/‘.

UNITED Si Al ES CPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR‘JATIONAL PARK SERVICE 0

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACESINVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM

uI-ciCOMMON;

Old Slater MillANDOR HISTORIC:

[LOC AT 1011STREET t.NC NUMBER:

Roosevelt AvenueCITY OR TOWT4

Pawtucket

El Agricultural

El Commercial

El Educational*

El Entertainment

OWNERS NAME:

II! LOCATION OF LEGAL oEsrRlpTIoNCOURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS. ETC:

5TRET AND NUMB ER:

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Form 10-300July 1969

STAT Er:

COUNTY

Type all entries - completeapplicable sections

FOR NPS USE ONLYENTRY NUMBER I DATE

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STATE ., ... . . . .CODE COUNTY:

Rhode Island:LASSIFICATION

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OWNERSHIP

CODE

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ACCESSIBLESTATUS TO THE PUBLIC

El District. Building El Public . IPublic Acquisitian: El Occupiod Yes:

El Site-.

ElEl Structure

Object .

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ElEl

Privote

Both0El

In Process

Being Considered

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El Unoccupied

El Presrva,on work: Ln progress

ElElEl

Restricted

UnrestrIcted

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PRESENT USE Check One or floreas Apprnprinte

El Government . El Pork

El Industrial El Privote Residence

El MElitory El Religiotn

El M jSeurn EJ Scientific

El Transportation El Comments

El Other Specify

J4OWNEROFPPOPERTY. . . - -- - . . -

CITY OR TOWN:

STREET AND NUMBER: .

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1STATE: .-

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CITY OR TOWN:

TITLE OF SURVEY:

OTE OF SURVEY:

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STATE Coor

CItY OR TOWN:

El Federal [11 StoIc El County El LocalDEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS:

STREETANDNuMBER.

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___________________

.HDESCRIPTION . - .

Check Cnr

I El Etcellent El Good El Fair El Deteriorated El Ruins El UnexpasedCONDITION I-. Check One . ChocIc One

El Altered El Unaltered fl Moved El Original Site

DEScRtOE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL if iCnOWn PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Boundaries: Four parcels identified by the numbers 5614, 565, 566 and 2&comprise, as the result of urban renewal, the permanenttotal area ofthis landmark containing 1814,113 square feet.

Parcel 565 contains the Old Slater Mill itself, the Wilkinson Mill aridthe Sylvanus Brown House. It is the original holding of the SlaterMill Association and dontains 145,036 square feet. Boundednorthttst-erly by Roosevelt Avenue 80.32 feet; northeasterly by a way calledSlater Avenue and Parcel 5614 in two sections of 50.39 feet and 235.39feet respectively; southeasterly by the BlackstoneRiver 275 feetmore or less; southwesterly by Parcel 566 in two sections of 92 and 82feet respectively; northwesterly by Parcel 566 38 feet; arid-southwesterly again by Parcel 566 20 feet to the point of beginning onRoosevelt Avenue. -

n-iParcel 561$ containing 48,558 square feet is currently an undeveloped rnparking area, but eventually will be properly developedand landscaped for parking by visitors. Boundednorthwesterly by Roosevelt . . -

Avenue 170.57 feet; northeasterly by Leather Avenue 262 feet; Z

southeasterly by the Blackstone River 179.77 feet; and southwesterly in

by Parcel 565 in. two sections of 235.39 feet and .50.39 1’eet respect-ively to the point of beginning on Roosevelt Avenue.

Parcel 566 has been cleared of buildings as part of an urban renewal C

project and landscapedas open space to provide an attractive settingfor the mill comnlex in Parcel 565. Parcel 566 contains 39,767 square -ifeet. Bounded northwesterly by Roosevelt Avenue 347.3 feet; north- -

easterly by Parcel 565 20 feet; southeasterly by Parcel 565 35 feet; onortheasterly again by Parcel s6 in two sections of 82 feet and 92feet respectively; southeasterly by the BlackstoneRiver in two sections

I-,of 210.145 feet and 95.79 feet respectively; southwesterly by Main Street66,05 feet; and southwesterly, westerly and northwesterly by the cornerof Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue 31.04 feet.

Parcel 287, on the east sideof the BlackstoneRiver, contains 50,752square feet. It has been cleared of buildings as the result of anurban renewal project and, now landscapedas open space, providesafine prospedt of the buildings comprising the niifl complex across therivr in Parcel 565. Boundednorthwesterly by the Blackatone River 500feet more or less; northeasterly by Manning-Heffern Funeral HonE at 68Broadway 115.45 feet; southeasterly by Broadway in four sections of 106feet, 101.6 feet, 64.62 feet and 2014.75 feet respectively; and southwesterly by Main Street 19 feet more or less.

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flGEbGRAPHlcAL DATA . ... . . .. . .. : -. .1LATITUDE AND L0NGIruoc cOORDINATES I LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE COORDINATES

DEFINING A RECTANGLE LOCATING THE PROPERTY. 0 DEFINING THE CENTEN POtNT OF A PROPERTY

R- OF LESS THAN TFN ACRES

CORNER LATITUDE LONGITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE

SE,SW

Degrees Minules Seconds

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Degrees Minutes Seconds

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Degrees Minules Seconds

4f 52’ 40

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Degrees Minutes Socands

710 22’ s6

APPROXIMATE ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY: 4.23totaiof_fOur_parcelsLIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES

STATE: CODE COUNTY . CODE

STATE: CODE COUNTY: . CODE

STATE: CODE COUNTY: . CODE

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N- MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REF-ENCES

STATE:

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[ii, FORM PREPARED EY . - -- -- --

CODE. COUNTY: . - COOE

ORGANIZATION - DATE

National Park Service, New England Field Office 9/18/72

1400 John W. McCorrnack Post Office & CourthouseSTREET AND NUMBER:

NAME AND TITLE:

Edwin W. Small, Assistant to Director, Northeast Recir,n

CITY OR TOWN: STATE CODE

Boston -. --

1f2 STATF LIAISON OFFICER CrRTIFICA I ION

As the designated State Liaison Officer for the N-.tional Historic Preservation Act of 1966 Public Low

89465, I hereby nominate this property forinclusien

in the National Rgister and certify that it has been

evaluated according to the criteria and procetha res set

forth by the National Pork Service. ‘the recommended.

level of significance of this nomination is:

National El State El Local El

N/A for Registered NationalName Historic Landmarks

Title

.

Date

j4assachusett.NATIONAL REGISTER VERIFICATION

.

I hereby certify that this property is included in the

National Register.

,

-Chief. Office of ArcheoIoy arid Historic Preservation

-

Date

ATTEST:

.

Keeper of The National Register

Date

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42°52’3C1"OO°E.

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CENTE4UDALE JUNG. U-S. 44 441 Ml.PRO VIOEI4CE JUNC. U.S. 44 3.a

PROVIDENCE JUNC. U.S.

ROAD CLASSIFICATION

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Me&um-duty ‘‘i.! Urimproved dirt

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PAWTUCKET. V 1-MASS.- N4152.5-W7122.517.5

1949

AMS 6767 IV NW-SERIES V8I5

10-74 NMIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK- -"F -

UNII’LI H’;’JFS iH’- R’i’MEN’I’ OF’I’ITh IN’I’tiI<IORNxrloNAl. PARK SERVICE

V NATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORICPLACESINVENTORY-- NOMINATION FORM

Theme 7b2aTheme: Commerce and Industry,

_____

_Sctvicc._[iTNPS USE ONLY -

RECEIVED - - -

- - _i_

SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COM/’LErE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMSTYPE ALL ENTRIES--COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECT1ONS

gNAML . -

HISTORIC Old Slater Mill

‘KND/Ofl COMMON- Old Slater Mill; Slater Mill Historic Site

QLOCATION - -

STFIEEf& NUMBER Roosevelt Avenue .-- ‘:- -

FOR PUBLICATION

CITY. TOWN PawtucketCONGRESONAL DIsTRICT

- -VICINITY OF

STATERhode Island

COJ4. pro’id4dice

00cyoE

S1CATI° . , -

CATEGORY’. OWNERSHIP STATUS , PRESENT USEX_DISTRICT PURLIC - X_oIJnED...EItJILDINGISI XYRIVATE _P4RK

- : i. . - IN PROGRESS EDUCATIONAL RESIDENCE‘_SITE -. PUBLIC ACQUISTION ACCESSIBLE -RELIGIOUS

PROCESS . X.,YES: RESTRICTED . ._SCIENTIFIC

EEING CONSIDERED YES: UNRES1RICTED

, OTRER:

OWNER OF PROPERTY . - . -

NAME ‘ Old Slater Mill Association -

- STREET & NUMBER . -

Roosevelt Avenue ‘ .P0 Box 727

COY. TOWN , STATE- Pawtucket - VICINITY OF Rhode Island

LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTIONCOURTHOUSE.REGISTRY OF DEEDS.E[C. Pawtucket City Hall,

* STREET & NUMBER - . , -

Roosevelt Avenue

CIFY. 1OWN - STATEPawtucket Rhode Island

[ REPRESENTATIONIN EXISTING SURVEYSTITLE ‘ - Historic American Engincerinc Survey 4 photographs - . -

DArE 1971‘_STATE _COUNTY _LOCAL

DEIOSI WRY FORSURVEY RECORDS Library of Congress. Division of Prints and PhotograjThsCITY. I OWN STA I E

- Washington District of Columbia

.SIGNIF1GANCE ‘ ‘ -

PERIOD ‘- AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE -- CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW

_PREIIISTORIC _ARCHEULUGY-F’REHISTORIC _COMMUNITY PLANNING _LANOSCAPE ARCHITECTURE RELIGION

_1400-1499 _ARCHEOLOGY-HISTORIC CONSERVAT1ON LAW SCIENCE

500’ 1599 _AGRICULTURE ‘ _ECONOMICS LITERATURE SCULPTURE

16001699 _,ARCHITECTURE - EDUCATION MILITARY SOCIAL/HUMANITARIAN

- X,ioo-iios _ART ENGINEERING ..MUSIC _THEATER

Xi soo-is99 COMMERCE - _EXPLOITATION/SETTLEMENT _PHILOSOPHY _TRANSPORTATION

_1900- COMMUNICATIONS X_INDUSTRY POLITICS/GOVERNMENT OTHER ISPECIFYI

LINVENTION -

SPECIFIC DATES 1793 -BUILDER/ARCHITECT - -

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Pawtucket, Rhode Island has been called the birthplace of America’s "IndustrialRevolution." Here the English immigrant Samuel Siater perfected America’s first

successful water-powered spinning machinery in 1790 and, together with theProvidence merchants William Almy and Smith Brown, built this country’s firstsuccessful cotton mill in 1793. Based on this beginning, together with the machine-building skills of local craftsmen who had earlier erected forges and mills forlumber and grain at Pawtucket’s falls, the American textile industry was launched.

The Slater Mill Historic Sites is comprised of about four acres of parkland surrounding two dams built at the falls of the Blackstone River in 1718 and 1792. Clusteredat the west end of the upper’ dam are three historic structures, the Old Slater Mill,1793; the Oziel Wilkinson Ni1l, 1810; and the Sylvanus Brown House, 1753, which housethe museum’s important collections of early textile and machine artifacts.

Samuel Slater was born in 1768 in Derbyshire, England, traditionally an agriculturalregion, but during Slater’s childhood, an area undergoing intense economic andtechnological changes. As he grew up on the family farm, the nearby river Derwent wasbeing harnessed to power a growing number of cotton mills. His father had businessdealings with a number of the early mill owners and when Samuel was 14 years old, hisfather arranged to have him apprenticed for a trial period to Jedediah Strutt, apartner of the prominent inventor Richard Arkwright. After his father died verysuddenly, Samuel Slater signed indenture papers January 8, 1783, and left home to livewith the Strutt family. - . -

Paul Rivard, correcting a popular image of Slater’s background, wrote:

‘ Contrary to the image that has sometimesbeen suggested,Siater was not a poor laborer; he was neither a mechanicnor a mill operative. Insteadhe was really a management -

trainee. Because ofhis father’s high standing in the communitySamuel was accorded the opportunity of pursuing the highest -

level of management training. He was one of Strutt’s right -

hand men, lie livecT at the master’s home,. and through his untouched interitance he was also wealthy. pp. 6/7

Siater’s training was concerned primarily with bookkeeping, mathematical calculationsand administering a textile mill. The Arkwrigit machinery with which Slater became

- familiar during his apprenticeship included machines to card, draw out, and spin cottonand Sister came to have a thorough knowledge of them. Very importantly, he learned not

continued

Ford, No. 1 O-300a -- - - -

.I!ov. 1O-74

_________________________________________________________

- UNI’ILii STATES DEI’AVTINN’F 01- [I II: IN I ER OR FOIl NPS USE ONLY -

NAFIONAL PARK SERVICERECEIVED

NATIONnL REGISTEROF HISTORIC PLACES I

INVENTORY -- N0M;NATI0N FORM 12TE ENTERED - - ,--: - -

Old Slater’s Mill, Pawtuclcet, Rhode Island

coNTiNUATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGE

only how to construct and maintain the machinery, but their operation and potentialas well. - . . -

Although after the Revolution America lacked the technology of the British, it didhave the skilled mechanis needed to construct the machines. In shipbuilding regions,such as Pawtucket, Rhode Island, there were a number of spin-off industries whichwere grouped around waterfalls, and these were logical places for the developmentof early industry in America. - -

Attempts at machine spinning were encouraged by city and -state officia].s and --

- merchants as well as mechanics. Considerable small manufacturing activity beganabout 1786-17-89 in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York City, Philadelphia andthree towns iii Rhode Island, including Pawtucket. Some of these operations reliedon the jenny technology of William Hargreaves and not the Arkwright technologylater perfected by Samuel Slater. - . -

Rhode Island merchants were interested in the possibilities of textile manufacturingand began their own experiments in 1788, and Rhode Island mechanics toured millsin neighboring states to examine machinery’and experimental models. The prominentQuaker merchant and intellectual, Moses rown, of Providence, followed all ofthese experiments with interest and co-sponsored some small projects himself.Early in 1789, Brown decided to seriously invest in the business and bought up allthe important machines in Rhode Island, including several jennies, spinning machinesand a carding machine, and moved then to a fulling mill in Pawtucket.

Noses Brown consigned theoperation of the little textile mill to his son-in-lawWilliam Almy and his nephew Smith Brown. The business, ‘called Almy and Brown, wasinvolved in making and marketing cloth. Of’all the aspects of the new business,the development of power spinning was the most problematic. Moses Brown andmanagers, Almy and Brown recognized the need for qualified operators of themachinery and began to search for a person exeriencer1 in-’ the .‘anagenent of thesemachines. ‘ - -

Meanwhile, in England completing his apprenticeship, Slaterwatched the remarkablegrowth in textile manufacturing, with much concern about his future in the industry.After Arkwright’s patents on the machinery were overturned in 1785 the industryexperienced wide-open competition. Probahly"Nore that any other factor, it wasSlater’s concern for the over-extension of the textile industry in England that ledhim to come to America." Rivard, p. 18. The English government, however,hadplaced restrictions on the exportation of machinery designs or the emigration ofskilled mechanics, so Slater left England secretly, dressed as a farm laborer, butapparently without any real fear of detection since lie carried his indenture paperswith him. ‘ -

‘ - ‘ continued

fo,,,, No. lo-.300a---- . -

jifev. 10-74 -

UNFELt STATES DILI’ARFNILN I’ Ut- It ii-. I NI lIt OR FOH NPS USE ONLY - -- - - - -

- - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - ‘- --- - :-,<. -‘ -‘ - - -

RECEIVED

NATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORICPLACESRED

INVENTORY-- NOMINATION FORMDATE ENTE - - - -

Old Slater’s Mill, Pawtucket, Rhode Island -

CONT1 NUATON SHEET ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGE 2

Ariiving in New York in 1789, Slater soon began working in a small textile mill inNew York City. There he learned of Noses Brown’s experiments with the use ofArkwright-type machines. He began corresponding withBrown and left New York forProvidence early in 1790. He began a ten week trial period with Almy and Brown,to demonstrate his ability at managing the machinery operation, which had to beginby rebuilding much of the Almy and Brown machinery. -

During this short period Slater rebuilt one existing spinning frame. This firstspinning machine was functional before Slater’s trial period was over, but, althoughmany new parts were built according to Slater’s directions, this first machine wasnot built by Slater from scratch or through a single-minded "feat of memory" asmany historians have described. Daniel and Richard Anthony, Oziel and DavidWilkinson, Sylvannus Brown and other mechanics who had worked on the constructionof earlier models continued to be employed by Almy and Brown and worked closely

- with Slater during these early weeks. -

After his successful perfection of the Arkwright frame, Slater signed a contractwith Almy and Brown which permitted the old machinery to be removed and providedmoney for the construction of more spinning equipment. Slater’s most important workin 1790 was on the carding and preparatory machines needed in order to completeequipment for a series of steps in the spinning process. Of these machines, thedevelopment of a functional carding machine was the most difficult problem and wasnot resolved until December 1790. With the successful operation of the carder, howeveithe Almy and Brown spinning mill was assured success.

Although the construction of spinning machinery was mastered by the end of 1790, itwas two years before the business had expanded enough to warrant a building specifi-

- cally to house this type of machinery. During 1791 and 1792 Slater worked to- establish the policies of industrial managementwhich he had learned in England.

Rather thanin machinery design,it was in this managementwork that Slater probablymade his biggest contribution to the textile industry in America. lie insisted, forexample, that a successful mill must operate its machinery at it fullest capacity.This was contrary to the Almy and Brown policy of producing materials only in responseto orders received. Slater strived to insure that no machines remainedidle and whilehe manufactured as much yarn as possible, he expected his partners to be developing

- markets to sell it. Rivard p.24 ‘ - - -

As soon as the technology was perfected, Si.ater hired and trained children to operatethe machinery under his supervision, and by December 20, 1970, he had seven boys andtwo girls employed, ranging i.n age from seven to twelve years. One of these was

* Smith Wilkinson, Slater’ s brother-in-law who learned the managementof the cot tonbusiness from Slater and later founded one of the largest textile businesses in theregion. -

‘ ‘ continued

Fqrm No, O-3OOa--- - -

‘Wov 1074

UN!TEDSTAt’LS DEI’.-RIILN’FOt- ‘tilL IN’i Riok- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORIC PLACESINVENTORY-- NOMINATIQN FORM

Old Slater Mill

CONT1 NUATION s:-1EET ITEM NUMBER 8

FORNPSUSEONLY -**

RECEIVED * * - * **

[pATE ENTERED *

: *

PAGE

At the end of 1792 Slater and his partners constructed a mill, part of which isincorporated into the structure remaining today. There, Almy and Brown, stillunder the direction of Noses Brown, were first involved in bleaching, dying andfinishing cloth and yarn, as well as weaving and knitting. However, Noses Brown’splans were too ambitious and the knitting area was quickly given up, and underSlater’s influence many of these original activities were abandonedor narrowed.Still, the mill housed a variety of operations besides spinning, including much ofthe picking process, and the starching of yarns, and the bleaching of cloth wasdone in an area just north of the building. -

Slater sought for greater specialization and decided the business should producea large volume of some very basic items. Therefore, the Old Siater Mill becamewholesale outlet for several goods. It produced both "twist" yarns, a great dealof which was still used by Almy and Brown to supply their weavers who mostly worked

- in their own homes, and "stocking yarn" for knitting marketed directly to knotting -

shops. However, even in weaving- Almy and Brown narrowed their activities toproduction of a few simple weaves.

In 1797 Slater decided to establish his own textile mill in partnership with hisfather-in-law and several brothers-in-law. This "White LU" was built on the eastbank of the Blackstone River, directly opposite the Old Slater Mill, and was muchlarger than that building. Here Slater employed his philosophy of manufacturingwithout interference from his more conservative partners, advertised hisyarnsthroughout the East, and proved the viability of a much larger operation.

After 1798 when the White mill was placed in operation, the development of thetextile industry dramatically increased, and at least eighty-seven mills were builtduring the next 12 years; including several more managed by Slater himself, andmany along the Blackstone River. The other Slater ventures located inMassachusetts,Rhode Island and Connecticut were nearly all promoted and organized under partnershiparrangements by Slater himself, Ills major partners were members of his first wife,Hannah Wilkinson’s family, several of whom were very successful mechanics, hisbrother John Slater, and his sons. Slater reached the height of his career in 1829.An uneasy period in the cotton industry in that year forced some retrenchment andconsolidation, but Slater never approached financial disaster. Indeed, when hedied on April 21, 1835, he was a successful, prosperous, and well-known industralist.

4 DESCRIPTION - - -

- CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE

ExcEI,LENT DETEnIORATED _UNALTERçD _OPIGJNAL SiTE

_G000 * _RU1NS - _ALTEflEDBrown -> DATE_1962

_FAIfl _UNEXPOSED House

DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL IF KNOWN PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Prom the northern shores of Narragansett Bay it is only three miles up -the Providence -

River to Pawtucket, "the place of the waterfalls." Here the Blackstone River makesit descent to the tidewater of the bay--a fall of nearly 50 feet within the 2 miles

* from Valley Falls to Pawtucket. These falls in Pawtucket mark the, beginning of amanufacturing region that was among the most significant in early America.

Today the three buildings of the Slater Mill Historic Site represent all that isleft -of a whole community of mills, shops and houses associated with the earlytextile industry that lined both sides of the Blackstone River in Pawtucket,

- utilizing the dams there. Modern development and urban renewal have removed otherremnants of the mill community, but the Slater Mill Historic Site preserves important

- elements representing different aspects of the community in a small complex. TheSlater Mill itself is the most significant structure, recognized as the firstsuccessful cotton mill, though it is today hidden within additions and renovationsaround it. However, the home of an early machinist, the machinety shop locatedin the Wilkinsn Mill, all the valuable old machinery displayed in the museums,the two early, and still functional, dams, as well as extant parts of the earlywaterwheel machinery under the mill structures are important features associatedwith the Slater Mill and form a complex which well illustrates -the work.done there.

At the end of 1792 Almy and Brown agreed to join Samuel Slater in the constructionof a mill building; a mill which came to be known during Slater’s lifetime as the"Old Slater Mill," although he was no longer associated with the Almy and BrownCompany after 1797. This mill was similar to the small grist and fulling mills inthe region: a simple box measuring 29 by 47 feet, and two-and-one-half storieshigh, with a bell tower at the front. The building had horizontal board sheathingon the exterior and all the interior walls were of whitewashed plaster. Themachinery was powered by a waterwheel, -probably of the undershot type, which waslocated to one side of the building under the cover of a small shed.

* As illustrated in the accompanying sketches, the original 1793 section stands inabout the middle of the enlarged mill of today. An addition on the east was made

* by 1817 which added 40 feet to the building, and is, apparently, the least alteredof the entire structure. The south wing, with a new bell tower, had been added by1835. Sometime after 1835 a north addition of almost 57 feet was constructed.Between 1835 and 1865 a shed was attached to the south side of the earliest section,and by 1877 the mill’s roof had been raised and a third story built.

The Slater Mill, as the whole building is called, was restored in 1924 to reflect-the mill’s external appearanceas it was during the 1830’s: i.e. the restored build-ing is comprised of the original 1793 section plus additions made in 1801, ca. 1817

* -* and ca. 1830. The building is now painted red with white trim, although research- indicates that it was painted yellow for a long period. The Mill space on theinterior is open and used to display handicraft toolsand textile machinery.

--

- continued - -

Fonn No, 1O-’O0a --

-iAn, 10-741

- UNITLI StAlLS DLI IiNILN1 OF]’ IlL I NI’lRlOi FOR NPS USE ONLY - -

NAtIONAL PARK SERVICERECEIVED

NATIONAL REGISTEROF HIS FORIC PLACESINVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM L2IE ENTERED - ‘-,4 -

Old Slater Mill Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

CONT1 NUAIION SHEET ITEM NUMBER - PAGE-

Pawtucket had long been a major ironworking center before the textile industrydeveloped there and the Blackstone Valley became one of the country’s leadingmachine building regions. Foremost among Pawtucket’s ironworkers was theWilkinson family: Oziel Wilkinson and his five sons were all well-knownmachinists. One especially, David Wilkinson, is regarded as a leader of themachine tool industry. Oziel Wilkinson’s daughter, Hannah, married Samuel Slaterin 1791, and the Wilkinsons were business partners with Slater, as well as buildersof much of the machinery he operated in his mills through the region.

Oziel Wilkinson built this substantial three-story stone building, located onlyfeet from the Slater Mill, in 1810. The building has a brick stair tower andbelfry on the northwest end, while the southeast end is located on the river bank.David Wilkinson located a major portion of his machine shop on the first floor ofthe mill. This shop continued in use by various machinists until after 1890 andmuch early thachinery is sdll extant and functioning. The -second and third floorswere originally used as a cotton -mill and later as warehouse space, and are -

presently occupied by the exhibits, work areas, offices and gift store of themuseum.

The Sylvanus Brown is a typical gambrel-roofed, one-and-one half story Rhode- Island farmhouse, but it was built and used in the 18th century industrial

community of Pawtucket. From its construction in 1758, the house, originallylocated on Merrin Street; served as a multiple family dwelling and boarding house.Supposedly Samuel Slater spent his first night in Pawtucket in this house whichwas owned by Sylvanus Brown who made patterns and wood parts for Slater’s machines.

The house was moved to the Slater Mill Historic Site in 1962 to save it fromdemolition; It has been restored and furnished in strict accordancewith an1824 inventory of the house’s furnishings. - -

Fo;n, No, 10-200aJRev, 10-74

UNITED STAlLS DLl’AR’l’:lLN’I’ 0!’ Il-IL IN’II:KIORNATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORIC PLACESINVENTORY-- NOMINATION FORM

9jd_Siate_Mil1, Rhode Island

FOR NPSUSE ONLY,‘,: -:‘-,- *

RECEIVED

IQ?IE ENTERED ,‘ -: .:--. -: -

CONT NUATON SHEET ITEM NUMBEi’ 9 PAGE 1

Old Slater Mill Association. The Slater Mill Historic Site A PhotographicGuidebook to the Museum and its Collection Pawtucket, R.I.,

Old Slater Mill Association.report, n.d..

Paul E. Rivard. Samuel Slater:Interpretive Essay on SamuelTextile Industry Pawtucket,

"History of the Old Slater MIll," unpublished

Father of American Manufactures A ShortSlater’s Role in the Birth of the AmericanR.I., 1974 -

Fo-ni No, 10-BOO, -

fflev. 10-745 -

UNII’LD SrAI’LS uLiI’AK’l’:tLN’r OF’!’ IlL IN Il-K OR- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORIC PLACESINVENTORY --NOMINATION FORM

-

- Old Slater Hill, Rhode Island

FOR NES USE ONLY * -: -. * .

RECEIVED

DATE ENTERED -- -

CONT1 NUATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER 10 PAGE 1

Verbal BoUndary Description

Beginning in the northwest cornerof the property on Roosevelt Avenue and LeatherAvenue, the boundary runs east along the south curb of Leather Avenue, then acrossthe Blackstone River, then southeasterly along theproperty line of 68 BroadwayStreet, then along the west curb of-Broadway Street in a southwesterly directionto Main Street, then along the north curb of Main Street westerly, then acrossthe river, then north along the east curb of Roosevelt Avenue to the beginningpoint. * - - -

rj-MAjo-eaiBI:IoGRAPHIcAL REFERENCESCamerot, E. H. , "The Genius of Samuel Slater,’ reprinted from The Technology Review,

57 May 1955. - - -

Chamberlain, John. The Enterprising Americans: - ‘Aliusiness History of the United

States New York,1963.Old Siater Mill Association. ‘Old Slater Mill: A Living Museum Pawtucket, R.I. , 1954.

continufl

GEOGRAPHI CAL DATAACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY 4.23

‘ -

‘ -

tJTM REFERENcES - - ‘

All 91 1310-21 3-og -

ZONE EASTING

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L______1,______J______1_.____._jNORTHING

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EASTING

11111 HVERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION -

Since the whole 4.23 acre areaowned by the Slater Mill historic Site is but a smallsegment of what was the industrial textile community around the Old Slater Mill,Pawtucket, the landmark boundary follows the property line of the association, including the Old Slater Mill, the Wilkinson Mill, and the Brown House, as well as the

two dams and some parkland and parking areas along both banks of the river, andnorth and south of the mill complex. -

See Continuation SheetLIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUND

STATE CODE COUNTY

ARIES

CODE -

- STATE - CODE COUNTY ‘ CODE

FORMPREPAREDBY -

NAME/TITLE

Blanche Higgins Schroer, Landmark Review Project, HistorianORGANIZATION - DATE .

Historic Sites Survey. National Park Service 9/15/75STREET & NUMBER ‘tELEPHONE

- 1100 T. Street NW -

- STATE D. C.

STATh HISTORIC PRESERVATIONOFFICER CERTIFICATION - ‘

THE EVALUATED SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE IS:-- -

- NATIONAL.. STATE... COCAL.... - - .t

As the designated State Historic Presevation Officer for the National Historic PresevaIinn Act of 1960 IPublic Law 89-6651. I

hereby nominate this property fdr inclusion in the National Register and certify thitiiVhasiidn evaluated according o the-criteria and procedures set forth by the National Park Service, I Dt:_c:,o: ,1!:j.:

c1ce -

FEDEBAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE - ‘ t.-.,: ‘- -", :. -

TITLE-____

FOR NPS USE ONLY - .- " ‘ ‘-‘- 1,.:.- I HEREBY CERtIFY THAT THIS PROPERTY IS INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL RI:qI.STEr/ -.. - -‘

- c_liOIRECTOR. OFfiCE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND HIS ORIC PRESERVATION - t / Ii I

ATTEST:-

KEEPER OF TIlE NATIONAL REGISTER l’:icc:.-;- -cc.:? duo 1

-- DiPiTi’1ENT OF ‘LaE ui-TEfllOIt --

-

NATIONg1L l’A:-;-: SERVICEI - WASHINGTON, D, C, -

National Survey o! Er:irjtoric Sites and Buildings

Old Slate:t aii -flhode island

The Old Slater [dii]., floos-evelt. Avenue, Paw’L:ucket, jiori1izasbeginn.ng o:- the knariean cotou spinning Indury. UsinE Eritiahinspired mnch:inary. the null i-a 1793 inaugurated cotton manu:acturirgin tie United States, -

Sat’m’al Slater, WhO built the ml!. in Paw-i;uchot, was born in :o’u,?i-ieict.En1and on June .9, 1768, and beconua an apprc-nt±cc-t :&na r-ottc-n nil!on Jaiuuory 3, 1703. Fo:..- the ne-:t :L-Ctnc1-a-ha1: :vea’s, Slat:n’ wc’ri:c’dthere end acquired a thcz-ouLi knowledge c. Sir :?,icnard M.-,wv:tc.tcotton manuZactunlng macb:uery. kiter colimleting iiisaT’etn-Ortn:.p,Slater rciuained ai: ti-te nil]. unl:l1 he decided to eiuirp.atc to icawhich he did on thptenber I, iitiø. -

Once in the United States, Slaer S cesinlly applied his k;-;lted;eo2 cotton mauuZacturing Ea wrote to L!osas Drown. Provlcienc:amerchant on iacsm!tev 2 ,l’739, stating thai-ha could rep7oc.cae the

machinery that lie had v-orked vnth :nLn::iand . Brown’s aattiy cn’ -

T’ce.-. IC drew Slatorto ithode island, he arriviug in - t-tci!-:ct nJanuary 18. 1YCO. And on nri1 5. 1790, Slator arreeci to producerenli cas o: 4rhwrig-t ‘s cotton tachinery. On iionday. Dec;ob-a’i’ ;:.

1ThO, the new mai:hiuery. set no in a i’ulling mill on the !e.tkst.nn-a}iver in Pawtucket. v;asn2aced in oL:-artion

Slater’ a 2.ugenuity st:iantiatcd the constructIon o2 iitorica s firstocitton nlt 1, u;ori; on the building began in -aa, ‘hsn co:a J.e::eLtthat Jul’, the wood structure stood ‘I _.,Thd.a_hn1f stories hi’hmeasured 44 by 30 feet. Production began on July 12,

In the years after 2.793, Slater erected severa.t additional crtto:1 tiin New Eno;],and. ihen he died on Ryinil 21, 1335, he v:asprosperous, and ingnly a tired in.tuot--dtor and :iadus’5.aii::

The Old Slates MIII :!.nciudes-SJ.cterts origlna3. nil!]., aduatc;ns nECO

during Slater ‘s lifetime. imci an additlcc-i added aite:c his death..Old Slc-tc .tfl 1"cc 3t’Ot &‘ O-t.O_L Ae Pg C L O*

and onerates it a a aemorici to Slater anti the birth ci the ñ-e..-tctwillIng irkdttstry.

p-7S3SB SSO-l3.--3

,I. -. UNITED STATES - - - -‘wOP% 1967

DEPARTMENT OF tHE INTERIOR -

- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE -

NATIONAL SURVEY OF HISTORIC SITES AND BUILDINGSI. STATE -

Rhode Island- 2. THEMES.

- XVII-bIF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE. WRITE &RCH" BEFORE THEM"Commerce and industry

£ NO. - -

3. NAMES OF SITEOld Slater

.,

Mill -

4. APPROX. ACREAGE -

5- EXACT LOCATION Oounty. totcnihlp, road,, etc. If dIffltult t find. iketrh on Supplementary ShedProvidence County, Roosevelt Avenue, Pawtucket

6. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PRESENT OWNER Al,, cdmjnl,t rater if different from own cc - . -

Mr. Henry-A. Street, Jr. President Old Slater Mill Association, Post Office Box

7. IMPORTANCE AND DESCRIPTION LJa,rIbe rtefly what make, .Itt Important and what remain, are extant Pawtucket, Rhode IslandThe Old Slater Mill in Pawtucket memorializes the beginning of the cotton spinning industry in the United States. Using British inspired machinery, the mill

-- opened in 1793 and not only made its owners wealthy, but stimulated widesp*ead

imitation in America.

Samuel Slater was responsible for the mill in Pawtucket. Born in Duffield,ng1and, on June 9, 1768, he received a good education. Near his fifteenthbirthday, Slater became associated with the industry that dominated his life,cotton milling. He accepted an apprenticeship with Jedediah Strutt, -a cottonmiller, on January 8, 1783. For the next six-and-a-half years, Slater workedin Strutt’s mill and developed a thorough knowledge of Strutt’s partner’sSir Richard Arkwright cotton manufacturing machinery. The apprentice alsolearned the secrets of the machinery of James Hargreaves and Samuel Crompton.Shortly after obtaining his majority, Siater completed his apprenticeship. Buthe remained at Strutt’s, as a supervisor and the boss for the erection of anew factory. Despite his progress and apparently assured future in the Englishmilling industry, Slater had begun to consider migrating to the United States.

America appealed to the shrewd Englishman for several reasons. First’, Struttspoke pessimistically about the progress of the cotton industry in Great Britain.Second, Slater had heard of alluring opportunities for the ambitious in theNew World. Late in the summer of 1789, Slater acted upon his desire. He badehis mother farewell, telling her that he was going to London. In leaving home,he wore a disguise to evade detention because of his training, England attempting to protect her cotton industry by prohibiting the migration of mill workers,He. escaped detection and sailed for. America on September 1, 1789. Sixty-sixdays later he landed in the United States.

-. continued. -

8. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Girt best sources: cite location of manuscript, and rare wart, . H. Cameron, Samuel Skater, Fat narof American Manufactures Portland, Me. , 1960; B. H. Cameron, "The Genius ofSlater," reprinted from The Technology Review, 57 May, 1955; John Chamberlain,The Enterprisinç Amerjans: A Business History of the United States New York,1963. D,A.H, Also, Old Slater Mill Associatioa4’ "Old Slater Mill," n.p., n.d."History_of Old Slater Mill," unpublished report, n.d..

________ ____

9. REPORTS AND STUDIES Mention bat ‘epor and studies, as NPS,tIzd1,. 11,1135, etc.

ID. PHOT0GRAPHS

ATtAcHED: YE3 NOQ

- U CONDITION

Good12. PRESENT USE Museum, farm. dc.

Museum13. DATE OF VISIT

- - 196514. NAME OF RECORDER Signaeure IS. TITLE 16. DATE

5. Sydney Bradford Staff Historian‘DRY MOUNT ON AN U X IO SHEET OF FAIRLY HEAVY PAPER, IDENTIFY DY VIEW AND NAME OF THE SITE. DATE OF PHOTOGRAPH. AND NAME OF PHOTOGRAPHER. GIVELOCATION OF NEGATIVE. IF ATTACHED, ENCLOSE IN PROPER NEGATIVE ENVELOPES.

IF ADDITIONAL SPACE IS NEEDED USE SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET, 1O-317a, AND REFER TO ITEM NUMBER

ycn lo-aila6,pL9&7 - UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

- - NATIONAL SURVEY OF HISTORIC SITES. AND BUILDINGS-

. SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET - -

This sheetis to be usedfor giving additional information or comments,for more spacefor any item on th

regular form, and for rccording pertinent data from future studies, visitations, etc; Be brief, but tioe as manySujiplementSheetoasnecessary. When itemsare continuedthey should be listed, if possible,in numerical orderof the itsms. All information given should be headedby the item number, its name, and the word cont’d, as,

6. Deuctiption and Importancecont’d . . . - -

%TATE flAMES OF SITE - - -

Rhode Is land Old Slater Mill

Once in the new republic, Slater effectively applied hi aggressiveness andknowledge of cotton manufacturing. The new immigrant, after working for a whilein New York City, wrote to Moses Brown, a wealthy Providence merchant onDecember 2, 1789, stating that he could reproduce thecotton machinery that hehad worked with for almost eight years in England. Brown’s reply on Dçcember 10resulted in Slater’s going to Rhode Island, he arriving in Pawtucket onJanuary 18, 1790. And on April 5, 1790, Slater signed an agreement that providerfor, among other things, his making replicas of Arkwright’s cotton machinery.Hardly had that agreement been concluded, before Slater, who forgot nothing,insisted that the carpenter who was to help him should be placed under bond notto tell others of the design of the machinery. Then Slater set to work. Sogood was his memory, that he failed in only one detail. But the problem,involving -the carder, was soon solved. On Monday, December 20, 1790, the newmachinery, set up in a fulling mill on the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, wassuccessfully placed in operation. A major American industry had been founded,

Slater’s reproduction of Btitish cotton machinery stimulated the constructionof America’s first mill devoted to the spinning of cotton yarn. Work on thebuilding began in 1793; When completed that July, the wood structure stoodtwo-and-a-half stories high and measured 44 by 30 feet. Production began onJuly 12. In order to provide light for the workers, largely children, in theearly morning and late afternoon, cotton-wick candles were used. But thechildren operating the machines worked in an unheated building in winter. Andeven Slater wrote on November 14, 1793, that "The 1hildren are quivering thismorning at seeing it Snow and Cold and no Stoves.1’ Cold or not, the millcontinued to operate, with Slater retaining an interest in it until 1829.

The former Englishman’s ingenuity transformed the once-poor mechanic into awealthy and eminent American citizen. He had married Hannah Wilkinson onOctober 2, 1791, and they had nine children before her death in 1812, Hesubsequently married Esther Parkinson, a widow, in November 1817. In additionto propagating children, Slater expanded his own interests in cotton manufacuring. In the years after 1793, he erected new mills near Pawtucket, anddeveloped cotton factories in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Hereached the height of his career in 1829. An uneasy period in the cotton industsin the same period forced some retrenchment and consolidation, but Slaternever approached financial disaster. Indeed,, when, he died on April 21, 1835,he was a successful, prosperous, and highly admired innovator and industrialist.

1 Quoted in B. H. Cameron, Samuel Slater, Father of American ManufacturesPortland, Maine, 1960, 75

2

UNITED STATES- .: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL SURVEY OF HISTORIC SITES AND BUILDINGS -

- - - SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET - -

This sheetis to be used for giving additional information’ or comments,for more spacefor any item on the- regular form, and for recording pertinent data from future studies,visitations, etc. Be brief, hut use as nxart-r

SupplementSheetsas necessary. When itemsare continuedthey should be listed, ii. possible,in numerical orderof the items. All information given should be headedby-the item number, its name,and the lord cont’d, as,6. Deeiiption and Importancecont’d . - . -

-- - -STATE IIAMES OF SITE

- Rhode Island Old Slater Mill

Present Condition of the Site

The Old Slater Mill includes Slater’s original mill, two additions madeduring Slater’s lifetime, and a third addition added after Slater’s death*

The original mill stands in about the middle of the enlarged mill. Slater’sfirst building resembled a New England barn, having vertical sideboardsnailed to its horizontal timbers. Clapboard formed the exterior covering,whitewashed plaster the interior wall. A bell tower projected upward fromthe front end. Since its construction, the original mill has been, itseems, largely rebuilt.

Two of the Mill’s subsequent enlargementand alterations occurred beforeSlater’s death in 1835. An addition on the east had been made by 1817. Itadded 40 feet to the building, and is, apparently, the least altered partof the entire structure. The south wing, with a new bell tower, had alsobeen addedby 1835. Sometime after Slater’s demise, a north addition ofalmost 57 feet was constructed. Furthermore, a shed was attached to the southside of the earliest section sometime between 1835-1865. And by 1877 themill’s roof had been raised and a third story built. -

Forty-four years after 1877, a group was formed to preserve the mill. The* O1&Slater Mill Association, which was formed in 1921, undertook the restora

tion of the mill in 1924-25, returning the building to the way it appearedaround 1840. The shed on the south side was also removed. Now painted red,with white trim, the historic mill houses- exhibits concerning Slater and thehistory of the cotton industry.

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"14I

Form No. 10-301Rev. 10-74

UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORNATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACESPROPERTY PHOTOGRAPH FORM

SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOWTO COMPLETENA TIONAL REGISTER FORMSTYPE ALL ENTRIES --IENCLOSE WITH PHOTOGRAPH

H NAMEHISTORIC Old Slater Mill .

AND/OR COMMON Old Slater Mill; Slater Mill Historic Site

I LOCATIONCITY. TOWN Pawtucket VICINITY OF COUNTY Providence STATE Rhode Island

PHOTO REFERENCEPHOTOCREDIT Slater Mill Historic Site DATEOFPHOTO 1973

NEGATIVEFILEDAT Slater Mill Historic Site

IDENTIFICATIONÔESCRIBE VIEW. DIRECTION. ETC. IF DISTRICT. GIVE BUftDING NAME & STREET PHOTO NO.

Taken from the northwest, left to right Slater Mill, Sylvanus Brown House,

Wilkinson Mill. 4

INT. 29.43-75

FOR NPS USE ONLY

RECEIVED

ATEN’YERED I