that he does not enjoy coffee but tea.

Fear From Porosity

Whereas, Vava and Naomi addressed that international policies and interest has different focuses from a production perspective. Vava mentioned that she is one of two representatives of SCA(Special Coffee Association)9 from the side of producers among 19. She also added that the issue on roasting skills are more focused topic than the influence of climate change, or water usage in the process of coffee. Additionally, she remarks on complicated different certifications that she had to pay and have to renew every 3 years. Naomi also asserted that international food policies do not reflect on reality, like climate change, but strengthening food security, such as prohibiting pesticide. However, she commented that with a changing the climate, it is unrealistic not to use pesticide.

From the conversation, I could see the tension and power structure between production country (Kenya) and consumer country (Netherlands, UK, America). An open

9 The Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) is a nonprofit, membership-based association built on foundations of openness, inclusivity, and the power of shared knowledge. From coffee farmers to baristas and roasters, our member-ship spans the globe, encompassing every element of the coffee value chain. Extracted from https://sca.coffee


and porous society results in two different attitudes for each country, self-nourishment and a defensive attitude. Bauman writes, in the world where capital and products are freely circulating, everything affects each other. This also means “outside”, places that are not influenced, do not exist. Bauman describes two different aspects of an open society. The society gave individuals freedom of self-decision in liberation. On the other hand, it also overwhelms us making control and understand of the system nigh on impossible. The freedom of possibilities and volition increases people’s anxiety, but simultaneously makes you believe that everything can be solved by a certain technology or certain effort.10

The overwhelming self-decision created by openness causes accelerating circulation of capital that results in self-nourishment. For expansion, higher productivity is required and, more effort and acceleration is needed. As I addressed in chapter 1, about self-expanding capital and the impact of coffee, prompt awakening effect on the human body, consuming coffee keeps the body awake and performs as fuel for self-expansion. This is a result not only a burn-out symptom but also severe environmental pollution. I will explain these at the end of chapter 2 and the next chapter. Bauman describes that capital in open society brings the fear of inadequacy from higher competition and possibilities. The fear produces self-nourishing motion11.

10 Zygmunt Bauman. “Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty, 2007, p17

11 Zygmunt Bauman. Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. 2007, p23-24

“The inborn paradox of capitalism, and in the long run its doom: capitalism is like a snake that feeds on its own tail … Alternatively, we may say, using terms unknown to Luxemburg since they were invented only in the last decade or two, a time when the distance between the tail and the stomach was shrinking fast and the difference between the ‘eater’ and the ‘eaten’ was becoming ever less visible: capitalism draws its life-giving energy from ‘asset stripping’, a practice recently brought into the daylight by the common operation of ‘hostile mergers’, a practice needing ever new assets to be stripped – yet sooner or later, once it is applied globally, supplies are bound to be exhausted, or reduced below the level required for its sustenance.


and porous society results in two different attitudes for each country, self-nourishment and a defensive attitude. Bauman writes, in the world where capital and products are freely circulating, everything affects each other. This also means “outside”, places that are not influenced, do not exist. Bauman describes two different aspects of an open society. The society gave individuals freedom of self-decision in liberation. On the other hand, it also overwhelms us making control and understand of the system nigh on impossible. The freedom of possibilities and volition increases people’s anxiety, but simultaneously makes you believe that everything can be solved by a certain technology or certain effort.10

The overwhelming self-decision created by openness causes accelerating circulation of capital that results in self-nourishment. For expansion, higher productivity is required and, more effort and acceleration is needed. As I addressed in chapter 1, about self-expanding capital and the impact of coffee, prompt awakening effect on the human body, consuming coffee keeps the body awake and performs as fuel for self-expansion. This is a result not only a burn-out symptom but also severe environmental pollution. I will explain these at the end of chapter 2 and the next chapter. Bauman describes that capital in open society brings the fear of inadequacy from higher competition and possibilities. The fear produces self-nourishing motion11.

10 Zygmunt Bauman. “Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty, 2007, p17

11 Zygmunt Bauman. Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. 2007, p23-24

“The inborn paradox of capitalism, and in the long run its doom: capitalism is like a snake that feeds on its own tail … Alternatively, we may say, using terms unknown to Luxemburg since they were invented only in the last decade or two, a time when the distance between the tail and the stomach was shrinking fast and the difference between the ‘eater’ and the ‘eaten’ was becoming ever less visible: capitalism draws its life-giving energy from ‘asset stripping’, a practice recently brought into the daylight by the common operation of ‘hostile mergers’, a practice needing ever new assets to be stripped – yet sooner or later, once it is applied globally, supplies are bound to be exhausted, or reduced below the level required for its sustenance.

Additionally, accelerating self-nourishing motion in vastly opened possibilities draw obsession on “protection” against the fear, instead of focusing on the fundamental solution, like re-distributing wealth. Bauman continues in his book, Liquid Times, “Unable to slow the mind-boggling pace of change, let alone to predict and control its direction, we focus on things we can, or believe we can, or are assured that we can influence: we try to calculate and minimise the risk that we personally, or those nearest and dearest to us at that moment, might fall victim to the uncounted and uncountable dangers which the opaque world and its uncertain future are suspected to hold in store for us.” and he supports the argument with an example with successive ‘food panic’ that causes increasing defensive action and building fear. A filmmaker, Adam Curtis depicted about the intensifying fear, “There are no terrifying new monsters. It’s drawing the poison of the fear”. And Bauman describes as “add more vigour to the self-propagating capacity of fear.12”

12 Zygmunt Bauman Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty.. 2007. p25


Likewise escalating numbers of certification and unrealistic food policies, as Naomi and Vava remarked, articles show security scanning market is one of the top growing automation market.13. During the travel, I came across lots of different kind of scanning machines, the most recent updated high-tech machine in Schipol airport in Amsterdam, old scanning machines in Cairo airport, and series of scanning machines(made by Chinese company Nuctech) that was locating between few steps at SRG train station(also built by China) in Nairobi and Mombassa. Meanwhile, as not every airport can afford the level of security, recently, Delhi airport announced that they will charge the scanning cost to the passengers14.

After all, who are these policies for? Are they really protecting people or deriving higher anxiety? Stephen Graham, who wrote Postmortem city: towards urban geopolitics’, City, 2 notes, that commercial capital is having an advantage from the fear and anxiety. He goes on, “have been deliberately exploiting widespread fears of catastrophic terrorism, to further increase sales of highly profitable SUVs.15”

On the other hand, precarious situations seem to be attractive to young people and they pursue this model of production. Kenya is facing rapid urbanisation, because of the movement to cities. Naomi commented that the

13 https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcoun-cil/2019/01/07/techs-next-imperative-must-be-physical-se-curity/#76ef45b33306

14 https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/now-you-will-have-to-pay-extra-money-for-check-in-baggage-screening-at-delhi-igi-airport-360512.html

15 Stephen Graham, Postmortem city: towards an urban geopolitics’, City, 2, 2004, p.165–96


biggest competitor of the coffee farm is housing. She explained coffee farms are transforming into residence and urbanized space. For instance, Tatu city, which is located at the north of Nairobi, has been developing from huge coffee plantation to a mixed-use hyper-modern city from 2015 by Rendeavour16. Moreover, Kanaru also mentioned that he is the last person who is staying and taking care of the farm among his three siblings. He added that they went to the city for bigger opportunities. Vava also commented that the agriculture industry is not attracting young people enough currently, although there is big potential.

Iteration but Faster

Which direction is the expansion heading and by which economic model? The idea of increased circulation has been repeated through history, from mass production to searching for and opening massive consumer markets. Mostly it started with agriculture, clothing, and more complicated manufacture like automobile and technological devices. The United States began immense manufacture by using cheap labour and trade with Japan by opening its market in the late 19th century. And this example is replicated by new emerging countries. Norton notes, South Korea in the 1960s and recently, China could reach rapid economic growth by moving from low-end production, such as apparel, footwear, plastics to high-end production, like electronics. the fastest growing country in the world, but bigger and faster, with the help of technology.

Chasing cheaper labour is one of the centres of reiteration

16 Rendeavour is a private Africa’s city builder company that is founded by New Zealand investment banker Stephen Jennings


for growth. Frase describes the relocating factories and automation to search cheaper labour is always been running in the history of capital. He points out, “In recent years it was muted and somewhat disguised, because of the enormous injection of cheap labour that global capitalism received after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the turn toward capitalism in China. But now even Chinese companies are facing labour shortages and looking to new ways of automating and robotizing.17” As Frase introduces, because of increased wage, strengthen regulation, factories in China are moving to Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia where the wage is low-cost18. For the same reasons, China is investing infrastructure of Kenya. Kenya signed on economic and trade agreements at the Belt and Road Forum (Barf)19. Accordingly, Mombasa–Nairobi SGR(Standard Gauge Railway)20, is built by China Road and Bridge Corporation, and launched on 2016.21. Alain de Botton illustrates the repeated growth model in his book,

17 Peter Frase, Four Futures: Life After Capitalism, 2016, p19

18 https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?do-cId=3579147&cid=58784&categoryId=58786

19 Belt and Road, or yi dai yi lu, is a “21st-century silk road,” confusingly made up of a “belt” of overland corri-dors and a maritime “road” of shipping lanes. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer

20 Mombasa–Nairobi SGR to link with other SGRs being built in the East African Community. East African leaders have agreed on a deal with China to construct a $3.8bn railway connecting Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and South Sudan to replace a century-old British colonial rail track. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-railway-link-ken-ya-uganda-rwanda-burundi-south-sudan-1448216. 2014

21 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/31/chi-na-in-africa-win-win-development-or-a-new-colonialism


The Pleasure and Sorrow of Work22.

However, China has been developing itself following the growth model. Why can’t Kenya make use of this process? Andrew Norton, director of the International Institute for Environment and Development, reports that because of automation, current developing countries would not have a chance as China. Yet, the process is accelerating while low-skilled jobs are replaced by a robot. For instance, Adidas is piloting highly automated footwear factories in Germany23. Additionally, the impact on the environment is extremely critical. As China and South Korea become the factory of the world, Thailand suffers from heavy smog24 25 26. The ecological damage is prompting calls for the

22 Alain de Botton, The pleasure and sorrow of work, 2008, p108

23 https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-busi-ness/2016/sep/20/robots-automation-end-rapid-econom-ic-growth-poorer-countries-africa-asia

24 https://www.dw.com/en/china-issues-air-pollution-warnings-79-cities-blanketed-in-heavy-smog/a-46537945

25 https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/south-korea-once-again-choked-by-dangerous-smog/

26 https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bangkok-running-out-of-air-purifiers-as-toxic-smog-grips-thailand

“It was in the eighteenth century that economists and political theorists first became aware of the paradoxes and triumphs of commercial societies, which place the trade, luxury and private fortunes at their centre whilst paying only lip service to the pursuit of higher goals. From the beginning, observers of these societies have been transfixed by two of their most prominent features: their wealth and their spiritual decadence. Venice in her heyday was one such society, Holland another, eighteenth-century Britain a third. Most of the world now follows their example.”


current economic model of expanding capital to explore an alternative perspective.

More Productivity? From questioning the contemporary position of labour to exploring throughout my journey between Kenya and Netherlands as South Korean, I investigated successive effects from open global society. It has been causing like increasing fear, self-nourishing, and accelerating model. GDP(growth of gross domestic product), which measures the goods and services produced in an economy every year is the current measurement for the country’s prosperity and stability27. And the economy has been predicted based on growth on population and capital. However, does everyone in the world need to grow? The population in Africa is still growing and Africa still needs development. On the other hands, developed countries like, Europe, Japan, South Korea are facing a decrease in population. Does the entire system still need to run toward growth?

The growth of the economy has been the standard of success. Alana Semuels observes, “Policies that might be necessary for the country’s long-term survival are avoided because of fears they might harm GDP. For example, conservatives criticise climate accords because they say that cutting greenhouse gases will reduce GDP by trillions of dollars.28”Does a developed country need to produce more and more? Do we need to grow for the sake of growth? What would an alternative aim look like? What would be

27 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/ar-chive/2016/11/economic-growth/506423/

28 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/ar-chive/2016/11/economic-growth/506423/


the other interpretation of social production in the future? And moving back, as a position of designer, what would be my role in this question? How would I be able to survive and like my job in this system of infinitely expanding capital configuration? I will continue in Chapter 3, what is the image that workers of each country are pursuing and trying to actualise.


24h

43 Chapter 03. Finding the dignity of work

Chapter 03. Finding the dignity of work: Imagining the next model of working

“Of all wastes, the greatest waste that you can commit is the waste of labour. ”

- John Ruskin, The Crown of Wild Olive, 1866, p98

“Our work will at least have distracted us, it will have provided a perfect bubble in which to invest our hopes for perfection, it will have focused our immeasurable anxieties on a few relatively small-scale and achievable goals, it will have given us a sense of mastery, it will have made us respectably tired, it will have put food on the table. It will have kept us out of greater trouble.”

- Alain De Botton. The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work. 2008, p371


On chapter 1, I mapped works’ position in contemporary society, time and it’s expansion in space. On Chapter 2, I continued how the anxiety grows in the society of porosity from productivity. . In this chapter, I will look for an image of the dignity of labour. I will investigate what people are in pursuit of in different countries. Finally, I will explore how can I interpret and engage the issue as a designer.

To find a dignity of labour, I will follow a series of questions in the perspective of my situation between three different types of countries. The first countries are example countries that led the model of development. These are the countries like the Netherlands, United Kingdom or Unites States. The countries that I migrated to, to find better opportunities to be educated and work. The second type is countries like South Korea, China, Japan that are developed after previous mentioned countries. I will mostly focus on South Korea, because this is the country that I know the most, since it is the place that I grew up. The last type is countries like Kenya, where the development is embarking recently. Those three types of countries could be divided by the percentage of middle class.[fig 07]

The image of pursuit model

So where are countries and individuals running toward with accelerated speed? What is the model and how does it look like?

Architecture often shows how ideologies are materialised. Modernist ideas, such as Ville Radieuse on 20 century is realisation of utopian desire in daily living. And this is the city that is still used as a foundation of modern city development. The evidences are easily found from the

fig 07. Global distribu-tions of the middle class. Absolute Leisure.


presentations of new city plans from Asia and Africa show that this idea is going on. Because the cities are modelled from the prior developed places like Europe and North America, European and North American architects usually asked to be involved in planning in Asia1[fig 08] and Africa2[fig 09]. Moreover, Asia and Africa is the place that architect realise their plan that is not possible to make in their own countries. Le Corbusier’s rejected plan for Paris was actualised as Chandigarh in India.[fig 10]. However it misses something in translation, an ideology tranplanted into a space influences the residence’s daily life but also is altered by their existing traditions.

Usually, the impression of a facility in cities and architecture measures the standard of the stage of development. And the standard is based on the shape of architecture, and modernistic ideologies also follow together with flow of architectural trend. The standard is constantly repeated and reaffirmed by developing countries. Recently announced plans of cafe streets in South Korea could be examples of symptoms of replication.[fig 11] Accordingly, in China, the number of coffee cafe is growing. This is because drinking coffee is considered as “modern act”. In the article, the interviewee said, “It’s perceived as having a level of status when you’re adopting western products. So that’s why companies like Chanel, Hermes, and Starbucks do well here”3. And the same phenomenon happened and continues in Japan, South Korea.

1 https://www.archdaily.com/306906/kpf-releases-master-

plan-for-chinese-city-built-from-scratch

2 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/07/som-skid-more-owings-merrills-alaro-city-masterplan-lagos-nigeria

3 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-cof-fee-craze-millennials-embracing-culture/

fig 08. KPF Releases Masterplan for Chinese City Built From Scratch. ArchiDaily.

fig 09. SOM breaks ground on Alárò City in Nigeria. Dezeen.

fig 10. Chandigarh Aerial View. chandigarhbytes.com

fig 11. Master plan of Wirye IPARK, Transit Mall(위례 아이파크 트랜짓몰). “European style street”. Source: www.mk.co.kr


In addition, the words to describe the city reveal what people would be attracted and pursed. Technology takes one of biggest roles in “being modern”. Most of cities, like Amsterdam and Barcelona4, describe themselves with “high technology”, “smart technology”. And new emerging cities, like Song-do, Jakarta Jaya: the Green Manhattan, also promote themselves. And India’s plans to create 100 new ‘smart’ cities to support the country’s rapidly growing urban population5. “The pursuit of cities to become ‘smart’, ‘world-class’, ‘liveable’, ‘green’, has been promoted alongside increased population densities and urban compaction,” said Professor Hugh Byrd, a specialist in urban planning at Lincoln6. However Larkin points out in his article, Politics and Poetics, that there are other sides of technology, being a symbol of modernity.7

What attitude is being pursued today? Bauman introduces the concept of “hunter” to describe the today’s attitude toward the world. “the hunter could not care less about the overall ‘balance of things’, whether ‘natural’ or designed and contrived. The sole task hunters pursue is another

4 https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/23/jason-pomeroy-interview-smart-cities-barcelona-amsterdam-songdo

5 http://www.asianage.com/world/europe/220717/study-says-indias-smart-cities-plan-may-adversely-im-pact-environment.html

6 http://www.asianage.com/world/europe/220717/study-says-indias-smart-cities-plan-may-adversely-im-pact-environment.html

7 Brian Larkin, The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure, 2013, p7

“Technologies come to represent the possibility of being modern, of having a future, or the foreclosing of that possibility and a resulting experience of abjection.”


‘kill’, big enough to fill their game-bags to capacity.” and he adds, “try at least to stay among the hunters, since the only alternative is to find yourself among the hunted. To be performed properly and with a chance of success, the fight against losing will require your full, undivided attention, vigilance twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week, and above all keeping on the move – as fast as you can …”. The current image of “progress” is the image of hunter. As self-expanding capital that I described in Chapter 2, current chase on “progress” has been distorted for survival with anxiety. Bauman reports “In contemporary dreams, however, the image of ‘progress’ seems to have moved from the discourse of shared improvement to that of individual survival.”

Moreover, Linebaugh and Rediker illustrates that early Atlantic imperialism constructed the skeleton of vast spatial network8. Furthermore, Cowen explains that “precisely because the organised violence of empire threw spatially dispersed social orders into heterogeneous relations of rule-exploitation, slavery, incarceration, dislocation, diaspora, and so forth-it also brought people into relation differently...connections forged through the violent infrastructures of relations of rule may become the connective tissues of alternative futurities if they are occupied differently.9”

However, with the attitude of hunting and following the model of modern, later developed countries, like Japan on 80s[fig 12], South Korea on 90s[fig 13] and China

8 Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The many-head-ed hydra, 2000

9 Deborah Cowen, The deadly life of logistics, 2014, p227

fig 12. GDP growth of Japan compare to United States 1970-1990. source: www.abc.net.au

fig 13. GDP growth of South Korea compare to North Korea 1952-2016. source: Maddison histori-cal statistics project


on 10s[fig 15] could escape from the poverty. Rapid growth of middle class [fig 15] could emerged from the accelerating expansion and the usage of globalisation10. The poverty is declined and the quality of life in those countries are increased dramatically. Therefore, more middle class means increase of people who can afford more leisure time to travel the country of admiration. Accordingly, internet memes that depict the sterotype of Asian tourists appeared[fig 17]. Growth of mobility of east asian students in already developed countries is also another consequences11. Additionally, Korea clothing brand, like “Nerdy”[fig 16] had huge success by marketing themselves looks like a western brand. They used New York as a background mostly with non-asian model. This is because the image of “west” is desirable image for the consumers in later developed countries.

And Japan, China and South Korea are the just a beginning of follow up developing countries. South Asia, like Malaysia, Vietnam, Middle east, and Africa are on the process of development with the model of fast growth countries like China and South Korea. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi mentioned South Korea as growth model12. However, there are side effects like, severe air pollution in east and south Asia13. [fig 18] The air from

10 Podcast “The New world”, episode “Fixing Globalisa-tion” 6th Jan 2017, 12:50

11 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/18/growth-from-asia-drives-surge-in-u-s-foreign-students/

12 https://indiablooms.com/news-details/N/46639/modi-hails-south-korea-as-role-model-for-economic-growth-urg-es-attention-towards-india.html

13 http://www.ccacoalition.org/en/content/air-pollu-tion-measures-asia-and-pacific

fig 14. GDP growth of China compare to Japan 1960-2006. source: World bank

fig 15. Growth of middle class in China 1990-2035. source: Global insight


fig 17. meme of Asian Tourists. (from top) Asian tourist starter kit. (source: Reddit), Classic Asian Dad Tourist Attire(source:. Tourist level (source:meme center)

fig 16. lookbook 2019 s/s of South Korean fashion brand “Nerdy”. (Source: whoisnerdy.com)


Chinese factories is causing critical health issue in China and neighboring countries. Then, what would be other example model?

Then, what is next model?

Meanwhile, in prior developed country, like Europe and North America, what is happening inside? What is the model of labour? In 1930s, a British economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that we would work 15 hours a week14. For example if you make $100 per hour, 15 hours a week will roughly make you $6000 per month, which is nice salary in the West (either Europe or United States). And this is true for some minorities in western world. However, this seems a ridiculous and far away number in my perspective. To see what is really happening, I will start with tired bodies, not only mine but also the bodies of my generation.

There is an increase of “burn outs” every year. [fig 19]15 Anne Helen Petersen remarks burn out symptom of millennials (born on 1981-1996) in her article, “How Millennials Became The Burnout Generation”16. She remarks that new working generation has been optimised

14 John Maynard Keynes, Economic Prospects for our Grandchildren, 1930

15 Research by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) also concludes an increase in burnout symptoms in the last few years, although said research does not focus on burnouts which have been diagnosed by a doctor. Their research showed rising figures of 12,4 percent in 2013 to 14,6 percent last year(2017).

16 https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/annehelen-petersen/millennials-burnout-generation-debt-work

fig 18. The air pollution in Incheon, South Korea 2017. (Source: http://d.kbs.co.kr)


fig 19. Has the stress of work caused you to feel burn out?, Germany 2012-2014. (Source: Gallup)

for the workplace from very young age in high rate of competition. Exclusively, with internet, invisible work is increased (emailing and, scrolling LinkedIn in bed) and the expectation is higher from previous generation. Steady, decently paying, recognisable as a “good job”, in a “cool” company. Myself is also not exception. That is reason why I came to Netherlands for better education and opportunities.

Then what is good job and decently-paid job? And what do they do? In the perspective of a designer, I would say, a directing jobs or research jobs are well-paid job. Myself as a just-graduated designer, ‘flexibility of labour’, I was working as a illustrator, and I was paid by 60-100euro per a drawing. Each drawing needed minimum 14hours of working. This is calculated as 4-7euro per hour17. From this experience, I felt it is difficult to survive as an illustrator, as I would call a simple craftsman. Yet, working in commercial films was relatively better. The other works like, participating exhibitions or social projects were paid almost none. I heard this is because the projects are depended on public fund. When it is public funded project, workers are severely badly paid(I don’t know how much director or curators are paid). There are people who are surviving from illustration, exhibitions or social projects, but I haven’t experienced or heard that workers who are involved are fairly paid. This is only from my own experience, so there could be exceptions. In addition, as a craftsman, I was asked to repeat my previous work, and when there is new attempt, the work was rejected. And these are some reasons why I don’t want to work as a craftsman, nor in a social project. Who is paid properly? Or the only way is work on

17 minimum wage per week is €372,90 in Netherlands. This is 9euro per hour.


repetitive boring work with bad payment? I don’t know if I can survive both economically, psychologically.

Still, the supporters of Brexit and Trump claim lack of jobs. Thus, many politicians promise creating more jobs and growth economy. Therefore, counties like, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States are highlighting protectionism, with food policy, migration policy. However, outsourcing is needed for cheap labour18. However, on going discussion around Brexit is unsolved issue currently, because of the protectionism against outsourcing19. Nevertheless, the economy of Netherlands20, United Kingdom21 and United States have been growing steadily[fig 20]. Yet the articles and reports tell the income haven’t grow as much as economic growth or the productivity in OECD22 countries[fig 21]. Hence, these reports show that the inequality is growing bigger.

Meanwhile, as I mentioned on Chapter 2, a country like Kenya, who is on the stage of beginning of development, and outsourcing country is constantly exploited in the

18 http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

19 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/09/brexit-utopia-receding-dream-food-shortage-fruit-veg-supplier

20 https://dutchreview.com/news/economy/the-nether-lands-and-income-growth/

21 https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-wag-es-gdp-and-inequality-2016-3?internation-al=true&r=US&IR=T

22 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-velopment is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.


process, by the taking advantage of cheap labour and simultaneously loosing the chance of development. By producing product, they even do not use themselves. And this is on-going problem in China as well. Real Santa village Yiwu, reveals exactly same issue as coffee, producing Christmas decoration only for cash without any understanding about Christmas23. [fig 22]

On the other hand, a British anthropologist, David Graeber introduced “Bullshit jobs” on 201824. Bullshit jobs are normally well paid position in the society. Mostly, they are administrative jobs,(ruling class) (ruling class) not in the field of service. These jobs are recalled especially in already developed countries, West and also South Korea as well. These jobs that are pointless and meaningless jobs in society and also themselves feel miserable from boredom and uselessness. He said, they have appeared because of increased bureaucracy in modern society[fig 23]. However, these jobs would be no difference in the society even though they disappear one day. According to his research, 37-40% of people who have jobs in Holland convinced that if their jobs do not exist, there would be no difference at all. He continues that in last 14 years, the number of administrative jobs increased 259% in university in the United States [fig 24]. Since there are more forms to report, and spending more time on meetings, there is no time to do the actual work. Thus, more people are hired to do administrative works. This is not only happening in the university, but also in the hospital and many other places.

23 https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architec-ture-design-blog/2014/dec/19/santas-real-workshop-the-town-in-china-that-makes-the-worlds-christmas-decora-tions#img-1

24 David Graeber, Bullshit jobs, 2018

fig 20. Increase of GDP, while the wage is not. United States 2000-2014. NY Times.

fig 21. wages growing less than productivity. Source:OECD

fig 22. 19-year-old Wei works in a factory in Yiwu, China, coating polystyrene snowflakes with red powder. The Guardian


[fig 25] Is this the model of labour to pursue? John Ruskin said in his writing, ‘The Crown of Wild Olive’,

What is productivity, and what is actual value of labour? Still “The labour theory of value25” is current the most commonly used method to measure the payment of labour. And the working and being busy from workin is considered as virtue. However, what is the value of labour, when there is no actual productivity from the labour. Is it still necessary to work to improve productivity? Do we need to grow economically in sake of growth? What would number of employment, GDP26 mean after all? Can we contribute on something else instead of filling up the working time? What if we did not need to use our time towards economic survival, where could our labour be used? Would we still need to be a hunter? City has been expanding because of opportunities of jobs, would still city look same? At the same time, how the leisure would look like? Working environments have been emphasising and becoming alike with leisure space.[fig 26] How would their relationship change? Currently leisure is mainly about consumption. [fig 27] Many of today’s workers produce money from time of working, and spend the income during the time of leisure. Would the leisure still mainly be about consuming? How would the global relationship look? What does the next model of labour look like? How the dignity of labour would look like? What is productivity in contemporary

25 The theory from Marx and Adam Smith on 19th centuery. the economic value of a good or service is de-termined by the total amount of “socially necessary labor” required to produce it.

26 Gross domestic product (GDP)

“Of all wastes, the greatest waste that you can commit is the waste of labour.”

fig 23. How often the word ‘paperwork’ is used in English literatures. 1860-2000s. Utopia of Rules

fig 24. Growth of managemetn jobs in Universities in United States. freedomandprosperity.

fig 25. Growth of Bureaucratic jobs in United States. hbr.org


time?

The dignity of labour

What could be an alternative attitude to that of the hunter? John Thackara points out, “Land is a finite resource-but we consume it as if it were limitless, especially for mobility.27” Accordingly Bauman proposes the attitude of ‘gardener’ toward “Utopia” that is defined by Oscar Wilde. Oscar Wilde comments on “Utopia28” as “Progress is the realization of “Utopias”. Bauman demonstrates the gardener who keeps the balance and encourages caring.

Likewise, in David Graeber’s talk at De Balie, at Amsterdam(Jun 27, 2018) caring labour mentioned, and he pointed out,

27 John Thackara, How to thrive in next economy 2017

28 “Utopia” is initiated by Sir Thomas More on 16th Century. He called “a world cleansed of insecurity and unanchored fears”, as “utopia”. This is hinting simultaneous-ly at two Greek words: eutopia, that is “good place”, and outopia, which meant “nowhere”.

“The main task of a gamekeeper(gardener) is to defend the land assigned to his wardenship against all human interference, in order to defend and preserve, so to speak, its ‘natural balance’, that incarnation of God’s or Nature’s infinite wisdom.....in premodern times they rested on the belief that the world was a divine chain of being in which every creature had its rightful and useful place, even if human mental abilities were too limited to comprehend the wisdom, harmony and orderliness of God’s design.”

fig 26. Trend of co-work-ing space. Framemag-azine.

fig 27. Income and lei-sure constraint. (Source: Gallup)


Graeber continues that many strikes that are happening in the world are from the caring profession, such as, the professors29 and junior doctors’ strike30 in England, teachers’ strike in United States31, and care home workers’ strike in France32. And recently(March,2019), in Netherlands, teachers, students, and lecturer held joint-strike, against over workload, low wage and budget cut on education33.

Caring is not only neglected as a profession, but also related a strategy on urbanism. Is producing more the only way to solve the problem? South Korean government announced

29 https://www.bbc.com/news/education-43140729

30 https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjopen/2018/02/19/2016-ju-nior-doctor-strikes-in-england-had-significant-im-pact-on-healthcare-provision/

31 https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/14/los-angeles-teachers-strike-latest-walkout-protest

32 https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/02/02/re-ti-f02.html

33 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-econ-omy-wages/dutch-teachers-lecturers-to-hold-first-ever-all-out-strike-in-march-idUSKCN1P31DH

“We need to move away from the notion of production, which is very patriarchal. And back to the notion of caring labour, fundamental form of value creation. Most of work is not about producing any thing, but most of work is maintaining and taking care of things. You make a cup once but you wash it thousands of times. Work is about keeping things nice. And that is what people actually do....More AI, robot, computer, who take care of actual production, make sense, that is where real value comes from. It is not just that AI, robot or computer can do production better, they can do caring labour better. But we do not want them to do it. And caring works are the kind of work that humans need to be doing. That is the society that we want.”


new cities to be built around Seoul by cancellation of the Green Belt to solve housing problem in Seoul34. Meanwhile, the city that I grew up in is becoming empty. Even though the city was built on the wiped out land, as a bed town of Seoul in the beginning of 1990s. After 27 years, today, people are moving out because people think the city is old. Similarly London, and the Netherlands are also having severe problem on affordable housing. As a solution, UK government issued cancellation on green belt in London to solve “affordable housing” issue35. And in Netherlands, to severe housing problem because of housing bubble, the goal of building 73.000 new homes this year(2018), according to the Housing Agenda (nationale woonagende)36. While the problem is the market bubble, would more buildings solve the problem? Josh Bersin points out in his article, “Why Aren’t Wages Keeping Up? It’s Not The Economy, It’s Management”, the reason why wages haven’t been increased despite of increase of jobs and GDP growth is unbalanced management, and old way of thinking of distribution, not the problem of economy itself37.

34 https://www.mk.co.kr/news/realestate/view/2018/09/557023/

35 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/green-belt-land-protected-housing-crisis-development-re-port-london-a8749366.html

36 https://dutchreview.com/expat/housing/housing-cri-sis-in-the-netherlands/

37 https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2018/10/31/why-arent-wages-keeping-up-its-not-the-economy-its-man-agement/#797561d7397e


How to shape the attitude

Then, how can we convert the attitude? To change the different concept of value and attitude, I believe it is important to understand the attitude of the hunter and see the value in the attitude of the gardener. Calvino emphasis to seek and learn from recognising to transform38.

Cowen suggests that questioning the “norm” of the current system is the beginning of discussion. If this “natural” vision of sex and death is deployed to naturalise the violence of supply chain capitalism, how might different engagements with nature’s reproduction help cultivate alternative futurities, including alternative forms of economic organisation? Can we engage logistics on different terms through desire of different trade?

38 Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities, 1972, p165

“The only way to change something is to gaze everything very slowly once more”

- a quote from movie, Claire’s Camera (클레어의 카메라), directed by Hong Sangsoo (홍상수), 2017 [fig 28]

“The inferno of the living is not something that will be: if there is one, it is what is already here, the inferno where we live every day, that we form by being together. There are two ways to escape suffering it. The first is easy for many: accept the inferno and become such a part of it that you can no longer see it. The second is risky and demands constant vigilance and apprehension: seek and learn to recognise who and what, in the midst of the inferno, are not inferno, then make them endure, give them space.”


fig 28. Claire’s Camera (클레어의 카메라), directed by Hong Sangsoo (홍상수), 2017

“The only way to change something is,to gaze everything very slowly once more”


As a methodology, to raise what is norm and what is not, I will use drawing and sharing the journey of Kenya in form of broadcast, Supply Chain Broadcast. The process of drawing points out “norm” of system. This is because visualisation illustrates unconscious current “norm” in detail39.

Throughout the process I will map the contemporary meanings and layers around labour. These process to find out, what idea is occupying as norm of labour and productivity, and how this can be seen differently.

Supply chain broadcast[fig 29] is designed to connect global human labourers through a digital network. The first season focuses on the supply chain of coffee. It is important to be involved with global supply chain, because, traders were the first foreigners, and spread of mixed

39 A. MAKINA, The role of visualisation in developing critical thinking in mathematics, Perspectives in Education, Volume 28(1), March 2010*. 2010, p25

“Visualisation offers a method of seeing the unseen and we are encouraged and should aspire to ‘see’ not only what comes ‘within sight’, but also what we are unable to see (Arcavi, 2003:215). This stands as the starting point in describing visualisation as an important aspect of mathematical understanding, insight and reasoning, which, in turn, enhances the learner’s critical thinking.”

If this “natural” vision of sex and death is deployed to naturalise the violence of supply chain capitalism, how might different engagements with nature’s reproduction help cultivate alternative futurities, including alternative forms of economic organisation? Can we engage logistics on different terms through desire of different rough trade? “


fig 29. v(from top) Supply Chain Broadcast logo, Youtube intro

culture40. Even though, today’s communication of trading has been changed by automation, and digitalisation with its scale. Still, the workers that we met are the people who are actually moving the commodities one place to the other. Radio broadcast has been delivering the interest of public actively. In the book, Rhythms of Labour, radio broadcast is described as “a response to workers positioning themselves not as passive consumers of commodities in retail environment, to be manipulated through music, but as active agents demanding music that spoke to them.41”

40 Philip D. Curtin, Cross-cultural trade in world histo-ry,1984, p6

41 Korczynski, M., Pickering, M., & Robertson, E. Rhythms of Labour: Music at Work in Britain. 2013. p 201-279

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Conclusion

“I think most of us are looking for a calling, not a job. Most of us, like the assembly-line worker, have jobs that are too small for our spirit. Jobs are not big enough for people.”

- Studs Terkel, Working: People Talk about What They Do All Day and How They Feel about What They Do, 1974, p22

64

Productivity drastically increases with the help of technology[fig 32]. The development of automation and the spread of technology based on copyrights and patents have fundamentally changed productivity, as it is no longer related to human labour. Frase explains these shifts in capitalism1.

“Those who control the most copyrights and patents become the new ruling class. But this system is no longer capitalism as we have traditionally understood it. Because it is based on the extraction of rents rather than the accumulation of capital through commodity production, I refer to it as “rentism.”

Through my investigation into labour, I found that the infrastructure of human labour is not transforming in line with technological change. The notion of productivity, the model of growth and the concept of the job are also continuing to follow patterns popularised during the industrial revolution of the 19th century. Because institutions involved in labour do not adapt to change, the infrastructure of labour becomes institutionally violent towards workers, such as bull-shit jobs that were described by David Graeber (Chapter 3), unrealistic food policies (Chapter 2), or higher regulations for immigration (Chapter 1). Andrew Yang, 2020 Democratic Presidential candidate in America, comments on the changed situation of the current economy with the example of academia. “It used to be that you’d get a PhD and then you’d try and become a tenure-track professor. And then now you’re just in this post-doc purgatory. You’re never going to be made a professor. And they’re just going to keep you around for

1 Peter Frase, Four Futures: Life After Capitalism, 2016. p109

fig 30. @AndrewYang twitter

fig 32. gap between productivity and income. Source: Australian Bu-reau of Statistics (ABS)

Conclusion65

cheap labour forever.”[fig 30]

Individuals have to make decisions based on the institution’s decision. Graeber remarks on the difficult situation of caring work. “If you would like to have a job where you can benefit other people, and if you want to do something where you care for others, they will give you so little money, you cannot even take care of your own family.2”. As the focus of institutions is following the growth model and the metric system, such as GDP. Works that are not reflective of the system are socially neglected. Yang explains ignored works with an example of his wife. “I’d like to talk about my wife, who is home with our two children, one of whom is autistic. GDP would include her work at zero when we know it’s the opposite of the truth. So we need to start measuring things that actually indicate how we’re doing — things like health, mental health and freedom from substance abuse, childhood success rates, clean air and clean water, and other social indicators.3” How the value would change if we have a different metric?

Urbanisation4, the migration within the nation, or globalisation, the global movement of human and goods are also highly influenced by institutional power structure as I explained throughout the essay. What if we not only focused on institutional productivity and growth but what we actually need to care, such as the environment? How the

2 David Graeber, a lecture, Bullshit Jobs at De Balie in Amsterdam, Jun 27, 2018

3 https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/435317-andrew-yang-as-president-i-will-update-gdp-for-the-21st-century. 23. April. 2019

4 https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-caus-es-urbanisation/

66

global movement would be different? Richard Baldwin describes the simple meaning of globalisation. “The arbitrage is called trade. Globalisation mostly meant goods crossing borders. Globalisation could be simple arbitrage on drives globalisation.5” If we do not need to focus on unnecessary productivity, but exchange, would climate change be different?

As I described though chapters above, in the current system, jobs are the centre of our lifeworld. And they have been aiming at productivity. However, as the notion of productivity is changing, institutions urgently need to start to imagine the centre of our phenomenology differently. How might an individual’s work look if it is not focused on productivity? How would our timeline look outside of the laws of productivity? What does the next model look like? Letting people imagine is maybe my role as a designer. By using my skill for materialising ideas as a tool to open the gates for discussion.

5 Richard Baldwin, Why will future globalisation be so different, Ted talk, Sep 19, 2018

Conclusion67

68

Ranadas Gupta’ speech ‘Does the End of Work Mean the End of Citizenship?’ , The serpentine Podcast episode ‘On work - Universal Basic Income ETC’. London: The serpentine gallery, 2018

Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness, London: Routledge, 1935

Don Ihde, Technology and the lifeworld, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990

Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, New York: State University of New York Press, 1996

Richard Sennett , Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization, London: Faber & Faber, 1996

Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity: Living in an Age of Uncertainty, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007

Alan Macfarlane, Iris Macfarlane, The Empire of Tea, Ebury, 2004.

Moon Gi-Young, 홍차수업(Black Tea Class), Paju-si: 글항아리 2014

Byung-Chul Han, The scent of Time, Wiley, 2017

Douglas Rushkoff, Program or be programmed, OR Books, 2010

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