I This report has b e e ' reviewed by the Emission Standards and Engineering Division of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, and a proved for publication. Mention of trade names

recommendation for or commercial produc 1 s is not intended to constitute endorsement or

Copies of this report are available through (MD-35). U.S. Environmental Protection Park, North Carolina 2771 1; or, for a fee,

from the National Tei Road, Springfield, Vir!

Public

iicat lriformation Services, 5285 Port Royal ia 22161.

m No. EPA-450/3-83-013R

ii

PREFACE

Since 1977 t h e U.S . Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency has issuer? <I s e r i e s o f . g u i d e l i n e s and r e g u l a t i o n s , t he implementat ion o f which w i l l r e s u l t i n l a r g e reduc t i ons i n a i r p o l l u t i o n e m i t t e d by i n d u s t r i a l c o a t i n g opera t i ons . The g u i d e l i n e s ( r e f e r r e d t o as Con t ro l Techniquc? Guideli 'nes, o r CTG's) a r e used t o a p p r i s e t h e S ta tes o f reasonably a v a i l a b l e c o n t r o l technology f o r major e x i s t i n g sources o f v o l a t i l r o rgan ic compounds ( V O C ' s ) . The Federa l r e g u l a t i o n s a re a p p l i c a b l e t o new o r m o d i f i e d sources o f p o l l u t i o n and a r e known as New Source Per - f o rma nce S t a nda rds .

T h i s r e g u l a t o r y a c t i v i t y has lll€!dnt t h a t i n d u s t r i e s must hecoinc f a m i l i a r w i th r e a u l a t o r y te r r i s f rom t h e Clean A i r Act , and S t a t e and l o c a l agencies must l e a r n terminology from the coa t ings i n d u s t r y . T h i s g lossa ry i s an a t tempt t o a i d b o t h qroups by l i s t i n g the most common terms which w i l l be used by b o t h i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l t o p a i n t s and coa t ings . The goal i s f o r l o c ~ l con- t r o l aqents and i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o he d b l e t o speak a coolinon language as they t r y t o m u t u a l l y s o l v e the proli,leiiis o f c o n t r o l l i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n f rom i n d u s t r i a1 coa t ings .

A l s o i n c l u d e d as Appendices a r e examole c a l c u l a t i o n s which i l l u s - t r a t e impor tan t c o a t i n g concepts. Appendix A i l l u s t r a t e s the e f f e c t o f changes i n c o a t i n g s o l i d s o r t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y on t h e amount o f V O C which w i l l be e m i t t e d from a c o a t i n g opera t i on . Appendix R c o n t a i n s two c h a r t s which p e r m i t r a p i d m a n i p u l a t i o n o f the! v a r i o u s u n i t s u s e d t o desc r ibe t h e s o l v e n t con ten t o f coa t inqs . F i n u r e R-1 a l l o w s r a p i d c d l - c u l n t i o n o f t he s o l v e n t con ten t o f any o f t h r e e major types o f c o a t i i u ~ s when t h e volume pe rcen t s o l i d s i s known. F i g u r e L3-2 d l l ows a ciuick e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e emiss ion r e d u c t i o n achieved when a c o a t i n g w i t h l o w r r s o l v e n t con ten t i s s u h s t i t u t e d f o r one which c o n t a i n s more s o l v r r i t . Appendix C p rov ides p r a c t i c a l examples o f how F i q u r c s B-1 and 1%-2 may he used t o betermine the p o s s i b l e compl iance d l t e r n a t i v e s ava i l d h l e t a m a t e r .

W i l l i a m Johnson C h m i r a 1 Appl i cd t i ons Sec t.i on

Emiss ion Standards and Engi n e e r i rig D i v i s i o n

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GLOSSARY OF TEKMS ......................................... PCI'JCS 1-23

APPENDIX A . SURFACE COATING E M I S S I O N CALCULATIONS ......... P d g e 24

APPENDIX B . R A P 1 0 CONVERSIOU A I D S ......................... Page 31

APPENDIX C . EXAMPLE OF D E T E R M I N I N G COMPLIANCE ALTERNATIVES U S I N G GRAPHICAL A I D S ........................ P a g e 35

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V

Glossnry o f Terms

Absorp t i on - The u n i t o p e r a t i o n i n which one o r more s o l u b l e compo- nents o f a gas m i x t u r e a re d i s s o l v e d i n a l i o u i d .

Add-on c o n t r o l dev ice - An a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l dev ice such as carbon adsorber o r i n c i n e r a t o r which reduces the p o l l u t i o n i n an exhaust gas. The c o n t r o l dev ice i r s u a l l y does n o t a f f e c t t he process b e i n g c o n t r o l l e d and thus i s "add-on" technology as opposed t o a scheme t o c o n t r o l p o l l u t i o n through making some a l t e r a t i o n t o the b a s i c process.

A f f e c t e d f a c i l i t y - Wi th re fe rence t o a s t a t i o n a r y source, any appara- t u s t o which a s tandard i s a p i l l i c a b l e .

A i r d r y - A c o a t i n g which d r i e s or cures a t ambient temperature.

A i r spray - Spray c o a t i n g mrthod i n which the c o a t i n g i s atomized by - m i x i n g i t wi th compressed a i r .

A i r l e s s spray - Spray c o a t i n g method i n which t h e c o a t i n g i s atomized by f o r c i n g i t through a snu11 opening d t h i g h pressure. The l i q u i d c o a t i n g i s n o t mixed wi th a i r be fo re e x i t i n g f rom the nozz le.

ALAPCO - A s s o c i a t i o n o f Loca l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l O f f i c i a l s .

A l i p h a t i c compounds - Organic compounds composed 6 f open chains o f c a r - bon atoms. These i n c l u d e p a r a f f i n s and o l e f i n s , h u t n o t a r o n a t i c compounds.

A l t e r n a t i v e method - Any method o f sampl ing and ana lyz ing f o r an a i r p o l l u t a n t which i s n o t a re fe rence o r e q u i v d l c n t riietliotl b u t which has been demonstrated t o t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r ' s s a t i s f a c t i o n t o , i n s p e c i f i c cases, produce resu'l t s adcquate f o r h i s de te rm ina t ion o f compl i ance.

Anodic e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n - E l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n i n which the p a r t be ing p a i n t e d i s w i r e d t o serve as the anode o r e l e c t r o n donor. Th i s was the f i r s t t ype of e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n developed, b u t has been l a r g e l y rep laced by ca thod ic e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n which a ives b e t t e r c o r r o s i o n p r o t c c t i on.

- S o l i d s which rei i iain on the s u b s t r a t e be ing coated o r

A r c h i t e c t u r a l c o a t i n g s - Stock t y p e o r s h e l f coa t i ngs which a re formu- l a t e d f o r s e r v i c e under env i ronmenta l c o n d i t i o n s , and f o r genera l

Attainiiic!rit area - Art area which i s cons ide red t o have d i r q u a l i t y as good a s o r b e t t e r

1 as dc’fiiied by Lcc a t t c i i niiient area o the rs .

Au tonia t i c e l ec t r o s t d t i c by ‘3 robo t o r (ithc

s i r d y can be ci ve s t r ‘ i t e thus rcttluc. wasted p a i n t overs

BACT - “ l l e s t d v a i l d b l - h s e d on thct iiidx

d e r i i i y enerqy, er c o s t s ) i s act i iev i arid d v a i l a b l e iiictt RACT p e r m i t [ m i s s c d h l e NSPS o r N L . 5 1 f o r EdCh nidjor r i n areas a t t a i n i n ! - I t a p p l i e s t o e2 cor i ierned w i t h P r c Scc t i oris 165 ( ‘ I 1 ( 4 1

Raking tem je ra tu res - 1 c u r i i i q oven i n whi

-.___ -- t i ilium p ro i l c r t i c s . the coa t i r i g cdri increased.

Banking - A systciri l d t e r use i n t)ut)bl

Rase coa t /C lea r coa t - pigi i iei i tcd, o f t e r r n coat . I t r e p o r t chdrJc t e r i s t i c s .

B e l l - Ai i e l e c t r o s t a t shaped l i k e a t metered t o the CC‘I

o f f o f the edge as t a i n e d on the be a f i n e m i s t . Thi

-

hdn t h e n a t i o n a l ambient a i r q u a l i t y standyrds, on 107 o f t h e Clean A i r Act . An area may be an o r one p o l l u t a n t and a non-at ta inment area f o r

spray a p p l i c a t i o n - E l e c t r o s t a t i c spray a p p l i e d s e l f -ac t i rig mechani sin. Automdti c e l e c t r o s t a t i c

f e f f i e n t way t o t r a n s f e r coa t ings t o t h e sub- g p o l l u t i o n which o the rw ise would r e s u l t f rom Tdy . c o n t r o l technology” - an emiss ion 1 i ini t a t i o n

rlum degree o f emiss ion r e d u c t i o n which ( c o n s i - i rotmenta l , arid econoaiic impacts and o t h e r l e through a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n processes ds, systems, and techniques. I n no even t does ons i n excess o f those a l l owed under any a p p l i - I . I t i s a p p l i c d b l e on d case-by-case b a s i s cl ( o r m o d i f i e d ) emiss ion source t o be l o c a t e d

the N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standards. n p o l l u t a n t r e g u l a t e d under the Act, and i s En t ion o f S i g n i f i c a n t D e t e r i o r d t i o n (PSD). See Arid 169 o f t he Clean A i r Act .

E recoiiiiiendcd temperatures f o r o p e r a t i o n o f the 11 a coa ted p a r t i s baked o r cured t o o h t a i n op- The amount o f v o l a t i l e m a t e r i a l re leased f rom

soiiietiiiies i r ic redse i f bdk ing temperature i s

f o r r e c o r d i n g q u a l i f i e d emiss ion r e d u c t i o n s f o r , o f f s e t , o r n e t t i n g t r a n s a c t i o n s .

4 two s tep f i n i s h coa t system i n which a h i g h l y t a l l i c . basecoat i s f o l l o w e d by a t h i c k e r c l e a r I l y r e s u l t s i n a f i n i s h wi th h i g h g l o s s

: spray dev ice i n which t h e p a i n t a p p l i c a t o r i s 11. Th is b e l l r evo l ves r a p i d l y so t h a t p a i n t . ?r o f t he b e l l , i s thrown by c e r t i f u y d l f o r c e 3. f i n e m i s t . H igh e l e c t r o s t a t i c v o l t a g e main- I a l s o c o n t r i b u t e s t o keeping t h e p a i n t spray

f i n e m i s t a l l o w s e l e c t r o s t a t i c f o r c e s t o

2

draw the p a i n t t o t h e p a r t be ing coated very e f f i c i e n t l y w i t h very l i t t l e overspray. The b e l l i s one o f the most e f f i c i . e n t p ieces o f spray equipment w i t h t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c i e s comnonly ove r 90 percent . k’hen h i g h b e l l speeds a r e used (ove r 30,000 r e v o l u t i o n s p e r minute) t hen h i g h s o l i d s coa t ings may be sprayed more e a s i l y than w i t h o t h e r types o f spray equipment.

Beverage can - A can used f o r s o f t d r i n k s o r beer.

Dinder - N o n v o l a t i l e p o r t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d p o r t i o n o f a coa t ing . When the p a i n t d r i e s , t he b i n d e r becomes p a r t o f the s o l i d f i l m , b ind - i n g t h e pigment p a r t i c l e s toge the r and cement ing the p a i n t f i l m t o t h e s u b s t r a t e ove r which i t i s app l i ed .

A f i lm d e f e c t appear ing as a m i l k y opdlescence which some- t imes appears as t h e film o r l acquer d r i e s . I t i s o f t e n caused when the r a p i d s o l v e n t evapora t i on coo ls the su r face and causes mo is tu re f rom t h e a i r t o condense on the wet coa t ing . T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s commonly encountered i n the wood f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r y .

A system under which e x i s t i n g sources can propose a l t e r n a t i v e means t o comply w i t h a s e t o f emiss ion l i m i t a t i o n s . Under the bubble concept, sources can c o n t r o l more than r e q u i r e d a t one emiss ion p o i n t where c o n t r o l cos ts a re r e l a t i v e l y low i n r e t u r n f o r a comparable r e l a x a t i o n o f c o n t r o l s a t a second emiss ion p o i n t where cos ts a r e h igh . The bubble p o l i c y was f i r s t announced i n the Federal R e g i s t e r December 11, 1979 ( 4 4 FR 717791, and changes were proposed on A p r i l 7 , 1982.

B lush ing -

Bubble -

The containment o r recovery o f emissions f rom a process f o r i n t o a duct which may be exhausted through a s tack o r

sen t t o a c o n t r o l device. The o v e r a l l abatement o f emissions frorii a process w i t h an add-on c o n t r o l dev i ce i s a f u n c t i o n b o t h o f t h e cap tu re e f f i c i e n c y and o f t he c o n t r o l dev ice.

Capture dev i ce - A hood, enc losed room, f l o o r sweep o r o t h e r medns o f c o l l e c t i n g s o l v e n t o r o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s i n t o a duct . The p o l l u t a n t can then be d i r e c t e d t o a p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l dev ice such as an i n - c i n e r a t o r o r carbon adsorber. Sometimes t h e terin i s used l o o s e l y t o i n c l u d e the c o n t r o l dev ice.

=-F i r e c t i o n - .

Capture E f f i c i e n c y - The f r a c t i o n o f a l l o rgan ic vapors generated by a process t h a t a re d i r e c t e d t o an abatement o r recovery dev ice.

Carbon Adsorber - An add-on c o n t r o l dev ice which uses a c t i v a t e d carbon t o absorb v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compounds f rom a gas stream. The V O C ’ s a r e l a t e r recovered f rom the carbon, u s u a l l y by steam s t r i p p i n g .

Cast c o a t i n g - a f i l m made by d e p o s i t i n g a l a y e r o f p l a s t i c m a t e r i a l i n s o l u t i o n , i n a d i s p e r s i o n or i n a mo l ten s t a t e on to a ( u s u a l l y ) swooth s o l i d su r face . The p l a s t i c i s s o l i d i f i e d arid removed from t h e su r face as a f i l m hav ing the same t ype o f su r face as the s o l i d su r face on which i t was formed.

3

C a t a l y t i c i n c i n e r a t o r . c a t a l y s t t o promoi the combust ion prc around 600°F t o would r e q u i r e (1, lower c o s t i n c i n e i

Cathodic e l e c t r o d e o s i i tecl- e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n has l a r g e l y rep1 e l e c t rodepos i t i o n

C e l l o s o l v e - P r o p r i e t e t h e r o f e thy lene f o r water borne cc s e r i e s o f e thers b u t y l c e l l o s o l v e .

C e l l u l o s i c c o a t i n g - a re made up o f ch a r e w ide ly used

Cha lk ing - Format ion 0 1 by d i s i n teg ra t i on

Clean A i r Ac t - The C l r f o r EPA's e f f o r t b u i l d i n g on e a r l i i

. mended i n 1977.

C lea r c o a t - A t rans opaque c o a t t o c o a t below. I n t ransparen t c o a t i r

C h l o r i n a t e d s o l v e n t - A as p a r t o f the mo' r i d e and 1.1.1 - aerosol spray cont ed s o l v e n t s a r e en o f t h e i r low photo

Coa t ing - A p r o t e c t i v e sur face. Th is t enamels, b u t a l s p l a s t i c s o r f o i l .

Coa t ing a p p l i c a t i o n s t a c o a t i n g i s appl iec and i s d i s t i n q u i s h

A c o n t r o l dev ice which o x i d i z e s VOC by u s i n g a the combust ion process. The c a t a l y s t a l l o w s

! s s t o proceed a t a l ower temperature ( u s u a l l y iOO"F) than a conven t iona l thermal i n c i n e r a t o r 10 t o 1,40O"F), r e s u l t i n g i n f u e l sav ings and :ion.

E - An e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n p a i n t a p p l i c a t i o n p a r t be ing p a i n t e d i s the cathode. Cathodic

,ves s u p e r i o r c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t coa t ings and :ed the o l d e r anodic processes. Cathodic i o f t e n used t o apply automobi le p r imers .

y name f o r Union Carb ide ' s brand o f monoethyl y c o l , C Z H S O C H ~ C H ~ O H , a commonly used so l ven t : ings. I t i s a l s o t h e i r gener i c name f o r a o f s i m i l a r t ype such d s methyl c e l l o s o l v e dnd

c o a t i n g i n which a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f the s o l i d s i c a l l y t r e a t e d c e l l u l o s e . C e l l u l o s e l acquers i n t h e wood f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r y f o r topcoats .

i powder on t h e su r face o f a p a i n t f i l m caused . t h e b i n d i n g due t o weather ing.

1 A i r Act , as amended, p rov ides t h e founda t ion t o improve a i r q u a l i t y . l e g i s l a t i o n , was passed i n 1970, and was a-

The Clean A i r Ac t ,

i r e n t c o a t i n g u s u a l l y a p p l i e d ove r a c o l o r e d ve improved g l o s s and p r o t e c t i o n t o the c o l o r me cases a c l e a r coa t s imply r e f e r s t o any w i t h o u t rega rd t o t h e subs t ra te .

o rgan ic s o l v e n t which con ta ins c h l o r i n e atoms Zular s t r u c t u r e . F o r example, methylene c h l o - r i ch lo roe thane , the most common, a re used i n ne rs and i n t r a f f i c p a i n t . C e r t a i n c h l o r i n a t - i p t f rom some a i r p o l l u t i o n r e g u l a t i o n s because erni c a l r e a c t i v i ty . lr d e c o r a t i v e f i l m a p p l i e d i n a t h i n l a y e r t o a 111 o f t e n a p p l i e s t o p a i n t s such as l acquers o r

i s used t o r e f e r t o f i l m s a p p l i e d t o paper,

on - The p a r t o f a c o a t i n g l i n e where t h e 7 n a spray o p e r a t i o n i t i s the spray boo th

f rom t h e f l a s h o f f area and oven.

4

Coat ing head - The c o a t i n g a p p l i c a t o r i n a r o l l coa te r , r o t o g r a v u r e c o a t e r o r k n i f e c o a t i n g opera t i on .

Coat ing s o l i d s - The p a r t o f t he c o a t i n g which remains a f t e r t h e c o a t i n g i s d r i e d o r cured.

C o i l c o a t i n g - A very e f f i c i e n t meta l c o a t i n g o p e r a t i o n i n which sheet meta l i s unwound f rom a c o i l , r o l l e r coated and rewound. The nie- t a l may then be formed i n t o p roduc ts such as aluminum s i d i n g , automobi le p a r t s o r a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r i tenis.

Compliance c o a t i n g - A c o a t i n g whose v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compound c o n t e n t does n o t exceed t h a t a l l owed by r e g u l a t i o n . Compliance c o a t i n g s may be water borne, low s o l v e n t ( h i g h e r s o l i d s ) o r powder.

Compliance schedule - A n e g o t i a t e d agreement between a p o l l u t i o n source and a government agency t h a t s p e c i f i e s ddtes and procedures by which a source w i l l reduce ei i i issions and, thereby, comply w i t h a r e gu 1 a t i on.

Condensat ion - A method o f s o l v e n t recovery i n which the vapor ized

Con t ro l - I n t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n f i e l d , t h i s means t h e abatement o f p o l - l u t a n t s which m igh t be exhausted i n t o t h e atmosphere. I t o f t e n

r e f e r s t o the c o l l e c t i o n o r d e s t r u c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y o f an add-on dev i ce such as an i n c i n e r a t o r o r carbon adsorber as opposed t o c a p t u r e o f t he p o l l u t a n t s i n t o t h e device.

s o l v e n t i s l i q u i f i e d g e n e r a l l y by c o o l i n g .

.

Con t ro l dev i ce - Any equipment which reduces the q u a n t i t y o f a p o l l u t a n t t h a t i s e m i t t e d t o the a i r . The dev ice may des t roy o r secure t h e p o l l u t a n t f o r subsequent recovery. Examples a r e i n c i n e r a t o r s , carbon adsorbers and condensers.

C o n t r o l dev i ce e f f i c i e n c y - The r a t i o o f t h e p o l l u t i o n re leased by a c o n t r o l dev ice and t h e p o l l u t i o n i n t r o d u c e d t o the c o n t r o l dev ice expressed as a percentage.

Con t ro l Technique Gu ide l i nes (CTG) - A s e r i e s o f documents prepared by €PA t o a s s i s t S ta tes i n d e f i n i n g reasonable a v a i l a b l e c o n t r o l technology (RACT) f o r major sources o f v o l a t i l e o rgan ic coqounds (VOC). t e c h n o l o g i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y o f a v a i l a b l e techniques; and, i n some cases,

The documents p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on the economic and

suggest l i m i t s on VOC emissions.

Cowta i l - Small marks o f p a i n t a p p l i e d t o wood f u r n i t u r e t o g i v e an a n t i q u e e f f e c t .

C r a t e r i n g - A p a i n t f i l m i m p e r f e c t i o n which appears as t i n y depress ions i n t h e sur face.

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I

i

F i l m former - The p a r t t h e cure. Some a s o l i d when t h e tempera t u re .

F i l m th i ckness - Thd s t r a t e . F i l m meta l g e n e r a l l y

F l a s h o f f zone - The coat= d u r i n g o b j e c t e n t e r s a

F l a t screen p r i n t e r - The f a b m p l a p o s i t i o n under t h e screen, on which e red on to t h e fabq ic . p r i n t pas te through r a i s e d and the t o r e c e i v e another

F a b r i c p r i n t i n 9 - A p ocess which a p p l i e s a deco ra t i ve , u s u a l l y m u l t i -

F i l l e r - A t h i c k c o a t ' n g a p p l i e d t o wood f u r n i t u r e t o f i l l l a r g e pores

c o l o r e d p a t t e r n o a f a b r i c subs t ra te . i - i n the wood.

o f a c o a t i n g t h a t remains on the s u b s t r a t e a f t e r ' i l m formers may be l i q u i d b u t po l ymer i ze t o form

c o a t i n g i s baked t o the r e q u i s i t e c u r i n g

th i ckness o f t he d ry cured c o a t i n g on the sub- th .ckness v a r i e s w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n , b u t c o a t i n g s on

rznge f rom 0.5 t o 4 m i l s .

area w i t h i n a p l a n t where s o l v e n t s evaporate f rom a Ohe i n t e r v a l between coa ts o r b e f o r e t h e p a i n t e d

bake oven.

A semicont inuous process f o r p r i n t i n g on f a b r i c . ed on a b e l t , t he b e l t and f a b r i c a r e moved i n t o

f l a t screen, and t h e b e l t i s stopped. The f l a t p r i n t pas te has been a p p l i e d i s mechanica l ly low-

A squeegee moves across the screen f o r c i n g a p a t t e r n on to t h e f a b r i c . The screen i s then

p o s i t i o n screen and another c o l o r on the p a t t e r n .

f a t l r i c s and b e l t a r e indexed t o t h e n e x t

F l e x i b l e v i n y l p roduc ts o r n o n s u p p o r t E d 7 i n y l meters (0.002 inch1.s) r e s i 1 i e n t f l o o r

Flexography - A method above the non-image o t h e r e las tomer i c

A vapor =-=Y? a r e e a v i e r -. than a - r

Flow c o a t - Method o f c o a t i n g i s poured

i s a p p l i e d by l o w e r i n g t a i n e r o f powder. t h e powder f rom the

F l u i d i z e d bed c o a t i n g -

F l e x i b l e packaging f i l m e i t h e r s

- Those p roduc ts composed o f a suppor ted sheet o r c o a t i n g and more than 50 m ic ro -

t h i c k . T h i s term does n o t i n c l u d e v i n y l cove r ings .

o f p r i n t i n g i n which the image areas a re r a i s e d areas. The image c a r r i e r i s made o f rubber o r

r i a t e r i a l .

c o l l e c t i o n duc t designed t o cap tu re vapors which and which c o l l e c t a long the f l o o r .

a p p l y i n g c o a t i n g t o an o b j e c t i n which the

A powder c o a t i n g technique i n which the powder t h e p a r t t o be coated i n t o a f l u i d i z e d con-

The powder i s " f l u i d i z e d " by b low ing a i r through

cn t h e o b j e c t .

bo t tom o f t he c o n t a i n e r .

- and wraus f o r

t a i n s .

F l y soeck - Sinal1 spots o f p a i n t t h a t d r c sorayed on to wood f u r n i t u r e t o c r e a t r an d i i t i que a f f e c t .

Freedom o f i n f o r m a t i o n reques t - A request f o r i n f o r m a t i o n f rom a Federa l government agency pursuant t o t h e Freedom o f I n f o r m a t i o n Act .

F u g i t i v e emiss ions - Emissions n o t cau?ht hy a car)ture system.

General p r o v i s i o n s - Suhpilr t A o f p a r t 60 - Standnrd o f Performance f o r Mew S t a t i o n a r y Sources i n 90 CFK 60. Th is subpar t con ta ins i n - s t r u c t i o n s on m o n i t o r i n g and recordkeeping and d e f i n i t i o n s o f terms g e n e r a l l y used i n the prograin f o r developnent o f new source performance standards.

Glaze - Small amount o f c o l o r c o a t i n g added t o wood f u r n i t ! i r e t o h i g h - - l i g h t and g i v e c h a r a c t e r t o the wood. These a re o f t e r i manual ly

wiped t o remove most o f the c o l o r .

Gloss - A p r o p e r t y o f p a i n t s and enamels which can he c h a r a c t e r i z e d by m e a s u r i n g the specu la r r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e f i l m u s i n g ASTM t e s t

D 523-67 (1972) Tes t f o r Specular Gloss. The 6 0 - d e g r e ~ specu la r g l o s s t e s t i s used f o r a l l except f l a t p a i n t s . A measure- ment c f 65 o r more c h a r a c t e r i z e the m n t e r i d l as " g l o s s " . Semigloss p a i n t s a re those w i t h readings hrtween dhout 30 t o 6 5 ; " f l a t s " when t e s t e d a t an 85 deoree ang le have readings below 15.

G r a i n r a i s i n g - S w e l l i n g o f t he f i b e r s o f wood caused hy ahsorhed li- quids, e s p e c i a l l y water . G r a i n r a i s i n g caiises the su r face o f wood t o l o o k and f e e l rough.

Handheld e l e c t r o s t a t i c - A hand h e l d spray gun which uses e l e c t r o s t a - t i c s t o improve e f f i c i e n c y . Th is appl icat . ion g i ves h i g h e r t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y thdri n o n c l c c t r o s t d t i c bond h e l d sprdy.

Hazardous p o l l u t a n t - An a i r p o l l u t a n t t o which no ambient a i r q u a l i t y s tandard i s a p p l i c a b l e and which C ~ U S C S o r c o n t r i b u t e s t o a i r p o l - l u t i o n which may rpasonably be a n t i c i p a t e d t o r e s u l t i n an i nc rease i n se r ious i r r e v e r s i b l e o r i n c a p a c i t a t i n q r e v e r s i b l e , i l l n e s s . Th is d e f i n i t i o n i s g i ven i n S e c t i o n 112 o f t he Clean A i r Act . Hazardous p o l l u t a n t s i n c l u d e asbestos, mercury, b e r y l l i u m , benzene, a rsen ic , v i n y l c h l o r i d e and r a d i o n i i c l i d e s .

H i g h e r - s o l i d s c o a t i n g s - P a i n t s c o n t a i n i n g cons ide rab ly h i g h e r s o l i d s than has been conven t iona l i n t h e p a s t . U s u a l l y p a i n t s w i t h g r e a t - e r t han 60 pe rcen t s o l i d s by volume a r e cons ide red h i q h c r s o l i d s c o a t i n g s a l though t h e term i s o f t e n a p n l i e d t o any c o a t i n g which meets any of EPA's C o n t r o l Technique G i i i de l i nes . Former ly , under C a l i f o r n i a ' s Rule 66, a h i g h s o l i d s p a i n t i s one c o n t a i n i n g n o t l e s s than 80 p e r c e n t s o l i d s hy volume.

A p a r t i a l enc losu re o r canopy f o r c a p t u r i n g and exhaust ing, by the o rgan ic vapors o r o t h e r fumes r i s i n g f rom a

- Hood - means o f a d r a f t , c o a t i n g nrocess o r o t h e r souwe.

I 8 9

- The emissions from a process which a re cap- rid d i r e c t e d i n t o the c o n t r o l device, expressed

cu re coa t ings .

oup, -N=C=O. These

employs an ad j i i s b lade o r " k n i f e " t o d i s t r i h u t e a l i q u i d

I n no event , howeve the a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s term p e r m i t a proposed new o r modi ce t o emi t any p o l l u t a n t i n excess o f t h e amount a l l owah a p p l i c a b l e new source s tandards o f p e r f ornia ncc . n t r y t h a t have n o t a t t a i n e d n a t i o n a l ambient a i r q u a l i t y may r e q u i r e LAER on new sources o f p o l l u t i o n .

A r c a s

10

I

Laminat ion - The process o f adher ing two web sur faces toge the r t o fo rm Paper, f a b r i c , f o i l and p 1 a s t i c ' f i : m a s i n g l e composi te m a t e r i a l .

may be l am ina ted t o each o t h e r .

La tex - A d i s p e r s i o n o f rubber , s y n t h e t i c r e s i n o r polyiners used i n p a i n t s , adhesives, o r coa t ings .

- LEL - See 1 ower e x p l o s i v e 1 i i n i t.

LEL Meter - A dev i ce used t o iiieasure the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of combust ib le vapors i n an a i r sample.

Less water - A te rm used by the Envi ronmenta l P r o t e c t i o n Agency i n i t s s e r i e s o f Gu ide l i nes t o t h e S ta tes on developii ient of r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t he c o a t i n g i n d u s t r y and subsequent ly adopted by many S ta tes i n t h e i r r e g u l a t i o n s . The te rm u s u a l l y appears i n the exp ress ion "pounds o f v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compound p e r g a l l o n o f c o a t i n g ( l e s s water 'I.

L e t t e r __ae7) a ove t e background area. ress - A method of p r i n t i n g i n which t h e iriiage areas a re r a i s e d

The mechanism which t r a n s f e r s the image i s made o f meta l o r o t h e r r e l a t i v e l y hd rd n i d t e r i a l .

L i t hog raphy - See o f f - s e t 1 i thography.

Lower Exp los i ve L i m i t - (LEL) - The-concen t ra t i on o f a compound i n a i r b e l o w which a f lame w i l l n o t p r o p g a t e i f t he m i x t u r e i s i g n i t e d .

Low-solvent c o a t i n g - A c o a t i n g which con ta ins a lower amount o f v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compound ( V O C ) than conven t iona l o rgan ic s o l v e n t borne coat ings. Low s o l v e n t coa t ings u s u a l l y f a l l i n t o the t h r e e major groups o f h i g h e r sol i d s , waterhorne o r powder coa t ings .

Magnet w i r e - Wire used i n equipii icnt such as e l e c t r i c a l niotors, genera- t o r s and t ransformers. Magnet w i r e i s coated w i t h dn e l e c - t r i c a l l y i n s u l a t i n g v a r n i s h or enamel.

Maintenance c o a t i n g s - Coat ings used f o r b r i dges , chemical p l a n t s and

( w i t h respec t t o Prever i t ion o f S i g n i f i c a n t D e t e r i o - r a t i o n and New Source Review) - Th is term i s d e f i n e d as i n Sec t i on 111 o f t h e Clean A i r Ac t w i t h two changes: ( I ) i n c l u d e s o n l y niodi f i c a t i o n s t o major s t a t i o n a r y sources and ( 2 ) p rov ides s i g n i f i c a n t p o l l u t a n t i nc rease l e v e l s below which a m o d i f i c a t i o n i s n o t cons idered major. (See S e c t i o n 111 ( a ) o f t h e Clean A i r Act , 40 CFR 51 .24 (b ) (2 ) , ( 2 3 ) ; 52.21(b) (21 , ( 2 3 ) ; and 5 1 . 1 8 ( j ) ( v i ) , ( v i i i ) 1.

- T h i s term i s used t o determine t h e a p p l i c a - b i l i t y o f p r e v e n t i o n o f s i g n i f i c a n t d e t e r i o r a t i o n (PSD) and nonat- ta inment new source rev iew r e g u l a t i o n s . I n a nonat ta inment area, any s t a t i o n a r y source t h a t has t h e p o t e n t i a l t o e m i t more than 100 tons p e r y e a r i s cons ide red a major s t a t i o n a r y source. I n PSD

o t h e r heavy du ty i n d u s t r i a l t ype a p p l i c a t i o n s .

Ma jo r m o d i f i c a t i o n

Ma jo r s t a t i o n a r y source

11

areas, t h e c u t - o f f depending on the type o f t h e Clean A i r A c t arid 51.18( j) ( 1 1 ( i ) - ( v i

t l i r t y s o l v c n t 1dd:ii t h a t i s extidusted f-oni heated i n the w i n t e r t u re , thus dccount ing

aniount X s t , iiorl1ir p roce s s .

c o a t i n g s as ( E r X e - d used, i n nidriy cases, con ten t o f d codt i r ig .

--.-e-- Make-ii a i r - Fresh d i r

Make-up s o l v e n t - P o r t i o i i

Manu fac tu re r ' s f o rn iu la t i

Mar ine p a i n t - A c o a t i n g

M a t e r i a l ba lance - A t h e amount o f i n J t e r i j 1 which l eavcs tht! cs t i i na te s o l v e n t losbes

M e t a l l i c a i n t l ' d i r i t y a h ;set1 for

appearance o f t h e pti

t o niedsure thr compounds i n J gas'stream.

Method 24 - An EFA r c f e r w c e and-total v o l a t i l e P a r t 60 Appendix A )

Method 25 - An Ef'A re fe rence o f a gas stredlri. (40

M e t r i c t o n - A u n i t o f gram (106 grains ) .

M i n i - b e l l - An e l e c t r o s t a t i c r o t a t i n g b e l l t o a to iwze i rig r i s e t o the ndiiitl

Method 18 - An EPA t e s t

--

- M i l - A u n i t o f l e n g t h rqu;l

Miscel laneous meta l a r t s Agency's C Z d k - T e c h n i q u e

?,,os'; , 7dpDaL;c ' t i i r , + L F y . ~ , ~ ~ i ~ : i i A L S O E & C L U S ) I / J L

13a Dtd j .

I\.jcl'cL tu r c i e s c r i p t i on o f a t y p i c a I lw t t t i eo re t i ca1 p1 dnt u s e d ' f o r dcvc loo inq econwnc, env i r o w r n t a l i r ipac t , cnt'i.tjy i n p a c t analvses as suppor t f o r r c g u l a t i o n s o r reg l t l < i t o ry g u i d e l i n e s . It i s an imaqinary p l a n t t h e pd ra iw te rs o f which a r e t y p i c a l o f e x i s t i n g o r f u t u r e p l a n t s . The p a r m e t e r s art! used t o e s t i - mate the c o s t o f i r i c o r p o r d t i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l . technology a s the f i r s t s tep i n e x p l o r i n g t.hc ccorioiiiic impact o f a p o t e n t i a l NSP5. Sirch andlpscs a re a fundartelitdl p a r t o f the development o f a Standard, as recorded i n the l lackgrottilt l I n f o r m a t i o n Docurirn t.

l e v e l m y b e e i t h e r 100 o r 250 tons p e r yea o f source. (See Subsect ion 169 arid 302(j

and 4d CFR Sec t ion 51 .24 (b ) ( l ) , 52.21 ( b ) ( l ) 1 ) .

drawn i n f rom o u t s i d e t h e p l a n t t o rep lace the a i r f rom a c o a t i n g o p e r a t i o n o r d r y i n g over1 t h e b u i l d i n g . T h i s make-up a i r nxlst be

t o room temperature or even t o oven tempera-

s o l v e n t r e q u i r e d t u corripensate f o r t he I l y v i a evaporat ion, d u r i n g a manufactur ing

A l i s t o f substances o r cornporient p a r t s o f by t h e maker o f t h e coa t ings . Th is may be t o c a l c u l a t e t h e v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compound

f o r d l a r g e energy usage.

of

n -

used on s h i p s or boats .

c a l c u l a t i o n based on conserva t i on o f mass, i.e., go ing i n t o a process is equal t o t h e amount

process. This r e l a t i o n s h i p i s o f t e n used t o

c i n t a i n i r i g t i n y f l e c k s o f aluminum o r o t h e r me- p P i n t i n g automobi les because o f t he a t t r a c t i v e

f rom c o a t i n g opera t i ons .

lit.

method which uses gas chromatographic techniques c o n c e r t r a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l v o l d t i l e o rgan ic

method t o determine dens i t y , water con ten t c o n t e n t (wa te r and VOC) o f coa t ings . (40 CFR

method t o determine t h c V O C c o n c e n t r a t i o n CFR P a r t 60 Appendix A )

w e i g h t e q u i v a l e n t t o 2,204.6 pounds or one mega-

sprdy a p p l i c a t i o n dev i ce u s i n g a r a p i d l y p a i n t . The b e l l i s o f snia11 diaineter g i v -

r i i n i - b e l 1 . t o one thousandth o f dli i nch .

As used i n t h e Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Gu ide l i nes , any metdl p a r t s e x c l u d i n g

, p J c.ij;.\i, cc ,c ior\Tr.J:, P i A L d Z r O d l i ' I

A N D L A I ? . ~ ~ A P l ' c i A c ' C z pL/ l -JrL ~ r ~ h

A v : O r ? J h ; L L , S i i i P A d 9 A I & I ' L d " - ' ~

12

M o d i f i e d source - An e x i s t i n g f d c i l i t y i n which d p h y s i c d l change i n

amount of any a i r p o l l u t a n t ( t u which a st.llrltlsrti d p p l i e s ) e ln i t t e t i i n t o t h c atmosphere hy t h a t f d c i l i t y o r which w s u l t s i r ~ t he emis- s i o n o f any a i r p o l l u t a i i t i n t o t h e atmosi)hcre n o t p r e v i o u s l y eriii t t c d .

+ t h e f a c i l i t y , or a chanqe i n nethod o f ove rc i t i on , i r i c rcases t h e !

( t o which a s tsn t ld td d p p l i c s )

Monomer - The s t d r t i n q cowpound f n r d po lyv ie r i zd t i o r i redc t i o r i .

NAAQS - ___-

i l a t i o n a l Anb ien t A i r Q u a l i t y Standards a r e drvelopeci by t P A oursuant t o S r c t i o n 109 o f the Cledri A i r Ac t . They arc? s tandards whic5, i n t h e jiidgeinerit o f t he Ado i in is t rc i to r - o f [PA, must be a t t a i n e d and mainta ined i n o rde r t o p r o t e c t the p l t h l i c h e a l t h , w i t h a l lowance f o r an adequate marq in o f s a f e t y . "Secondary" NAAQS s i i n i l i a r l y speci Fy a l e v e l ncccssdry t o p r o t c c t t he p u b l i c we l fa re . IJAAQS e x i s t f o r n i t r o g e n oxide!, s u l f u r ox i~ !cs , .pa r t i c i i I , t t r i: iatter, ozone and cdrhon monoxide.

NAPCTAC - "The N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l Techt i iques Advisory Com- m i t t e e " , a group c o n s t i t u t e d pursuant t o S 117 o f t h c CAA c o n s i s t - i n g o f rep resen ta t i ves f rom i n d u s t r y , u n i v e r s i t i e s , loc( i1 d i r p o l - l u t i o n c o n t r o l auencies. and cnv i ro r i i iwn td l groups. l h e coniinittee meets a t t h e reques t o f t h e Agency t o a s s i s t i n t h e dcvelopnient o f HSPS and t i I : S t W ' s .

-

i

I

! I

i j I

! I

Naphtha - Any o f severa l hydrocarbon so l ven ts , or t h e i r r l i ix tures, which a r c d e r i v e d f rom De t ro l rum p roduc ts o r coa l t a r . These may be com- posed o f a l i p h d t i c or aromat ic coiiipouritls.

I_-

NESllAP - N a t i o n a l Emiss ion 5tant lards l o r Hazardous A i r I ' o l l u t d n t s , r e - g u l a t i o n s as d e f i n e d i n S e c t i o n 112 o f t h e Clean A i r A c t which re- g u l a t e asbestos, mercurv, h e r y l l i u n , benzene, a r s e n i c , v i n y l c h l o - r i d e . r a d i o n u c l i d r s arid any o t h e r substance f o r which no ambient a i r q u a l i t y s tandard i s a p p l i c a b l e and which i n t h e jiidgenient o f t h c EPA A d m i n i s t r a t o r niay cause an i nc rease i n m o r t a l i t y , or an inc reasc i n se r io i i s i r r r v e r s i b l e or i n c a n a c i t a t i r i g r e v e r s i b l e ill- ness. (40 CFd P a r t 61)

13

I 14

NSPS - New source - o f a i r p o l l u t a n t s t i o n a r y emiss ion s i o n l i i n i t d t i o n system o f emissicr i o f ach iev iny SUC'I been adequdtely these as standd

New source - Any s t d i o n d r y soi i rce t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n o f which commences f t e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f r e y l a t i o n s o r pronosed r e g u l a t i o n s whic p r e s c r i b e a s tandard o f performance which i s i n tended t o app l t o t h a t t y p r o f a i r p o l l u t i o n emiss ion source. i

performance standards, i .e. standards f o r emiss ion from new, modified o r recons t ruc ted s t a -

sources which r e f l e c t s the degree o f einis- a c h i r v a b l e tbrough t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t he b e s t

r e d u c t i o n which ( t a k i n g i n t o account the c o s t r e d u c t i o n ) t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r d c t w m i n e s has

t 'eil ionstrated. The Clean A i r A c t U S l k I l l Y r e f e r s t o ds o f performance f o r new s t a t i o n a r y sources.

New source performanch standards - see NSPS. I

O f f s e t l i t h o g r a p h y - t h e p r i n t i n g - r o l l ared. The i n k we t ted by water . rubber su r face or f e r s t h e i n k t o i s used, t h e p r o

NCR s t a i n - I lon-grdi used on wood f u r n i t u r e . These a r e u s u a l l y o rga i i i c t h e tendency o f wa te r t o cause t h e g r a i n o f woo

A method of p r i n t i n g i n which the iiiiage area o f i s e s s e n t i a l l y a t t h e same l e v e l as the noriiinage

hiets t h e linage area on ly and t h e noriiiriage ared i s Ink i s t r a n s f e r r e d f rom t h e p r i n t i n g r o l l t o t h e a r o l l c a l l e d t l i c b l a n k e t c y l i n d e r which t rans -

t,he paper. When d web o r cont inuous r o l l o f paper css i s c a l l e d "web o f f s e t . "

Nonattainment area - under S e c t i o n 107 o f t h e Clean A i r Ac t , which one o r mort! o f the n a t i o n a l ambient a i r qua1

OAQPS - The O f f i c e o f A i r Q u a l i t y P lann ing and Standards, a p a r t o f t h e U.S. Environment 1 P r o t e c t i o n Agency. 4

Orange pee l - A pd i r i su r face appearance, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by smal l p i t s , resembl ing t h e s r f a c e t e x t u r e o f an orange. Depending on t h e p ro - duct, t h i s m y he d e s i r a b l e (app l i ances ) or h i g h l y c indesirahle (automobi les) . i

Organic aerosol - F i n o rgan ic p a r t i c l e s o r d r o p l e t s which remain d i s - persed i n t h e atsosphere. T

Organiso l - A t h i c k c o a t i n g c o n s i s t i n g o f r e s i n and p l a s t i c i z e r s and some o rgan ic s l v e n t which i s o f t e n used t o c o a t f l e x i b l e sub- s t r a t e s such as paper o r f a b r i c s . I t i s s i m i l a r t o a p l a s t i s o l except t h a t an o gan iso l c o n t a i n s more o rgan ic s o l v e n t . i

- Oven - Enclosed area I n which a c o a t i n g i s heated and baked o r cured.

O v e r a l l c o n t r o l - The p roduc t o f t h e cap tu re e f f i c i e n c y and t h e c o o t r o l dev i ce e f f i c i e n c y a i v e s an o v e r a l l c n n t r o l e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e p ro - cess.

Overspray - That s o l i d s p o r t i o n o f a c o a t i n g sprayed from d spray ap- p l i c a t o r which f a i l s t o adhere t o t b c p a r t b e i n g sprayed. ( A p p l i e d s o l i d s p l u s overspray so l i d s t ~ q t l d l t o t a l Coa t ing s o l i d s d e l i v e r e d hy t h e spray a p p l i c a t i o n systrv i . 1

Overvarn ish - Coa t ing a p p l i e d ovt i r t h e i nk on the o u t s i d e o f beverage cans t o p r o v i d e g l o s s and o r o t v c t t he can f rom c o r r o s i o n and abra- s ion .

Oxygenated s o l v e n t - An o rgan ic s o l v e n t c o n t a i n i n g oxygen as p a r t o f A l coho ls and k e t o n r s arr oxygenated com- i t h e m o l e c u l d r s t r u c t u r e .

pounds o f t e n used as p a i n t so l ven ts .

Ozonc - An oxyqen molecule c o i y w s ~ d o f t h r e e oxygen atoms. I t i s a -component o f photnchcmicdl smog and i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n the a i r

i s regulated by p o l l u t i n n c o n t r o l laws. I t i s a p o l l u t a n t t i h i ch meets the c r i t e r i a o f S e c t i o n 11U o f t h e Clean A i r Ac t .

Paper c o a t i n g -. As used in E n v i r o i i i w n t d l P r o t c c t i o n Agency's c o n t r o l t.echniqur g u i d e l i n e s , i s t h e c o a t i n g o f paper, p l a s t i c f i l m o r me- t a l 1 i c f o i 1 usua l l y w i t h a r o l l , k n i f e , o r ro tog rav i i re coa te r .

Percent c a p t u r e - The r a t i o o f s o l v e n t vapors c o l l e c t e d i n t o t h e cap- t u r e system t o t h e amount o f s o l v e n t v ~ l i o r s re l r iased by a process expressed as a percentage.

Photochemical o x i d a n t - Ozone arid s m a l l e r amounts o f o t h e r i r r i t a t i n g c h m i c a l s such a s p r rnxvc lce ty l n i t r a t r whi,ch a r e p roduc ts o f atmos- p h e r i c r e a c t i o n s o f v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compounds, NOx arid s u n l i g h t . Photochemical o x i d a n t s a r e a major p o r t i o n o f t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n commonly known as "smog".

Photochemical r e a c t i v i t y - Measure o f t h e r a t e a t which an o rgan ic com- poiind r e a c t s i n tG presence o f u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n t o form pho- tochemi c a l ox idan ts .

Pigment - A f i n e l y ground i n s o l u b l e powder d i spe rsed i n a c o a t i n g t o - g i v e a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o l o r .

P i n h o l e - An i m p e r f e c t i o n i n a p a i n t f i lm wh ich resembles a h o l e caused 7 penetration w i t h a p i n .

P l a s t i c i z e r - A substance added t o a polymer composi t ion t o s o f t e n and

1

add n e x i h i 1 i ty t o t h e p roduc t .

P l a s t i s o l - A c o a t i n g made o f a m i x t u r e o f f i n e l y d i v i d e d r e s i n and a p l a s t i c i z e r . I t i s a p p l i e d as a t h i c k ael which s o l i d i f i e s when heated.

15

i

termir io loqy, a compound such as a v o l a t i l e “precedes” o x i d a n t . Precursors r e a c t i n

o r o t h e r photochemical ox idan ts .

Pressure s e n s i t i v e adhc i v e - An ddhcs ive which, when p laced on a back- i n g m a t e r i a l ; ad res t o another su r face on c o n t a c t w i t h o u t w e t t i n g , h e a t i n g o addiny a c u r i n g agent.

l +- A method o f conse rv ing energy by u s i n g h e a t

f rom i n c i n e r a t o r c haust gases t o p rehea t t h e i n l e t gases t o t h e Pr imary h e a t recovery

i ric i nerd t o r . i

Proposal - The p u h l i f a r u l e i n a p r e l i m i n a r y ( n o t f i n a l ) f o rm i n t h e Federa l U s u a l l y comments a r e i n v i t e d f ro in t h e a f f e c t e c w i c , tic f i n a l r u l e i s promulgated on ly a f t e r

I 16

R a d i a t i o n c u r e - Elcthod o f c u r i n g o r d ry i r i y c o d t i n g s by exposure t o T e c t r o l l a g r i c t i c W ~ V C S o r p a r t i c l e s such as i n f r a r e d , u l t r a - v i o l e t ,

o r e l e c t r o n h e m .

Reac t i ve compound _- - A v o l a t i l e orgdnic coripound which i s a p recu rso r , i . e . , r e a c t s i n t h e atit losphere t o fori i i photochemical . ox iddn ts . Almost a11 o rqan ic compounds a re pho to reac t i ve . h u t a few have such l o w r v d c t i v e l y t h d t they arc! u s u a l l y cons idered nonreac t i ve . So lven ts t h a t have becn deemed o f ncg l i g i h l c photocheii i ical reac- t i v i t y hy EPA a re : methdni!, etlidnr., 1 ,1 , 1 - t r i c h l o r o e t h a n e (me t t iy 1 c h l o ro foriii 1 , t r i chl o r o f l uoroine thane (CFC- 1 1 \ , d i ch l o r a d i f 1 uororw tbanc (CFC- 12 ) , chl o r o d i f 1 i io ro iw thanc (CFC-221, tri f luoromethane ( F C - 2 3 ) . t r i c h l o r o t r i f l uo roe thane (CFC-113) . r l ichlorotetrdf l~roroethdnc ( C F C - I 14 1, arid ch lo ropen ta - f l uo roe thdne (CFC-115) .

me thy 1 enc c h l o t - i de,

i Reconstructed source - An e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t y i n which components a re

rep laced to such dri c x t c r i t t h a t t h e f i x e d c a p i t a l c o s t o f t h e new components exccwl 50 pe rcen t o f t h c f i x e d c a p i t a l c o s t t h a t would be r e q u i r e d t n c o i i s t r u c t a comparable e n t i r e l y new f a c i l i t y . Nr?w source perfornianci! s tandards inay be app l i c d t o sources, which a r e recons t ruc ted a f t e r t h e proposal o f the st.dndard i f i t i s techno- l o g i c a l l y and economical ly f e d s i b l e t o meet the standard.

Recovered s o l v c n t - So lven t which i s e x t r a c t e d from a process o r ex- haus t stream U s u J l l y by adso rb t i on or’ condensat ion.

Reducing s o l v e n t - A s o l v e n t added t o d i l u t e a c o a t i n g u s u a l l y f o r t h e purposc o f l o w e r i n g t h e c o a t i n g ’ s v i s c o s i t y .

Reference method - Any ilicthod o f sampl ing dnd a n d l y r i n g f o r an a i r - p ~ 1 ~ t d n % ~ h i i t i i s p u b l i s h e d i n Appcritlix A o f 4 0 CFR t i U .

Regulatory a l t e r n a t i v e - Any o f scve ra l a i r p o i l u t i o n c o n t r o l s t r a t e - g i e s o r o p t i o n s t h a t arc? considered d u r i n g the development o f a r e q u l a t i o n . Each such n l t e i - n d t i v c i s e v a l u a t r d i n terms o f c o s t o f c o n t r o l and economic impact on t h e i n d u s t r y .

Release c o a t i n g - A c o a t i n g a p p l i e d t o a s u h s t r a t e ( u s i t a l l y a f l e x i - b l e one) which l i m i t s t h e adherence o f a p ressu re s e n s i t i v e coa t ing . i s used a s a c o v e r i n g sheet f o r p ressu re s e n s i t i v e 1.abels so thdt t h e l a b e l s can be p u l l e d o f f and used. The back s i d e o f adhesive tapes a r e coa ted w i t h r e l e a s e c o a t i n g t o a l l o w t h e tape t o be u n r o l l e d .

Th is

I

Reverse r o l l c o a t e r - A r o l l t ype c o a t e r f o r paper, f i l m , f o i l and metal c o g which a p p l i e s c o a t i n g t o t h e weh by a r o l l which t u r n s

I i n a reve rse d i r e c t i o n t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t r a v e l o f t h e web. T h i s procedure i s s a i d t o reduce s t r i a t i o n s i n t h e c o a t i n g .

R o l l c o a t i n g ( R o l l e r c o a t i n g ) - Method o f a p p l y i n g c o a t i n g t o a f l a t sheet o r s t r i p i n which t h e c o a t i n g i s t r a n s f e r r e d by a r o l l e r o r s e r i e s o f r o l l e r s .

17

Rota ry screen p r i n t e r which a m o v i v a h r i c t i n g drums. The i n the shape o f a t h e ho les i n t h e on t h e f a b r i c surface.

R o t a t i o n a l e l e c t r o s t a t i s t a t i n g h e l l o r d i s k e f f i c i e n t l y draws t r o s t a t i c fo rces .

Rotogravure - A method p r i n t i n g r o l l a r e i s i n t he form o f i n t h e sur face. 125 microns square,

i Rule 66 - An d i r 1 P o l l u t i o n Con t ro l c o n t r o l l i n g hyd roc i t i n reac t i ng and exeript r e g u l a t i o n s . WJS

j u r i s i d i c t i o i i s .

S a l t spray t e e - A t e s t exposing a s tdndars i zed s o l u t i o n fog. The g i v e s d nieasure o f

- A w i d e l y used f a b r i c p r i n t i n g technique i n wrh passes i n c o n t a c t w i t h a s e r i e s o f r o t a -

c y l i n d r i c d l drums have ho les i n t h e drum su r face p d t t e r n .

d-un su r face on to t h e f a b r i c , l e a v i n g a p a t t e r n L i q u i d p r i n t pds te i s f o r c e d through

spray - A spray p a i n t dev ice which uses a r o - t o shear t h e p a i n t i n t o a f i n e m s t and which

the p a i n t on to the p a r t be ing p a i n t e d by e l e c -

o f p r i n t i n g i n which t h e image areas o f t hc - e c ~ s s ~ d r e l a t i v e t o t h e background. The iina!je c e l l s o r cups mechanica l ly o r chemica l l y e tched ' - y p i c a l l y , a gravure c e l l i s 35 microns deep by

w i t h 22,500 c e l l s i n t h e square inch .

p o - l u t i o n r e g u l a t i o n passed hy t h e Los Angeles A i r U i s t r i c t i n 1966. Th is r e g u l a t i o n wiis aimed a t

rhons a n d d e f i n e d c e r t a i n t ypcs o f compounds a s f rom c o n t r o l . T h i s was one o f t he f i r s t VOC

very i n f l t i e n t i a l and was w ide ly cop ied hy o t h e r

t o t lc ter in ine c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t d n c c o f p a i n t s by s t e e l panel t o a sd1 t (sodium c h l o r i d e )

l e n g t h o f t ime u n t i l t he panel corrodes c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e p a i n t .

Sea le r - A c o a t i n g uqed t o seal t h e pores o f a sur face, e s p e c i a l l y a wood s i i r facc , h c f o r e a d d i t i o n a l c o a t s o f p d i n t o r v a r n i s h a r e add- ed.

I

Secondary heat r e c o v e r y - Use of hedt f ro in an i n c i n e r a t o r exhaust for uses w i t h i n a p l a n si icl i as Iit!ating an o v r n or a room. This i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d f rom p r imary heat recovery which i s t he use o f t h e h o t i n c i n e r a t o r cxhaust gases t o h e a t t h e i n l e t gases tn t h e

Sec t ion 114 - A s e c t i o n o f t h e Clean A i r A c t g i v i n g t h e Envi ronmenta l P r o t e c t i o n Agency a u t h o r i t y f o r i n f o r m a t i o n gd ther i r ig , i n s p e c t i o n s , and m o n i t o r i n g and p rov ides f o r EPA personnel t o have access i n t o p l a n t s w i t h a i r p o l l u t i o n ei l i iss ions.

Shade - A c o l o r c o a t used oil wood f u r n i t u r e which g i ves c h d r a c t e r t o -the f i n i s h . It i s o f t e n a p p l i e d hy hand w i p i n j i.Jith a r a g .

S I C code - Staii(Lird I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c d t i o n , a nir incr ical i d e n t i f i c a - t i o n systcrrl d w e l o p e d by t h e U. 5 . Coverrwicnt f o r s t < i t i s t i c d l p u r - purposes ,in(! w i d e l y used by bus iness f i r i ns . l n d u s t r i e s a r e grouped i n t o s i l r i i l i d r c a t e g o r i e s ,]rid cacti cdtt:gory i s g i v e n a number r e p r c s e n t i n g thr category.

S ide seam s e a l e r - A conipound f o r p r o t e c t i n g thP s i d e seain o f t h r e e p iece cans.

SIP - S t a t c Implementat ion Plans a r e r e q u i r e d by Sec t i o i i 110 o f t h e 'Jlean A i r Act , as aineritlcd. Cacti S t a t e i s t o submit d p l d i i t o t h e EPA Admi n i s t r a t o r which p r o v i des f o r iinpleinenta t i on, maintenance, and e n f o r c r i w n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l amhient a i r q u a l i t y standards.

Smog - A coiniiinii ndirle f o r t he v i s i b l e haze which r e s i i l t s f r o i n d i r poilu-

1 -

- ti on con t d i ri i 11 q p ho t o c h c v i i c d 1 0 x i d n n t s .

S p e c i a l i t y p r i n t i n g - P r i n t i n g on such i tems ds food packages and o t h e r t l ian p r i n t i n ? o f puh l i c a t i o n s .

Spray boo th - A n enclosed, v e n t i l a t e d drea used for spray p a i n t i n ? .

So lven t - A l i q u i d used i n a p a i n t or coa t i r i g t o d i s s o l v e o r t l i s l ~ e r s e f i l m - f o r r i i i n g c o n s t i t u e n t s and t o d d j u s t v i s c o s i t y . I t evaporates

d u r i n g d r y i n g and does r io t hecoiiic a part. o f the d r i e d f i lm.

The we igh t per u n i t volume o f d s o l v e n t o r s o l v e n t m ix tu re . T h i s niiinber i s o f t e n used i n c a l c i i l a t i n g t h e VOC emis- s ions f rom cod t ings . Oensi t i e s o f connlon o rgan ic s o l v e n t s range from 6.0 l h / g a l t o 9.5 1h/gJ1. The Environmentdl P r o t e c t i o n A- gency has choseri 7.36 l b / g a l as an averdge d e n s i t y o f a coa t i r i a s o l v e n t P i i x tu re t o use i n some c a l c u l a t i o n s .

So lven t d e n s i t y -

Sec t ion 111 - A s c c t i o n o f standards o f performarice s tandards ) .

Sec t i on l l l d - A p a r t l a t e s emissions o f (which d re t h e so i ssues an NSPS f o r submi t t o EPA a p l a ? f rom e x i s t i n g sources

Sec t ion 112 - A s e c t i o n o f n a t i o n a l eni issipn

So lven t borne c o a t i n g - Coat ings which con td ins on ly o rgan ic so l ven ts . I f wa te r i s presen t , i t i s o n l y i n t r a c e q u a n t i t i e s .

o f t h c Clean A i r A c t which r e q u i r e s developincnt perfor isnnce f o r new s t a t i o n a r y soi i rces (new source

o f S e c t i o n 111 o f t h e Clean A i r A c t t h a t regu- n o i i c r i t e r i a and nonhazardous a i r p o l l u t a n t s c a l l e d "des ignated p o l l u t a n t s " ) . A f t e r EPA

a npw source category. s t d t e a i r a i iencies must t o c o n t r o l emiss ions o f des ignated p o l l u t a n t s

i f the Clean A i r A c t which r e q u i r e s development s tandards f o r hararrlous a i r p o l l u t a n t s .

i n t h a t category.

S t a i n - A wood c o a t i n g which i s used t o g i v e c o l o r t o wood. S t a i n s u s i i a l l y have low s o l i d s aiid h i q h s o l v e n t con ten t , i.e., o f t e n g r e d t c r t han 95'5 s o l v e n t by volume.

Standards o f performance - Standards f o r emiss ion o f a i r p o l l u t a n t s from new, m o d i f i e d o r recons t ruc ted s t a t i o n a r y emiss ion sources which r e ' l e c t t h e degree o f emiss ion 1 i m i t a t i o n ach ievab le through the a p p l i c a t i o n o f t he b e s t systcm o f em iss ion r e d u c t i o n which ( t a k i n g i n t o account t h e c o s t o f a c h i e v l n g such r e d u c t i o n )

I I

I 18 19

. t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r These a r e a1 so (NSPS).

STAPPA - S t a t e and

Subs t ra te - The su r face t o which a c o a t i n g i s a p p l i e d .

determines has been adequately demonstrated. coniinonly known as new source performance standards

T e r r i t o r i a l A i r P o l l u t i o n Program A d m i n i s t r a t o r s .

Sur face c o a t i n g o p e r a t i o n sur face o f some c o a t i n g operdt ior is p l a s t i c f i l m and

t h i c k enough t o topcoat . Su r face r

Su r face r - A c o a t i n g

T e x t i l e p r i n t i n g - Th? p a t t e r n o r c o l o r e d des ign i s u s u a l l y techniques.

d u r i n g a p p l i c a t i o n , ( o r c o a t i n g s o l i d s )

T h e o r e t i c a l VOC c o n t e n t

Thermal i n c i n e r a t o r - f lame and heat . T h - s i n c o r p o r a t e s a c a t a

t h i n n e r - A l i q u i d used w i l l evaporate b e f o r e -

- 1LV - Threshold L i m i t

Topcoat - The l a s t c o a t p p l i e d i n a c o a t i n g system. d

- l h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a film which covers t h e o b j e c t . P a i n t i n g and v a r n i s h i n g a re common su r face

as a re coa t ings a p p l i e d t o f d b r i c , p q w r , m e t a l l i c f o i l .

a p p l i e d ove r a p r i i i i e r t o p r o v i d e a u n i f o r m s u r f d c e Je rm i t some sanding b e f o r e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a i s a l s o known as p r imer su r face r .

d e c o r a t i v e enhancement o f c l o t h by a p p l y i n g a des ign w i t h i nks , dyes, o r p r i n t pastes. The

f l a t screen o r r o t a r y screen a l p l i e d by r o l l e r ,

- The q u a n t i t y o f VOC which w i l l be re leased and cu re p e r u n i t volume o f c o a t i n g f l a s h o f f

L

A dev i ce f o r o x i d i z i n g waste m a t e r i a l v i a c o n t r a s t s w i t h a c a t a l y t i c i n c i n e r d t o r which

y s t t o a i d the combustion.

t o reduce t h e v i s c o s i t y o f a c o a t i n g and which o r d u r i n g the cu re o f a f i l m .

V i l u e s ( T L V ) rep resen t the a i r concen t ra t i ons o f

T o t a l enc losu re - An l i n e o r o t h e r c o a t . n g ganic compounds ( V C C ) opera t i ons are oven. Wi th a t o t 2 1 f u g i t i v e emissions, g u l a t i o n s may r e q u i r e t h e process can be

measured acco rd ing t o t h e

enc iosu re around t h e c o a t i n g head o f a web c o a t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n dev ice so t h a t a l l v o l a t i l e o r -

t h e c o a t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n and f l a s h o f f c o - l e c t e d and ducted through a stack o r i n t o the

enc losu re on a c o a t i n g l i n e t h e r e w i l l be no Some a i r p o l l u t i o n r e -

a t o t a l enc losu re so t h a t a l l VOC e m i t t e d by

f rom

on ly s tack emissions.

measured.

spray booth. T h i s process i s c a l l e d " touch-up". V o l a t i l e o r g a n i c compounds from t h i s r e p a i r process may be t r e a t e d d i f f e r e n t l y t h a n emiss ions from the main c o d t i n g l i n e i n r e g u l a t i o n s .

Jrade A s s o c i a t i o n - An o r g a n i z a t i o n formed by members o f an i n d u s t r y t o promote the bus iness o f t h e i n d u s t r y as a whole o r t o encourage s c i e n t i f i c dnd t e c h n i c a l advances which w i l l b e n e f i t t he i n d u s t r y . Government a i r p o l l u t i o n r e g u l a t o r s o f t e n t a l k t o t r a d e associa- t i o n s who have an i n t e r e s t i n v o l a t i l e o rgan ic compound r e g u l a - t i o n s . Prominent among these a re :

American Petroleum I r i s t i t u t e American Soc ie ty f o r T e s t i n g M a t e r i a l s Can Manufacturers I n s t i t u t e Chemical Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n F1 ex i b l e Packaging Assoc i a t i on Graphic A r t s Technica l Foundat ion I n t e r n a t i o n a l Gas Cleaning I n s t i t u t e Motor V e h i c l e Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n N a t i o n a l C o i l Coaters A s s o c i a t i o n N a t i o n a l P a i n t and Coat ings A s s o c i a t i o n t3a t i o n a l Spray Equi pment Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n Powder Coa t ing I n s t i t u t e Rubber Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n

Trade j o u r n a l - A nidgazine devoted t o the i n t e r e s t s o f a s p e c i f i c i n - - - - - - - - _- dus t r y .

Trade sa les - P a i n t s o l d as s h e l f goods through r e t a i l o u t l e t s t o the genera l p u b l i c and used m a i n l y f o r c o a t i n g o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t r u c - t u r e s .

T r a f f i c p a i n t -. - Any c o a t i n g used f o r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l such as t o p a i n t c e n t e r l i n e s on highways and a l s o f o r p a r k i n g l o t and c u r b markings.

T r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y _____ - The r a t i o o f t h e amount o f c o a t i n g s o l i d s depo- s i t e d on to t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e coa ted p a r t t o t h e t o t a l amount o f c o a t i n g so l i d s used.

Three-p iece _____ can - A can made o f t h r e e d i f f e r e n t p ieces , a body, a top,

Two component ___ p a i n t - A c o a t i n g which i s manufactured i n two compo- nents which must be ma in ta ined separate u n t i l s h o r t l y b e f o r e use. When mixed, t he two l i q u i d s r a p i d l y c r o s s l i n k t o form a s o l i d compos i t i on.

and a bottom.

-- Two-@ece _-_- can - A can which c o n s i s t s o f a body and bot tom manufactured f r a n a s i n g l e p i e c e o f s t e e l o r aluminum and a separate top which i s a t tached t o the body.

U n i t s - I n a i r p o l l u t i o n r e g u l a t o r y usage, units a r e the d in i cn t i ona l q u a n t i t i e s such as l e n g t h , weight , o r voluiiie i n which an a i r p o l - l u t i o n r e g u l a t i o n o r a g u i d e l i n e i s expressed. In t he s e r i e s o f

I 20 21

!

U l t r a v i o l e t (UV) - anT%3f inJnoneter . a r e s p e c i a l l y

Vapor cap tu re system - I

. ~ _ _ _ t h n t cap tu rcs or d i r c c t e d t o an

Varsol - T l i t l hr,irid m i l e o f t e n used n s tho

V i n y l p l a s t i s o l - A n p l a s t i T i e r s . smal l amount o f

Vinyl p r i n t i n g i n k - r e s i n dnd-+e o r t o v i n y l sheets proccs s .

Vinyl p r i n t i n g and t e r n t o (1- v i n y l i n g Iirc?ss. Freqirr t r i t ly t h e l a s t p r i n t - hedd

r e p o r t s known as o n t r o l Techii iqucs Guide1 ines , suggesten R A C T l e - v e l s a r e g i ven i n u n i t s o f " l b s o f VOT. p e r g a l l o n o f c o a t i n g ( l e s s wa te r ) " . The m t r i c e i i i v a l r r i t o f t h i s can a l s o he used: "Kg o f VOC p e r l i t c r o f o a t i n g ( l o s s wn te r ) " . Fo r new source p r r f o r - mdiice st, indard r e i l l a t i o n s , u n i t s o f "Kg O F V O C p e r l i t e r o f c o a t i n g s o l i d s " h ve hcen used. These l a t t e r u n i t s p c r i n i t e a s i e r cn i i s i dc r r l t i on o f ra r i s f c r c f f i c i c n c y i n any c a l c u l a t i o n s that. d re r e q u i r r d . F i g u r e U-1, i n A p p w i i x l j , a l l ows r a p i d c d l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s o l v e n t c o n t n t . i n pounrls o f VOC/gallon o f c o a t i n g ( l e s s \dat t l r ) o f t h ree i p o r t a n t t y l w s o f c o a t i n g s when the volucie p e r - c r n t s o l i d s i s t n I wn.

C leCt ro i : i dg i i (~ t i i r a d i a t i o n o f wavelerigtl i hetwcen 10 Soiirces o f U V a r e used t o cure coa t ings which

r les iqnrd f o r t h i s purl I i lse.

Any comhinL i t inn of hoods and v e n t i l a t i o n system c o n t a i n s o rndn ic vapors i n o r d r r t h a t they may be

atiateilirint o r r c c o v r r y dev ice.

of Lxxori produced ir l i i i f rJ1 s p i r i t s . Varsol i s solvent. i n p r i n t paste for f d b r i c p a i n t i n g .

i v i u l s i o n $)f p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e (PVC) r e s i n ,

l i l u r n t . , 1-5 percent , For v i s c o s i t y c o n t r o l .

Any i n i x t u w o r s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g a po lyn ie r ic p i y e n t which i s a p p l i e d i n d r c o r c t t i v e p d t t e r n s

o r cod ted wchs u s i n g a ro tog rav i i re p r i n t i n g

e m u l s i f i e r s d n d s t a h i l i z e r s . It m i g h t c o n t a i n a

t o p - z o a t i n g - The , i pp l i ca t i n r i o f a deco ra t i ve p a t - s h c r t o r c m t c t l wch u i th d ro tog ravu rc t ype p r i n t -

a th in , p r o t c c t i v e toll cod t i s appl i c v i hy o f thcb prcs's.

V i s c o s i t y - A medsure o a c o a t i n g ' s r e s i s t a n c e t o f l ow t

an e q u i v a l e n t method, o r an a l t e r n a t i v e nicthod. however, may a l s o measure n o n r e a c t i v e o rgan ic compounds. I n such cases, an owner o r ope ra to r may exc lude t h e nonreac t i ve o rgan ic compounds when d e t e r - m in ing compl iance ni t h a standard. The A d m i n i s t r a t o r has d e s i g - na ted the f o l l o w i n g o rgan ic compounds as n e g l i g i b l y r e a c t i v e : methane, ethane. 1 , l . l - t r i c h l o r o e t h a n e (methyl ch lo ro fo rm) , methy- l cne c h l o r i d e , t r i c h l o r o f l uoro iwthane (CFC-1 l ) , d i c h l o r o d i f l uoro- methane (CFC-12) ,. c h l o r o d i f luoromethane (CFCZZ), t r i f l u o r o i w t h a n e ( K - 2 3 ) . tr i c h l o r o t r i f 1 uoroethane (CFC- 11 3 ) , d i c h l o r o t e t r a f l u o r o - ethane (CFC-114), and c b l oropentafliioroetti,Inc! (CFC-115).

Volume pe rcen t s o l i s - The p o r t i o n o f a c o a t i n g which reinains as p a r t o f t h e cu red f i l p i expressed as p e r c c n t hy volume. Th is c o n t r a s t s t o another conven t ion o f exp ress ing s o l i d s con ten t by we iqh t pe r - cen t . O f t e n a percentage i s g i v e n w i t h o u t specifying whether v o l - lime o r weight . Th i s i s con fus ing and leads t o e r r o r s i n c o a t i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s . Fic lure R - 1 i n Appendix B a l l n w s qu ick e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e s o l v e n t content , i n pounds o f VOC p e r g a l l o n o f c o a t i n g ( l e s s wa te r ) , when the volume pe rcen t s o l i d s i s known.

Washcoat - A wood f u r n i t u r e c o a t i n g which i s a p p l i e d a f t e r t h e body s t a i n . It sea ls t h e wood s u r f a c e and s t i f f c n s t h e wood f i b e r s f o r suhsequent sanding.

Waterborne c o a t i n g - A c o d t i n g which c o n t a i n s more than f i v e we igh t

I laterwash spray booth - A spray booth i n which water i s used t o c o l - l e c t overspray. V e n t i l l a t i o n a i r i s drawri through t h e wa te r and p a i n t overspray i s cap tu red i n the water f rom which i t can be recovered as sludge. The waterwash may h e l p t h e booth t o be k e p t f r e e o f overspray b u i l d u p and niay reduce t h e necess i t y o f f r cquen t c lean ings .

pe rcen t wa te r i n i t s v o l a t i l e f r a c t i o n .

Sleather r e s i s t a n c e - The a b i l i t y t o undergo exposures t o weather w i t h n u t f a i l u r e , which i s an impor tan t p a i n t c h d r a c t e r i s t i c . Many new p a i n t s a r e t e s t e d by exposure t o wcather f o r severa l y e a r s b e f o r e t h e p a i n t i s judged accep tab le f o r s p e c i f i c use.

Web c o a t i n g - Coa t ing of f a b r i c , paper, p l a s t i c f i l m , m e t a l i c f o i l . metal c o i l o r o t h e r p roduc ts which a r e f l e x i b l e enough t o be

. u n r o l l e d f rom a l a r g e r o l l , coated by b lade, r o l l c o a t i n g o r r o t o g r a v u r e as a cont inuous sheet and, a f t e r cure, r e r o l l e d .

The p o r t i o n o f a c o a t i n g which remains as p a r t o f t h e cu re4 fiTm expressed as pe rcen t hy weight . Th i s c o n t r a s t s t o another conven t ion o f exp ress ing c o n t e n t by volume pe rcen t .

Weight pe rcen t s o l i d s -

22 23

i i

APPENDIX A

i

, I

SURFACE COATING EMISSION CALCULATIONS

How t o Determine

The volume o f coating needed t o do a par t icu lar job

O The difference (expressed as a percentage) i n emissions between two coatings

The emlssion reduction (expressed as a percentage) needed t o meet an emission l i m i t

The e f f e c t of improvements i n t ransfer e f f ic iency

25

i . O . HOW )IIuCII COATING IS NEEDED TO DO A PARTICULAR JOB?

The same volume o f c o d t i n g s o l l d f m u s t be d e p o s i t e d on a n d b j e c t t o c o X 7 t t o a deslred 411 m t h i c k n e s s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e type o f

voc

SOLI

c o n t e n t O F t h e c o a t i n g -used. w a t e r , and non-photochemically

(v /o) s o l i d s c o a t i n g must b e

1s

voc

SOLl~3S

B u t , o n l y two g a l l o n s o f one g a l l o n of c o a t i n g

3 SOLI s

I '

voc

SOLIDS

voc

SOLIDS

solids c o a t i n g must be used t o g e t

3 SOLIDS

! I

t

I 1 ! I

i I

i

i I ! ! i I

I

I i

I I

I

j

I i

I i

I I I I I

I

!

!

T h i s means t h a t twlce a s much work can be done w i t h a g a l l o n of 50 vfo solids c o a t i n g t h a n w l t h a g a l l o n o f 25 v/o solids c o a t i n g . . Twice as many g a l l o n s of 25 p e r c e n t s o l i d s c o a t i n a a r e needed than - -. . - . . g a l l o n s of 50 p e r c e n t s o l l d s c o a t l n g t o do t h e same-job.

HOW 00 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT COATINGS COMPARE?

Comparisons ok t h e p e r c e n t d l f f e r e n c e i n emissions between two c o a t i n g s , or between a c o a t i n g and an emiss ion l imi t , must be done on a s o l i d s b a s l s .

Each g a l l o n of t h e 25 v/o s o l i d s c o a t i n g c o n t a i n s 5.5 pounds of voc :

H SOLIDS

Sq, fo r each g a l l o n of c o a t i n g solids, 22:O pounds o f VOC are en! t t e d .

5.5 ounds VOC X 4 g a l l o n s c o a t l n g * g a l l o n s o l l d s

Each a a l l o n o f t h e 50 v/o s o l i d s c o a t l n g c o n t a i n s 3.7 pounds - o f voc.

~-

3.7 LBS. voc I

SOLIDS

I 26 27

. So, f o r each g a l l o n s o l i d s , 7.4 pounds o f VOC a r e e m i t t e d .

' HOW MUCH DO IMPROVEMENTS OMP PLY?

3.7 ounds VOC X 2 a l l o n s c o a t i n g k ga on coa i n g I g:l'lon s o l i d s ,

I N TRANSFER EFFICIENCY HELP A SOURCE TO

Thus, emiss ions from he 50 v/o s o l i d s c o a t i n g s a r e 66 p e r c e n t l e s s than f rom t h e 25 v/o s o l i d s c b a t i n g when p r o v i d i n g an equal amount o f s o l i d s t o t h e p r o ess.

22.0 - 1 . - 0.66 J ' WHAT EMISSION REDUCTION I S NEEDED TO MEET AN EMISSION LIMIT?

I Th i s c a l c u l a t i o n , whic must a l s o be done on a s o l i d s b a s i s ,

i s t he same as t h a t use above t o compare emiss ions f rom two

A c o a t e r who uses a v /o s o l i d s c o a t i n g c o n t a i n i n g 5.5 pounds o f VOC p e r g a l l o n , l e s s e r , must reduce emiss ions by 66 p e r c e n t t o meet an emiss ion l i m i t l e s s water .

3.7 pounds o f VOC p e r g a l l o n ,

d i f f e r e n t coa t ings .

.The c o a t e r may want t o use a c o a t i n g t h a t does n o t comply with a r e g u l a t i o n and compensate b improvements i n t h e t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y wi th which the c o a t i n g i s a p p l i e d t o meet an e q u i v a l e n t em iss ion l e v e l . I n o r d e r t o c a l c u l a e c r e d i t f o r VOC r e d u c t i o n s wh ich r e s u l t .from improvements i n t r a n s f r e f f i c i e n c y , c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o u l d be done u s i n g u n i t s of : i * ga o so s e p o s i t e

VOC/gallon s o l i d s by f r a c t i o n . F o r 60 pe rcen t , t h e un i ts

1.0 g a l s o l i d s x i n c o a t i n g used

D.bU.gai Solfds depos i t e d

would be:

l b VOC g a l s o l i d s depos i ted (w i th t h e o l d system)

I !

i ! I

1 i

I

I i

I I i I I I

I I

I I I ! !

!

I f t h e same p a i n t were now t o he sprayed wi th 90 p e r c e n t t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y , t he new va lue would he:

1.0 g a l s o l i d s x i n c o a t i n g w e d

g a l l o n s o l i d s o a l l o n s o l i d s n.m ga l s o l i d s l b VOC = l b VOC

d e p o s i t e d i n c o a t i n g used depos i ted ( w i t h new system)

I f b o t h t h e , so l ven t c o n t e n t o f t h e c o a t i n g and the t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y a r e changed, t h e s i t u a t i o n hecomcs:

1.0 g a l s o l i d s i n - - x new c o a t i n g used l b VOC l b VOC

ga l s o l i d s depos i ted Gal solids i n T gal s o l i d s ( w i t h new p a i n t and new t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y )

new c o a t i n g used

depos i ted

where T = t h e new t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y expressed as a decimal

Expressed i n these u n i t s , t h e emiss ions f rbm thr o l d and new systems can be d i r e c t l y compared t o determine t h e r e d u c t i o n achieved.

NOTE: F o r meta l f u r n i t u r e and app l i ance coa t ing , t h e EPA has recommended* t h a t c r e d i t f o r t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y be g i v e n f rom a hase- l l n e o f 60 p e r c e n t t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y (TF) . Fo r example, i f a company goes from 35 p e r c e n t TE t o R5 p e r c e n t TE, c r e d i t shou ld o n l y he g i v e n f o r g o i n g , f rom 60 percent, TE t o 85 p e r c e n t TE t o a v o i d reward ing a source t h a t has h i s t o r i c a l l y had poor t r a n s f e r e F f i c i e n c y - hence a h i g h emiss ion r a t e .

The r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s i s t h a t 60 p e r c e n t TE i s a reasonahle t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y t o achieve f o r these i n d u s t r i e s , and c r e d i t shou ld o n l y be g i v e n f o r exceeding 60 p e r c e n t TE. '

F o r t h e automobi l e i n d u s t r y , t h e CTC recommendation f o r hase l i n e t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y i s 30 p e r c e n t TE f o r b o t h p r i m e r s u r f a c e r and topcoat . T h i s i s t he e f f i c i e n c y a t which waterhorne c o a t i n g s were a p p l i e d a t two e x i s t i n g assembly p l a n t s .

* Memo f rom G. T. Helms, C h i e f , C o n t r o l Programs Opera t i ons Branch, EPA, t o Chief , A i r Programs Branch, EPA Regions I - X , "Approp r ia te T r a n s f e r E f f i c i e n c i e s f o r Me ta l F u r n i Lure and La rge App l i ance Coat ing" , Novemher 28, 1980.

28 29

APPENDIX B

i)

RAPID CONVERSION AIDS*

I

3 The graphs i n th ls appendix are based on graphs on Page 1-4 and on Page 0-4 i n "Control o f V o l a t i l e Organic Emissions from Exist ing Stationary Sources - Volume 11: Surface Coating of Cans, Coils, Paper, Fabrics, Autombi le , and Light-duty Trucks, EPA-450/2-77-008, May, 1977

31

gF- 8

I I I I I I I I CURVES FOR W ~ T E R . B O R N E

- COATINGS ARE FOR WATERlSOLVENT RATIOS OF lono AND 8ORO. -

Figure E-1. App of coating (less I content. (A 40 v little as 1.7 pout it is of the 80/2 for an organic-t

SOLIOS I N COATING. Vol Y.

lximate weight of organic solvent per gallon iter) for three coatings as a function of solids' ume percent solids coating could contain as Is of VOC per gallon of coating (less water) i f water-borne type. or as much as 4.4 pounds rne coaling).

32

too

90

v) eo P

10

0

-I

Figure 8-2. Approximate reduction in emissions which occurs by replacing a higher solvent coating with one of lower solvent content. (In the example above, a 74 percent reduction in emissions can be obtained by replacing a coating with a solvent content of 5.1 pounds of VOC per gallon, less water. wi th a coating which contains 2.8 pounds of VOC per gallon, less water).

33

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SITUATION:

A c o a t i n g p l a n t w i t t 100 g a l l o n s l d a y o f a 5. so l ven t -bo rne c o a t i n g t o company must now comply 2.8 l b s o f VOC p e r g a l l o n

The company want to f r o m t h e p l a n t t h a t w i l l c u r r e n t p r o d u c t i o n r a t e . p e r m i t t h e emiss ions from The company wants t o vary l i n c , but i n s w h a wa. emiss ions f o r t he whole p'

C a l c u l a t e t h e d a i l y

STEP 1- Rememher t h a t esi he based on the volume

STEP 2- F i g u r e C-2 shows c o n t a i n s approx ima te l y 3( amount o f c o a t i n g s o l i d s

100 g a l coa t ing /day x

STEP 3 - F i g u r e C-1 shows t h e 2 . 8 l b VOC/gal o f c volume p e r c e n t s o l i d s .

STEP 4 - The amount o f so w i l l be t h e same (30 ga' o r i g i n a l o r t he comply in !

F o r t h e comply ing co r e q u i r e d i s :

g a l c o a t i n o = 30 g a l (

g a l c o a t i n g = 40.4

STEP 5 - C a l c u l a t e t h e a1

A l l owah le = 2.8 l h emiss ions ga l comi

c o a t i 1

= 135

r e m i r e d

requ i r e d

' CASE - 3 .-

seve ra l c o a t i n g l i n e s i s c u r r e n t l y u s i n g l b VOC/gallon ( l e s s w a t e r ) conven t iona l

o a t a g i v e n o u t p u t o f i i r oduc ts , b u t t h e t b a S t a t e r e g u l a t i o n t h a t l i m i t s i t t o f c o a t i n g ( l e s s w a t e r ) .

: a l c u l a t e t h e d a i l y maximum VOC ernissions ? p e r m i t t e d by the new r e g u l a t i o n a t t h e i r h e p l a n t i s l o c a t e d i n a S t a t e t h a t w i l l 511 l i n e s t o he cons ide red as a "bubble." he amounts o f s o l v e n t used on each c o a t i n g t h a t t he t o t a l d a i l y maximum a l l o w a b l e

n t a r e never exceeded.

11 l owab le emf ss ions under t h i s "huhhle."

n t i a l l y a l l equ iva lency c a l c u l a t i o n s must c o a t i n g s o l i d s n o t volumes o f c o a t i n g .

t h a t t he e x i s t i n g 5.1 l h VOC/gal c o a t i n g vo!ume p e r c e n t s o l i d s . Therefore, t he

rayed each day i s eqi ial to :

.30 ga l s o l i d s = 30 g a l s o l i d s / d a y g a l c o a t i n g

h a t a so l ven t -ho rne c o a t i n g comply ing w i t h i t i n g ( l e s s wa te r ) l i m i t a t i o n c o n t a i n s 62

~ d s r e q u i r e d a t a c o n s t a n t p r o d u c t i o n r a t e ons s o l i &/day) r e g a r d l e s s o f whether t h e c o a t i n o i s used.

: ing, t h e usage r a t e i n g a l l o n s o f c o a t i n g

s o l i d s a l i e d x 1 g a l Complying c o a t i n g aiji-=- 0.62 pal solids

a1 comp ly ing c o a t i n g nceded/day

wable emiss ions.

oc yins

X

I

b VOC/day

38

4R.4 ga l comp ly ing c o a t i n g day

I CAl lT I f lN - Avo id t h e e r r o r o f c a l c u l a t i n g a l l o w a b l e emiss ions i n t h e

f o l l o w i n g way:

T h i s i s i n c o r r e c t and a l l o w s a h i g h emiss ion r a t e which i s n o t i n conp l i ance w i t h the r e g u l a t i o n .

b

39