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uB rot xe caust AeHb, KorAa [AononoKnoHHl4Kl4 ocKBpxrnu Xpau, B Tor xg4exu Xpau 6Hn oquuex - ABaAqarb nqroro qucna Mecnqa KucneB... 14 no ece-o6uer"rV corrtacuro ycraHoBneH 6stn Ans ecero eapecKoro HapoAa npa3AHt4K,orMeqarb roropur HaAnexhr h3 roAa B roA B 9Tr4 AHr4. Taxoeu 6utnr co6utrnR,npor3ouleAure B KoHqe npaBneHllt AHrnoxa, npo3BaHHoro 9nu$axout" (Bro-pan KH[ra Marxaseee, 10:8,9).

25 'rua Mecrqa Kr{cJreB enpecru HapoA orMerraer HaqaJIo rIpa3AHI,IKa Xaxyxa.flpargUrar, qexTpiulbnoe MecTO B KoTopoM 3aHI,IMaeT 3aXI,IraHI.Ie Cneve, npoAonxaeTctnoceur nne. Oll 6un ycrauonJreH B naMrrs o6 oguou ug naxsernux co6rtrn n nc-Topr.M Haltreto HapOAa, KoTopoe ltpoll3omno SO II n. AO H. 3., - BOCCTaHIII,I npoTI,IB AgrUo-xaiv, npannreJrr gJrJrr{Hl{(ruqecro uMnepr.ru, B cocraB roropoft BxoAI{JIa rorqa CrpanaVIzpawlx, Boccraulte 3To BclbrxHyJro BcneAcrBLIe xecroKoro TIoJII{rrTqecKoto, gKoHoMI'I-qecKoto, Kynbrypuoro l,t pent,ttuo3Horo rHeTa, KoropoMy [oABeplaJILIcb eBpel{ n 3peq-I4cpaelr. Iioccranue 3aKoHrrr.rJrocb nomro no6ego eBpeeB Ha[ rpeKaMI{, 6rrn ocro6ox-gex l4epycanluu, roso6uoBl{Jlacb clyx6a n Xpar',re. Enpecrcu HaPoA BHoBb o6pel rocy-AapcrBeHHyIo He3aBI{cI{Mocrs s csoe crpaue.

C,orraoro rpa4ullulr, B xo4e ocso6oxgeHut u oquqexux Xpaua nPoI'I3oIIIno rlyAo cKyB[I[HiIrdKoM MacJIa, B naMtrb o KoropoM u 6ru ycrauoBneu rIpa3AHI4K.

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CAenaHHaq h3 3onora xpaMoBanMeHopa. 6apenue$ xa "apxe Trra"e Pnure, rso6paxarcqn nobeAuutMapu Hecyulr4x xpaMoByro yTBapbprlMcKhx Bor.lHoB e 70 r. x. g.

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Maxer Broporo Xpar',1a, ncnonnennut no npoeKry npoS. Mr,rxaenq AaH-tloHst. focrnunqa"XonunenA", 14epycanru.

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B crrqenuoM 3gaHrlr,r Xpaua, flocrpoeHxoro n I4epycalr.rMe Ha nope Mopltr (Xpauo-no rope), xpaHr{ncr Kos.{er 3aBera. Xpau 6rrl qeHrpoM tl cpeAororleu qyxonuo xur-H Bcero enpecxoro Hapo4a. Tpr.r paaa B roAy - B [pa3AHLIKI,I flecax, Illanyot n Cyror -HapoA coBeprrraJr [:LrroMur,rqecrBo n Xparu, qro6u coBep[rr{Tb raM xeprBonpl,IHo[reHl,Is llBo3Hecrr{ 6rarogapcraeHHble luorurnrt Bory.

CyqecrronaJro ABa Xpama. llepnrrr 6ur uocrpoeH rlapeM llhol'.ro (Cororuonou). Erocrpor,rreJlbcrBo [poAoJrxaJrocb ceMb ret. Cor:racuo enpecxr,rM r.IcrotIHI,IKatu, flepnrrXpar',r npocrosa 410 aer lr 6ur pa3pFneH BaBr,rJIoHtHaMIa n 586 r. Ao H. e. B'ropo Xpau6srl nocrpoex nocJre Bo3Bparqexr.rg rls Banr.uroHcKoro nreHeHI,Is. Bepxynurecr n I,Iygercr,r3rHaHHI,IKI,r, BooAyIIIeBJreHHbre npr,r3brBaMl.I [popoKos Xarac n 3xapsu t,t TIoJIyqI,IBIIIecorJracr4e flepcr.{AcKoro qapr Kupa, [paBI,IB[Iero rorga crpaHo, xavaru crpol,ITenr,crBoXpartra. 3anepuu;rocb oHo cnycrr r{erblpe roAa, oK. 515 r. qo s. e. B xosqe I B. Ao H. o.qapr l,Ipoq 3xaqr{TeJrbHo nepecrpor,rn t,t pacrul,tpl{Jl 3AaHIle Xpaua, cAeJIaB ero croJlb Be-JII,TKoJIeIHbIM, r{To Mypeqlt Taruyga roBopI,IJII,I: "Tor, KTo He BLIAeJI 3AaHI,rt, rrocrpoeuHo-ro I,lpogot'r, B xI,I3HI,I csoeli He Br4AeJI Kpacl4noro lqaHur". Coraacso enpecxuu lIgroqHI,I-xana, Bropo Xpau npocrom 420 rer u 6rtr pa3pyIIIeH pI4MJIIHaMI{ s 70 r. H. s.

Ognuu r{3 HraBubrx qocruxeuu BoccraHr{r Marxaseen 6suo sogo6HoBJIeHI4e cJlyx-6rr n Xpaue. Cpasy xe rocJre r,r3rHanr{fl rpeKoB ln Xpaua efy4a Maxrare, Boxgb[oBcraHr{ecKux nocr, npLIKa3aJr yAaJrr.rrb ur Xpanra q3brrrecKl,rx I,rAoJIoB, ycraHoBJIeHHbIxTaM rpeKaMr.{, H roro6Honlrrs clyx6y, B ToM ql,rcJre lIcrIoJIHeHI,Ie 3aIIoBeAI,I o _Meuope -cAeJraHHoM lig golora xpaMoBoM cBerI{JIbHI,IKe. flpuuepno 2160 rer Ha3aA, 25-ro quclaMecflrla Kr4cJreB Vefyga Maxxase npu 6orlnroM crer{eulru HapoAa 3auoBo ocBflTI,IJIXpau. B xoAe ropxecrseHHo qepeMour.,ru oH 3axer cBerlrJrbHI4KI,I Ha sororo Meuope,BocKypr.rJr 6raronounc Ha 3oJIoroM xeprBeHHI{Ke I4 coBepIlI,IJr xeprBolpLIHoIIIeHII. OrogrMeuoprt AonxeH 6rrr roperr [ocror{HHo, Hr{KorAa He yracat. Ho noltcxtl ill4croro, He-ocKBepneHHoro rpeKaMI{ MacJra He yBeHrral[cb ycflexoM. 14 nce xe nocne AoJIrI,Ix [oIdcKoBn Xpaue HarrreJrct KyBIxr.IHrIr.rK c MacJroM, Ha KoropoM coxpaHl,IJlacb nerrarb nepBocBtIIIeH-uura. fleqarb oTa cBI,tAereJIbcrBoBaJIa o roM, r{To MacJIo rrllcro I,I [pI4toAHo AJIS 3axl4ra-HI,II otHt n Meuope. Ho uacra B KyBrxr.rHqI{Ke 6uro croJrbKo, t{To ero egna xnarulo 6uHa oAIiH geur,! H Bcenrrruulr coBepurrlJr qyAo: MacJro 3To ropeno IIeJILIX BoceMI'4rrc. B naMrrb o6 erou u 6rrl ycrauoBJreH npa3AHr4K - roprque cBeqLI npLI3BaHbI IIa[o-MH[aTr, O qyAe.

nT;l nl'lt-lDT-

tr)r:rnJt )! nis:) 1iulvrir )vr lirg; ni:i?:2l ,n'l)!pD ',t-sl toz nt?rt ,lr.t? -T-i.Eilnq1,; )ry1vr?-?Lty .t;11; ;?'?uf 'lF?tn rDp i:rl?"lD!12 ,nrDp)t?itit nrr"tDf nNnirlp ,) lnnv ni:lnna nnN ,Dlp'!?p n)l )p' r??nna 'ln Z?n nglpf i=r4rix:)u Txrtr) )?? nN n: n??? Drpl?p n'l n)?DD .1ir7in rllp??ry )p n;19prxpx17tu) 'Plllf Dili)ulN ,n??npl u'9p .9X'lpl-1r-1lt'! nlllD ,nlUi?i:l nlpll ,(l))nl,tr)llf ,tr'n]? ntlnp nt?1n n!lil!r) n;fnna ,p.2n rl lnN? Nrll? ny'l ,(Dlgrlltirll n?Utu I'DNi''r Dlfi'ullt .nDN n'nJr n''nl!"lD n-tlpn nnD (ninJ'' nirl"tDn))l"f nlr"l4l nN 1937 )ry1u1'1r:lryl )-Tlnll trp,l 'l!D trlt't )l ,in'lpD nx ln)ix plxt ,)ll1 tN? 'l?!rp :l!'?'! 924 vIVBA-n''t ."E)):t)rlD" tr;'pnN lgl lN"t?)ltrn .trf)lDN '!-)! nilir)ry nx rrp? rpr:rl tr)-r:t;"lJit ?llr)rir ':pin )pr ,pjpr1ir1.trnr-T?t? n)rn nrrt nilrU? trn)?I rpp;.,1 ,?xlvr? .'tD n13l n?pil nX )h? ltrfXlni:+t? tr"t;7tt rvr-5) clN tr)'Ttn?i .nqrp) prl ,nf;.r nirn ro')D .:11 xlu rn )l

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Cneea: "Kro ea l-ocnoAa - ro uxe!"Maruruniy npr3brBaer xrrene Mo.qr,tnxaBCTaTb nOA 3HaMeHa BOCCTaHHn.l-paeopa no AepeBy l-ocrasa [ope.

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Boccrasue Harrtulocb s 167 r, Ao H. g, rrocJre roro, KaK BJIacrI{ Bo3HaMepI,IJII,tcb HaBt-3arb eBpecKoMy HapoAy 3JlJrr.rxlIcrl,rqecKyrc KyJILrypy, IIeHTpaJIbHbIM MoMeHToM Ko-ropori 6rrro orflpaBneHr.re rpeqecKr{x r3blqecKllx KyJIbroB. B ry enoxy Crpaua l4zpau'r^r.Bxo4r.{na B cocraB Cerenrr4cro lruneplur, Bo3Hr,rKrrrerl [ocJle pacna4a LIM[epII[ Arex-caugpa Maregoncxoro. Kpoue 9peq-I4cpaeru, Cerenrrgcxiu I{MnepIIs BKrloqara s ce6sBasr.rroHrrro (conp. I4pax), Malyro Arurc r Cuputo. flpanrrerr aro ltuuepnr Arrrox IV(nposnaxnrr SnrQaxou, T. e. "BerlIKoleuxlttu") crpeMr.rJlcff cnJIorI,ITb B eAI.IHoe Kynb-Typxoe lr peJrr{rr{o3r{oe qenoe sce o6racrn cBoero rocyAapcrBa, HaceJrexHoro pa3HbIMLIHapogaMr{, y KaxAoro r.r3 Koropbrx 6rrl cnori r3brK, cBor KyJlbrypa, cBot penurus. AH-rnox 6su yBepen, rrro ero [JraHbr He Bcrperrr n Crpaxe Vzpautt cepbe3Horo conpo-TvBiletus, [ocKoJ]bKy 6orlnuscrno xr4Burux raM eBpeeB 6r,lrra npmepxeHIIaMI,I rpeqec-xo xy.nrrypr,r (ux narunarr4 itumbnaut*+r - "orpeqfiBttrlIMlrct"). Axruox [pL{Ka3aJI [pe-Bparr,rrb I4epycanuucrr,r Xpau B cBcr[rr.rqe 3esca u or[paBJltrb raM TaKxe xynrr [n-oHr.rca. Enperu 3anperleHo 6rrlo co6rrcAarb 3aKoHbl cnoe peJrllrrln. Hx npr.ruyxAanuHapyrxarr, 3aKoHbr cy66oru u npa3gHr.rKoB, 3anpeqanu coBepularb o6pesauue MnaAeH-qau. Hapyrur,rBrrrlrM 3Tr,r 3anperbr rpo3r.{Jra cMepruzur Ka3H},. H s ro xe BpeMt eBpeeB 3a-craB JITJI I,r npLIHocr.ITb xeprBbr rpeqecKr,rM 6orau, ecrb cBI,IHI,IHy.

Ho loneslrr Arrrnoxa nplrBeJrr{ r o6parnouy pe3yJrbrary, Bbr3BaB ynopxoe conporr.IB-neHne HapoAa. Bosnr.rrro craBuree culrnorol,r AJrr cJreAyrcIqfix noKoJIeHI,I uacconoe gnu-xeHr,re 3a ocBrrrleHr,le lrMeHH Bcenuuuero: JrroAlr roroBbl 6rtlu yt'reperb, Ho He I,I3MeHI,ITbcnoe nepe. Anoreeu groro HapoAHoro ABr,r)Kenr,rr colporI,IBJrgHI,It craJlo BoccraHl,IeMaxraseen.

Boccrasue BcrrbrxHyJro B AepeBHe Moguuu, Koropar pacloJraraJracb HenoAaneKy orropoAa JIoq. Korga B 3ry AepeBHrc npu6srr qapcxuri r{rruoBHr,rK c reu, vro6bl 3acraBl,rrbxurere [pr,rHecrr{ xeprBbr r3brr{ecKr,rM I,r,qoJIaM, Marurrrfy, npl,IHaAJlexauuu r csc-rrleHHr.rrrecKoMy poAy Xaruuoua, y6u,n eroro qr,rHoBHr{Ka r.r pa3pyul{Jl nocrpoeuuu rpe-KaMr,r xeprBeuuur. Ou noAHrJr Boccraur.re no AeBr43oM Mu naweu eJra! ("Kro sa foc-[oAa - ro urrc!tt). K goccraguro npilcoeAHHI,IJIIicb Bce re eBpeI,I, Koropbre He xoreJII,I I,I3-MeHrrb cnoe nepe H roroBbr 6rlru cpaxarbcrr 3a Hee Ao nocleqxeli xanru rponu. Ma-rurufy l.t ncrb ero clrHoseri (Hoxauau, lIIuuoH, Lleiyga, Sma:ap u I4ouarau) yIuJILI Bropbr r4 TaM BoKpyr Hr,rx craJrr{ co6uparrcr xacudu ("npanegxrre") - rax Hasl'tsaru ce6snoBcrarrqbr, Bcprrbre enpecro penr{rnrr,

)l 1rr nu11l nl)?ilnlr ntlrurr)ir-tr'tJli:r .':"ll? ir?'?l )Vl nPt:n nnlf nl):ltitnnrro? :zg-tl6) l,i.T?in rTlp??N lrlrl rryD n'llpl nFngfi:r ir npl:r1 .it'lTlnt ;r;iu?- ni'pp't?itt1 ni:fnna ,Nl?/t-1-r.Bl lufvT rr'1nx il1? trtnNp? l?F? .(n'r'!p-

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.n)'T:rir?il nlDp1n liTl'tr,til'! ni'pptl?itir nlgiui)rln:ninY/l 1x171 ,n1inl .lnlnn ilFt trl tri'l)))t:l ,)X'lvlt-y-r.N'! tr?lpf l'Iln)D trtl"tngga )vr f'?l't n13 n?Ell np)4 nt;11,1r irg?,t .(Diri:'u:N iH uitptrn inpl pt1;11u'9n nixn ?)nEt Dt!?N) n'Tl:r tr,!r'lln?] ln?n? .llTt 'lit'! rTlr lit n)"!?llTnNFl) "tr)PJpit tr,n"tD" irl?ilir trP1fFX trlt"tDt n')J'? nFfJ4 n'1in1 1ry1 ,ni"tlr

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Haxo4rcr noA Bnacrbro err.rx rocygapcrn, enpericKoe HaceJreHre 3peq-HcpagJrb, r.t Boco6eHgocru Bblcmne cJIoI{ ropoAcxoro o6tqecrBa, [oABeptaJrocb ycr.rJleHuo elluuuga-t1l.tl.t. 9leuu 6orarrtx ceMecrs LI Aaxe [epBocBrrrleHHr.rKr.r flepelrJrr.r Ha rpeqecKlr lluK,AaBaJII.I CBOLIM AeTtM sJrJrr,rHI,ICTI4r{eCKOe BOCnr4TaHlre, II3yTIUuIU tpeqecKyro JILITepaTypy uQuroco$uro. Bce ero, pa3yMeercr, orArurrJro r,rx or rpaAr.rquri cBoero Hapoga. MsorueeBper.r B Erranre u n 3peq-Hcpa3Jrb, cpe4rl Koroprrx 6lrro Aaxe HecKoJrbKo MygpeqoBToprt, HocI{JII{ rperrecKlre I{MeHa (lupxau, Anrnros u r. n.). lpevecxu fl3brK BbrrecxrJrr'rBpHT I{ apauecxu, Ha Koropbrx roBopr.rJrr{ TotAa eBpelr, KaK B ycrno, TaK II B nr{cb-uessoli pe.ru. B Taluyge I{ MI,Ipa[ax Hacqr,rrbrBaercs or. 2.500 rpeqecKr.rx 3ar{McrBoBa-xu. Bo II r. 4o s. e. 6tu cAeJraH nsnecrHtr [epeBoA Topu ua rpevecrn s3brK - Cenry-AII,IHTA.

Mygpeqbr Idzpauw, BI,IAeJILI B oJIJII{HI{3aIIr{r.r cMepreJrbHyro olacuocrb caMoMy cyqecr-BoBaHI{Io enpecroro Hapoa lt 6oporuct c pacnpocrpaHeHr4eM tpeqecKoro BoclrrraHlrrr trKynbTypbl cpeLr eBpees. BoccraHl4e Marxaneen, BcnbrxHyBuree B oTBer Ha roHeHr.rq AH-ruoxa IV, craJlo crI,IMynoM pocra I4 yKpe[JleHrlt HapoAHoto ABr,r)KeHI{{ xacuoa, HanpaB-JIeHHoro nporllB 3JrJIIlrrr{3aIdI4I,I I{ ee Hocr.rreJl eit, uumz,aeuu,u.

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* "#i #'ffi"";;:Xl#f; ffiKaBeeB (rl. 7) u n BasunoHcrou Ta:ruyge (rparrar fraruu, 57). Xana l,t ceMb ee cnnoneoTKa3aJII{cb noKJIoHI4TLcf, t3blrlecKoMy I,IoJIy I,I notu6nu, ocBtTHB rur locnoqa. lpevec-KI,Ie conAarbl nbITuIHcb 3acraBr,ITb gere, Bcex no oqepeAl,I, noKroHLITbcs I,IAony u orBe-Aarb cBr{Hlrurr. I,I ro, H Apyrce eapecxar penntl,rr crpoxaue 3anperqaer AeJrarb eB-perc. Bce cblnoBbt, raxgrr B cBolo oqepeAb, orKe3aJrucb BbrnoJrHr,rrb rpe6onaune col-gar u 6sr:ru roABeprHyrbr Myqr,trenbuo cueprn,tra rJra3ax y Marepr{. Korga noAounaorrepeAb nocJlegHero, caMoro MaJreHbKono cLIHa, coJIAarbI peuunl,t 4o6urrcr cnoero o6-MaHoM. Ha sel{rrc rar 6u cryualiuo ypoHr{nu KoJrbr{o u flotrpocnnn MaJrbrMKa noAHrrbero. Cgera oH gro, co croponbl Monro noKa3arbcr, qro orr Krausercr tqony,Ho ualr-rrr.rK pa3ragaJr xr,rrpocrb coJrAar r.t orKa3arcs BbrnoJrHr,trb trx npr,rKa3. Os roxe 6ul rar-ueu. Torga Xana ynpocr,tJla coJIAar no3Bosrrrrrb e noqenonarb cBor{x y6urux gere, noc-JIe qero [oKoHqr{Jra c co6o, 6pocnnmncr c Kpbrrxu. Ta.nuyn roBopr,rr,.rro Xaxa noMep-)Kr.rBaJIa Ayx B cBoI,IX CbrHOBbtX, npOCI,IJIa I,rX TepnenI,IBO nepeHocr{T}, MyrleHut n norlt6-Hyrr,, ocBrr}rn I,INas locuoga. A ce4luoMy cbrHy cKa3zura: > (filrun, 57).

I4cropltx repol,I3Ma lr ctoxocrn Xaurr r.r ee csrnoner, Koropru [por.r3omra B 3rroxyroueru Auruoxa 3nn$ana, Boogy[IeBrsra enpeltcxu napog B TrxeJrbre BpeMeHa, 3a-KaJItJIa ero Ayx, Bcersra B Hero yBepeuuocrb r srrcrle IIeHHocTLI ero cBsrqeHHbrx IrAea-JroB, paAI,I Koropblx cr6rr npere6pevr yxasar'rr,r BJracrr{TeJre-snogeen }r rqrr.r Ha cMeprb. 10

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stll vt;g itt t.ll2utt! 1FD2 il1:'trv :ntian1 .'n v:,:tiz 2y nYP:,tinl nnn;l r1:,D, nl!.'n vj:Tp 2y nTnst nEV nfi 2ut lrt? nytv :npp2 .n7,rp2 t6'il nrynl ,nlla1l .n?l7;l

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"Ocsnqexne nuexu FocnoAa" - rotoexocrb noxeprBoBatu co6crsexFio xrgnup H BbtHecru nto-6ure crpa4axue Bo hMR Bepbt B Sora l4spannn. Ha pr.rcyHre uso6paxexut eBpeh, Koropbte roroebl6urnta oceRruru uiac l-ocnoAa u noru6nyru, Ho He noAqr4H]rrbce yKa3aM Anrnoxa lV. Bepxxu pucy-HoK B3nr u3 pyKonr4c!,t, coAepxaule xaHyKanbHbre nnprbt,l-epuanur, XVI e, Ha HuxHeM p'lcyHKe:ceiau cutxoge Xaxur, norr6urne, ocBsrhB rar'rrn l-cnoAa. Ha geyx pt4cyHKax B qeHTpe: Axruox nul-raercn y6egnrb nepBocBnu.leHHuKa enba3apa nphHecrh xeprBbl isblqecKuM hAonaM; nepBocBe-u{eHHHK OTKa3anCg CAenaTb gro u 6utn noABeprHyT t,tyvrrenuxo xasxu.

nryn? ,n?ry ,nTt .oisit'Ds,y lql ,1D ,72DD t7tt,' N;f :nYD?.nrDDrl\nd ngriTnDl2 iot nn2y 2A ,npry2na )te ;7t72t77 .1e'7Bnrey: apunn Vleiygtt Maxxaeen npornB apMhr4 ta 6oeestx cno-Hoe AHruoxa. l-tocrae Aope, Opaxqun, XIX a. Cnpaea: 6oeeocnon, uso6paxexxst xa onnHHucrr4qecxo cepe6pnno rapenxe.

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3HAqEHIIE CJTOB A XAIIYKA

Cnovo xanyrca o3uasaer "plnyaa ocBsrrlenr.rtHoBoro goua". B groM 3uarresrru ono yflorpe-6leno, nanpurraep, n xxnre Teiururrt: "flcalolr,uecur fiauuqa ttpu ocBrrrleHr.ru Xpar'aa" (Tefir-nr.iltr,30:1), Ocno6oqun or rperon XpaM 14 ortlrc-TI{B ero or r3LrqecKl.rx I{AoJIoB, Xacuoueu ot-trpa3ArroBirJru ero ocBr{enr{e. Tar paccra:rr-saercs o6 groM B flepror runre Maxrasees(m.4): "I4 ocB.srrrl oHlr xeprBeunr{K B Torxe caurrrt AeHb, Korga ocKBeprrJrr.r ero nAo-JIoloKJIoHHLIKr.t... Z npaegnoBaJrr.r ocBrxrenrre)KeprBeur{r4Ka Boceur gue".

Llcropur HocuQ Onasu narunaer Xauyry"npasqnuxou crera", nocxorbKy crlaceHlie npr4-rJro Hapogy Llspaunx KaK Bue3arruo BoccsB-urnri cser. B sauru gnn Xauyxy roxe r.ruorgauasrrnator "npa3grlrxorra cnera".

(nytV lil$ )?iP7a 2Y wY .tli?2,11i ,lD.nJ'lzil 'lr2 nryDll n$nt? 1t?yD

Cpaxaroulncn rpevecxu eoun. l4so6paxeHr4e HacapxoQare, lV s.4o n. s. lnil tru,Y ..'

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[epennr Mogur,rn o6napfxeua apxeonoraMr.rs6rr.{slr ropoga JIog. B Mogulrrre 6rrru noxopo-uesrr Marnrrr$ u vemepo ero crrnoreri, uo-rn6urux s 6oqx. IIIilroH, oAl{H Lr3 crrnoseli Ma-Tr4"tbsfy, Bo3BeJr HaA Morr,lJraMr.r orqa u 6parrearerrEroaennuri cKIrerI, B Koropotrl nosquee 6rutttoxoponeu n caM. Cuen 6rrr parpyuex n VII r.Bo BpeMq snsantr4cxo-uepc[cKr{x ros. BnpornJroM BeKe oKoJro Mogr.nrna 6rrl o6uapy-xeu qelu prg BbrcerreHHbrx B cKaJre 3axopone-uu, a nag HrlMr{ - pa3Banr{Hbr ApeBHr{x uocrpo-er. Cvltraor, rITo gru 3axopouerrr - Morr.rJIbIMarxanees.

ryivx.tl nytgin D')i7n nyfu) nlitn :n?yp2,li1tjts,? txtinusli 72pD yJt?V) yj?tP

.hJrgEn ,n, 3z-4O Dithrt2JY :,nnnD.nFfii7d l\)r1iD2 trrfJ,?D niVV :npn?

Beepxy: ceMncrBofl bHan Menopa BnepBbtenogBnflgTcq Ha MoHeTe, orqexaxennonocneAHu M xacl,toHecxu rrir qapel,l Marnrsn iyAnrnroxou (40-37 rr.4o r. e.). Bxusy: rrlorrnurMaxxaeeee e l,4oAtanxe.

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(Bem Xautuoua Ha LIBpI,Ire): nepBocBrr{eHHr,rK Marr,rrurfy u rrrrb ero cbrnoBe. Xac-MoHetM yAanocb ocBo6oAl,lrb Llygeto or I{Ho3eMHoro r{ra r.r Bo3poAI,ITb He3aBr{cr{Moe eB-pecroe tocyAapcrBo. XacuosecKiur AuHacrr.rr 3aHr{MaJra r{enTpaJrbHoe Mecro Ha apeueeBpecKo Llcropl{u Ha nporflxeuwfi x.rr3uv nrrr.r noKoJreuu, c 165 no 37 rr. Ao H. a. Bceqapll lI [epBocBtIrIeHHI{KI{ npl,IHanexan[ K poy Xacruoueer. Ha pauHrx grallax 6opr6rr3a ocBo6oXAeHI,Ie or rpeqecKoro ura XacMorer4 [oJrb3oBaJrucr muporo noggepxro ua-poAa. fIporLIB HI,tx BbIcrynaJILr irr{rtrb ilumbflaHuJt4. Xacuosen 6rrlu n tJra3ax HapogacI{MBoJIoM HaIIuoHaJIbHoro ocno6oxqegur. Ho rreM donbure yKpenntnacb r.rx BJracTb, TeMcepbe3Hee cTaHoBHJIocb conpoTl{BJleHe vrM - B ocHoBHOM CO CTOpOHbI 3KCTpeMr{CTCKr,r Ha-cTpoeHHblx xacuoa lI xpaHI{TeJIe }t roaxosarererl pelur}ro3Hori TpaAr,rqr{rr, KoTopbrxHa3brBaJrr{ npyuuil ("orcrpauunurrecs [or rpexa]"). Osu cqlrraJrr{, lrro B pyKax rlaptAOJIXHa OCTaBaTbCt JII,Imb rOCyAapCTBeHHat BJraCTb I,r rtTO OH He MOXeT OAHOBpeMeHHO6utl rarxe I{ nepBocBtuleHHr,rKoM. Bltll,t l,r raKr,te, r{To odBl,rgrrr.r XacMoHeeB B y3ypna-quu qapcxo BJIacrI,I. flo ux MHeHr4ro, qaptrMr.{ z kltpaune MotJrr4 6srrt luulb [oroMKr,rqapr fiaruga.

3ru paruorlacl{f, yAanocb ycrpaxr.rrb Jrr,rrrrb B nepr{oA npaBneur.rs qaprrrlbr llllourluon(7647 rr. Ao H. e.), xorga 6111 4ocrurxyr KoMnpoMr.rcc c npyutttrr. - B r,rx pyKr{ nepe[rJrolpaKTr.rqecKoe ynpaBJreHr,re rocyAapcTBoM, a 3aKoHbr B r4HrepnpeTaqr{r,r MyAperloB-xpaHr,r-rere rpagurlr4r{ cHoBa craau o6qeo6srarellutrur,r 3aKoHaMr,t rocyAapcrBa.

B ucropltvecKo nepcneKTr{Be coBepltleHHo or{eBrlqHo, rITo IIaprM XacMonecxo qn-HacTr4r,r yAaJrocb paAr,rKaJrbHo r,r3MeHr,rTb noiroxeHr4e l,Iygecroro qapcTBa Ha MexAyHa-pogtto apeHe. Idyge'. 3aHtJIa noqerHoe Mecro Ha r(apre r{r4Br,rnr43oBaHHoto Mr4pa, npe-BpaTI,IBIIIIICb I43 TpeTbepa3ptAHoro, pacfloJloxeHHoto te-To Ha Kparo lycTbrHr.r tocy-AapcrBa B AepxaBy, Teppllropr,rt xoropo rrHynacb or coBpeMeHsoro 3lr-Apr4rrra Harore Ao Anruoxuu Ha ceBepe.fiiliRHfifilF rr \*,1?' $-\fft,"4

'1P-8il lN tlPEil ;1ll;l?)!izD ]N )tlE try/il vrlrg .in'11:l trlu )D rNlinvrlir lnlnnD 'lt nTnrt JD) i..ll tlt!tr'?Nl linT 'p ptDgil )y.r nrrni-'!rN'lD r?"tp rlpp trvlil )! ,tr).'utiN !r1 .plrr i:rxni:n-rlrxi .a2,n 2V trrNliD-?DD tr)nnitit ln'tF n.Iil iTlD+n nl)t .(xr ,tu niDlr) ,it,'fi2pil nTn: :nl? 'lN'lll lD l! ,tr)..ltfpi:l vr: .UFir 1l li:l! lnlIItD trir trtrnN

.''pl1? url2lJ inl )X'prt t3lixr n?i:'l? ,?r)l2git !r)l.l ,nfiZDit lrrN in)!Fy/Dy/nN rp'i:r )Xt? nl )? ,'tnir pl4i:t 'tll-''1tuit N?y1 nB D'lf? Dr?yn 'l?Di nllnr,trr"lyl3l - l?? n?I Ntv, trii7Ft triNil nN }rngf?i l!1n )vr npt)nt nl..l,'itDt'TlN 1n ,ryn 1in1 ))'t)-t"l:lui:l H;yir ni:l)? Ir1xrp .trr"t,ll lrt trr1y trr..t?ID tri.r?nN 'ftpil n'Tlnt lr?N :1? .np4rlirl N? .'IDDD nJlnllrt ll:tlpl ,1;1fu 1ir4ta nry

.)-T:ti-.llit nni!? ,1irnr il n;,;u niTpl tr'lg tN trrlg )r??D nll unflf :1ix;

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Suanupoeannan ra6nnqxa c lrso6paxexuerirl,1erynur Maxxaees. Opaxqran, XVI e.

KTO CMOX(ET PACCKA3ATb?Crona: Menaue Pasr.rgaMy:rrxa: Hapo4Hat

Mu enanau zeypm ucpa6.oo -Qmdu nu uuu6?feu 6exna dop arcyu iazu6plono ladu.IIIUa! Eaautv f.aiu, dasudu iaa,Maxa6 uowria yQo| -Ypeauuy Konb aM ucpaS.naI'Iumz,axdd, arcyu aeuzaS.oo.

llPhf ,V tr"lirlil ni;tlll ;'l--llfl f'1i2! ,Et!!t!;l o'nN,l nuDnp lnx ,llvlN )p inin )V rppn D'tiZD,l 'tpgl'" .o'ola'oq'in i, -1i;1,roi i'."=i* ;;:;oi:i'tilN I'vy,t l?p,l ntux'Jl E'i?]?g,l N?r .Er$liDrrtt,l )q/ Dn?,: ni:121r rFN ;rI ir:,1rllD,l ;'1Jr;1t .EllN ilT ;rJl;rl r-t|$ r:y) oTizni (otp'p|! oi:i'glx )u iu']i') riegllf('i?]?9 IYD )'n il+ lql] ,ntt,l 'r't) DirJ ;rflll) N'li?tr n:ryDn 'rirp,l nN I'a,? rl$t

.irll)fn'll )?lnnir y"'PD,l l'li?'l .::iN,l ':p nN n'liz)l D:?gr'r'lq,.I?aA :lir ;rt )'p )y '? :qq1 ,D'"!n$? D'?'p,l l ''lni' urgqD ;rl?q ,)'D? I'nln ri1l?15.n14! inix FD?r rlvlN )!r )91 )'p,1 ,i'rgr?l in':1 ng yp4 ,)'p,l 'h't 't'l )x 7r xl;r

.N'!T? ilrl nX )nii ilP lirx;l ,;r?Dl 'l, ? nlg? ;rll:r? F!x: l.li?,t )r? iD,iol 16

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,rg7 nN Dt1')i nntDp Tl2l!2v yl, Tnn .nn)'! n,7 ripj

.ntit tt2otsOnsasap y6neaer 6oeeoro cnoHa BcpaxeHuu y 6er-3xapsra.I-paaopa no AepeBy l-rocraea Aope

IEPOI,ICKA-fl CMEPTbSJIbA3APA

Knura MarraneeB paccKa3l,IBaer o rr4-6enrE 3nsarapa, ognoro vsDarr4 6par:ren-Marxaneen, xoroprr nopa3r.rJr 6oerorocJIoHa, cBoero poga "taur" TorgarrrHr4xBpeMerr.

To cpaxenr.re 6ruo ognuu us Hara6o-Jree BDKHbrx no nceri noitHe. lpero-cu-pwficxaa apMr4r Bo uane c Anruoxor'.r Es-naTopoM, MoJroAbrM rlapeM, yHacrIeAoBaB-mrlM rtpecror Auruoxa 3nu$ana, urnavepea serrarra I4gyr\rerr, HanpaBJrrrcs K py-6exarra I{yqer.r. Veiyaa Marxase slr-HyxqeH 6ru cxgtu ocagy c xpenocru Ar-pa, Koropar 6rua nocrpoeua v Wepy-caJrr4Me, K rory or Xparuono ropbl Ir Broropo pasu efi\arcr. cupuircxufi rapnu-3OH, I.{ OTnpaBI4T},Cq HaBCTpeqy npary. Pe-uaroqas 6lrrna upolrcouna Bo3JIe ro-poga Eer?r-3xapra.

Bo nperr.rr 6or Snrasap 3aMerr4r, riroogr,rx lr3 rpeqecrurx doenrtx c,yroHoB yKpa-ureu 6ora.re gpyrrrx r,r peuun, qro Ha HeMEaxoAr.rrcr r1apr. Ox 6poclucr K cJroHy,BcraJr noA ero 6proxor'a 14 BoH3r4Jr B Herocno N.re.r. PyxHynulr cJroH pa3aBr4JrcMeJrbqaKa. B rouqe groro cpa)KeH[qI4effiaBF,IHyxAeH 6r,tr orcrynurs n rop-nur pariou fyQna, rAe B cBoe BpeMtHaqaracb ero Kapbepa noJIKoBoAIIa.

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Hqfyga, crru Marurlrfy, nolyvur npo3Br.rqe Maxa6u (n pyccxo rpa4r.rqrm - Mar-xane), Tor{Hoe 3Haqegr4e,Koropoto Her43BecrHo, Ognu cvlrrarcr, .rro eio a66pennarypacJIoB I43 KHI,Illl IIIuor (15:11), cTaBIIII{x AeBrl3oM BoccraBurr{x, -.+u/ xaitox 6o"ittui,aylem (gocl. "rro, rar Trr, cpeAr.r cr'rJrbHrrx, locnogr?"). rlo MHeHr4ro Apyrlrx, "MaKa-6r.r" oro a66penuqrypa cJroB Mamumuaiy rcoeu 6eu Hoxauau ("Marl,rirrfy-[epBo-cBtIrIeHHr,rK, cus I,IoxauaHa"). Ecrs.u eule oAHa Bepc[r: croso uarca1u npolrcxogui orJiaKarem, "Moror", noroMy vro I,Iefyqa, cJIoBHo ruraurcxut? MoJIor, tpoMI,IJI cBol{xBparoB.

Vefyrc Marxaserc yAaJrocb pa3rpoMr,rrb rcpa3Ao 6o;ree culluyto, rreM ero co6crnes-Hat, rpeKo-cttpucxyto apMLIrc, [ocKoJIbKy oH yAar{Ho I,rcrroJrb3oBaJr 6ucrpory [epeABr,I-xeHr4{ cBor{x coJrAar no MecrHocru. Euy_yaBaJrocb BHe3arrHo Halaarb Ha Bpata By3Kr,rx ropHbrx yqeJrbrx, tAe y rpeKoB ue 6ulo Bo3MoxHocrr{ MaHeBpr.rponart. HefygaMarrane 3acraBJrsr [porlrBHr4Ka Bcrynarb B cpaxeHr,rs co csoeli apuue rau, rq'e yenpelicrux Bor,rHoB 6rmo npeuuyqecrBo.

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niu n?_?1ij,'rF$ t! slp uliznl ring '1pta rrsp r?t l?'i:rl rDt:|Lrlf r??l u'rh! i":!",FrDl ir?lnn ir?JyDi:r ni'r: upp rp'?l;l ::?f :F$ oi' s?s i:'?'lir? il n;p s)1t\;.1ftt ,.',tlti:t ,ll1lt{!t4 EtD?n t)pJr ilr rlpD .tl;.rg ,l-ntt l\I,li.],l E,'ll.lit lttn?u/ .1u

)u niu1 E,I? 'l'i?'?lpr )?nl nFDn rD: ,r?p>l n") l!?nng rbs,; n.n; r:inlar!.1- E"!.1) "Dlit nib;h nist;r? nrb'?D ntinup n?:?t ;?:? ??? n'n?;r 'nfl

.() p-r.? ,;:1n nt:l; - ;'1po! 1204-1138 ,1tnlD 'lt iltnn?p?J Dli:l tp ';r? nirin) Nrir il?lni )f ,!, n)"1?!ir nlynt .lturNt rl nZ?fAn: ;r1i:n N''np ,irl?lnt n'pl) nTfraa .rll niz?ra 't'')p Dln nN nplgh

:ni:11 vr)v7 nl;1;Fr lpll r: nti?t9'rn :q,1 )vr 1iux1,; tri'r .tr)r? nJrnll,.np14 )ur rt D'?'t;r' rJJlt l',qllD! r)g/ri? rurx,n!iu; t)n,r:';r)* r!,ii!$ trt?

.n:lillD!! ,FittF E.Dl! u'nr:S! EtEl ;gpvr ,nliup tln ,u'nbx :l ,'r!$ lrr?.lrlillDi? rJ?llirJ rJps;r rJlniru ,n!rup 1ln ,r:.r)s :t ,ir!$ trr?

.nitturxr4 nir'11;1 'nur nN p1 nrrnix tr'N?l )F,l 'Dl n!?vll .nnl n;inurt;gt - tJPit niu :rpi?l .c1gi: r: u'7'9'TD ut' )??l ,T[rN 1: trr?)?'TD 1iuHr,; ut'1;rlinu ir tr'Z'tJD? ,'))r.lp1 ni't r! n*2o l?l ,nir; nv7)p -'u'?v1;:r pirg ,nir))xnlvn tr4lrN tr)?'tlBr )xnu) lrn?D n?llnf nirri nN (trr']:tDD) n':lID .nirl

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.n;11 rl? tr.'tp? tr.')F?ir ); nllx ,ntl lnY2t ?,21a2 r[r?Pl ln n]lntDill .tsee ,D1)ti7t1? .n?pD n'rf nplD nitt n2?n

rhltir Dr.ti': :trrg' 3axrranue xaHyKanbHbrx ceeqe e chHarore. opaur$ypr, 1899 r.np-ln?

,nrrtrylit tfti'r),trr.]:l!Eil lll nF

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- ni:inlt )u niylrn )p.rirt )p ni:'ip )l

MOI,I CBEIII,IC.nona: Moppuc Posen$enlgMyuma: Hapoguarr

Hepomd iaaapypu,Ma pa6'j iacunypu,JIU wtadm /ap;A.au auu eexuutttoum,Ana mpym tuenu uutqxoum -A,tu rcpaam wenu pop.

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3axnranue uJecro xaHy-xanuxo ceevu. flepeo3axnrapr uecryo, xpa-Hlolo cneBa cBegy, nocneA-xe - nepeyro, xpanoncnpaBa.

3A)KPITAHTIE XAITYKAJIbHbD( CBBIIEI,IuEurno 3To B Mecqqe KncfleB. Vl eownu oxn e Xpau, r HaLUnh oAhH nr4ub KyB-uuHr{nK HeocKBepHeHHoro Macna, KoToporo Morno xBaTr4Tb Bcero Ha oA14Hgeuu. Ho 3axrnu oHt4 gro Macno B naMnaAax, h ropeno oHo BoceMb 4He, noraHe Bblxatll4 o{n v3 MacnHH r{ncToe Mactlo. lloerouy l4 ycTaHoBrnr MyApeqbtToro noKoneHrlfi, qro BoceMb srrx 4He, Haq[Haa c zl-to xrcneea, 6yAyrAHsMrl paAocrrl r npocnaBnenhs BceeuruJHero, r B grr4 AHr4 6y4yr saxrrarscBerhnbHrKu y 4eepe AoMoB KaxAyo Hoqb - vro6ur npoeo3rnaularb o vy4e*(Pau6au [p. Moue 6eu Mauon, 1138-1204], 3axosul XaHyrr, v. 3).

3AXI'IIAHI'IE IIEPBOIA CnntII4. OurocHar{ 3aroBeAb, Koropyrc Mbr r.rcrroJrHreM BXanyry, sro [pr.ruecenlre 6rarogapHocrr.r Eory ra r{yAo, Koropoe Ox grr Hac coBeprrrr{Jr.Mu nponorrJlallaeM o6 erona r{yAe, 3a)KI,Irat cBeqr,r. firr raxuranug cse.rer rrc[onb3y-eTct ceMl,lcrBonbHbl noAcBerIHI,IK - xttHyKutt. B nepnu AeHb npa3AHlrKa MbI 3DKr{taeMoAHy cBeqy u [pou3uocr.ru rpu 6.narocloBeHrrs:

SnarocnogeH Tur, l-ocno4u, Eor xau, BnaAurxa BceneHxo, ocsnrrsuJrl xacCeouMr 3anoBeAgMh r noBeneBur xai,l saxrrarb xaHyKanbxure ceequ!Snarocnoeex Tur, l-ocnoAu, 5or Hau, Bna,qurxa Bcenexxo, coeepruraunqyAeca AnR npeAKoB Haulr4x B re AHrl, a sro epeun ro4a!Snarocnoeex Tur, l-ocno4s, 5or xau, BnaAurxa Bcenexro, Koropur AapoBanHaM Xr3Hb, r noAAepxuBan es B Hac, u Aan HaM Aoxr4Tb Ao STOrO epeuexu!

BOCEMb CBEIIEI,I. B c.negynrque ceul gue rpa3AHr.rKa npor,r3uocrr rorrbKo ABa rep-Bbrx 6naro&'roBerr[.s. B nepnr,t AeHb 3axr{talor oAHy cBer{y, Bo nropori - ABe, B rperlr- Tprr kt r. A. B BoclMo, nocleqnu AeHb 3axr,rraror BoceMb cneqe, Cseq[ ycraHaBJrr{-Bator Ha xaHyKue crrpaBa HiLneBo, Ho 3axltrarcr ux n o6patHoM noprgKe: cJIeBa HarrpaBo.Jlyvrne Bcero - 3axl,Irarb cBerI,IJIbHI,rK c oJrr4BKoBbIM MacJroM, Ho lrpl,troAHbr AJrfl groro Jrro-6rre uacra u nro6bre Qurulu.

fiern saxuraor xaHyKanbHbre cBeq14 .niln nh) D'i7'rit7 D'1??

nN tr'p)r'TD nI rlJ .vrP?/ N'lzln rFN 'r) tr]) ,?l tr'iz)t'lD )Di)n rt? tpi)r .t DtgilvrPPt .trilD Dirl iN nl?lnl )u njrlD n'llun l'l!)l inlN tr'-I)DyB:t ,nl-lll rn)l:lDl:] ,D)vri'T? niT;:lv, 'lgD ,n;r;pl nN ]rNl!, lpi) 'riN nlflllj ).Il trrpnD?D

.D)il DlD"tg nlID? 'Tt?n n-].nN n]pD trlp? tr'liNr lrnDpir?(n?!rnn ir?rnfpu?) npDt np'i?vrD Nln n?lEil nir) niz?'Tit) tnla .il??litit lD!nilrp2 )i:1 ,nr lDIf i7'?'Tn? iTrgpir x)u rn 1n .ur::il; nxy rDN? npt? rID rpnp?'X[l lp?]?!, ''I? ,:l:Jyir ):T tr)ri'Tl nirnt tr'llD n'n)i:l ...I?.ril l! n?l?ir )p nxinil) .n?u nil) :i? lDNl n?ln nir: nr7 trri?)?'TD (r!r!, trit!) n+p :-r.)ll .nrn!?r3Lt 'T)?) .'jnJ np!2! rTtll!, r1p ,'r!lnl tr''ti'Tl nir;1) pr)1y n?p r:llll n?lnil.n?T:aa rDN? n?ln nirt pt)1;9 tr))i'ri) n?u, ,NyiDl .(nr::ilil nNY rDLi? np?lll;.{ ,p ix :inrf n)i!;1 1-1t1; nDl? n?l!; nirt nN D)Z))'TD .;U?11il triirtt'''Ifr .D)ir trrp]9 nlID 1?r trlzfnl ,nl.l)il nN lN"p trrl?] tr''"tfrpp .'l) ,'litDiln?)ln,: nN tr)f)rD ,nlli:l nDfl ix li?na ]:Iry tD trlDyl 1:n1+ tr)l N, nil)il'y/

.n)f:t)! nln linl

n?r vt2? bxlrpt I't 1t?ri'2.i1n:I lnrpt ir?ln nir) iz'?ln? l)iu DIi? 'D'! .n?! ll?Vrixp .;'lr ElrE r,ltp )g n'T'pi?D,l l:'D:! Dl r2:'l ,l!lpq l:t?l 1p ortutp ,r1i'1 r';rp N;'r n'.!,1 ln?? 7liln

.rDTpD,l n':!n, ;'t'li:D,l nx il pr?T,:? ;rI'tP )v lT l4g,ltlt op-? .lxltl Ep? ttut? n?!il lng):l ,)x'}tr: Dy l? ,n'?sD i:'N iy'tp,t? fl'g; );l ,o:,1

.il?yD? ly1 rE xl;r l) ,inin D'N?'tpp.)Nlr?t-f-r.15l rnitt f,lurpi'r fV, izg x)) xl;r n?!it ypinl ,)x1r'-7:ll! Ei!? ;t?''!?!t? D't'D,t ny?qD TF$ Nril),,!n .(n ,n D"'t?T) ,,lnp n'l flN,, :;'t.Jin! t:N$pg,nll'l rY? )|!'lq: n|! D']qD (;r?'l?? ori'])r lrrD?D),E'PnV ]'E'lEq/ ,lJh! x)] f:Zl x) orrni: El'|| r'???n:'!,1 '! ,n:!? )||lt|,: tlvlt 'liv .)i! r'xal l?! i'19pr;(Dr4'.6 n't'fp) ;rgt'nt 'T1! N?N i:DE nx 11i: i:r;ErJto:l D'r?!?l EN R?15 :gln) o'rrin ol'X )Xlq: l?

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UAMAIII. Kportre o6rsarersHoro qlIcJIa cnegeri, trrul xa>4qr,r AeHb 3a)Kr{raeM errle oAHy -uta*taut ("clyxry"). I,I sroli cse.rori MLI 3axr{raeM Bce ocraJrtsarc. Uattau cneAyercTaBI,ITb oTAeJIbHo oT ptAa xaHyKaJIbHbIx cBeqe I4JII4 BbIIIre Hx, 3a.{eM 3a)Kr4taloT ur4-usua? Llels eaxuraxl,It xaHyKaJrbHbrx cBer{eri - npoBo3tnaurexr{e rryAa, nogroMy oHr.rcBtrbl I{ HeJIb3g rloJlb3oBarbcfl rlx cBeroM grr raxo-ludo lrso qeln. tlro6u aroto HelpoI,I3oIIIJIO, MbI I{ 3a)r(UraeM ptAOM c xaHyKaJIbHbIMI,I CBeTIaMVI UtQilALu - ero CBeTOMMO)(HO [OJIb3OBaTbCr.KO fAA 3AXflIIAIOT XAHyKAJIbHbIE CBETIU? Bperrrr 3a)rslraHr,rr xauyKarrb-sux cneqe - or 3axoAa coJIHIda (xorga Haqr.rHaer reuuerr) Ao nonyqaca flocJre nosBJre-Hfl 3Be3A. Ho ecllr He yaJrocb 3axeqb ltx B gro BpeMg, MoxHo 3axr,rtarb r,rx Ha [porr-xeHI,I[ sce Ho.{u Ao yrpa. Cne.{u AoJIxHbI 6rrrr qocraror{Ho 6orttrrl.rr*,u,r, .{ro6rl roperbKaK MI{HI,IMyM noJlt{aca. B nrrultqy BeqepoM, B KaHyH cy66orrr, xaHyKrurbHrJle cBeqr,r 3a-)KrllarcT paHbllle cy66orunx. floerouy lI xaHyKaJrbHble cBerrr.r AoJrxHbr 6srrr 6olbtue,rIeM B trpoqt,re AHu, r roperb He MeHee noJryropa qacoB. Ha ucxoqe cy66oru xaHyKaJrb-HbIe cBeqLI 3a)Kl,rranr nocre "laBAarbl".fAE 3AXI{fArcT XAHyKAiIbHbIE CBETIU? Xauyramxrre cBeqr,r 3axr,rraror yABepr.r AoMa, ecJrr,r oua BeAer nptMo Ha yJrr{qy, r,rJrr,r Ha noAoKoHHr4Ke - qro6F,r npoxoxueBLIAenH cBeT xaHyKaJIbHbIx orHe. Teu caurtu MbI I{cnoJIHreM 3anoBeAL [poBo3rrauleHl,Isvyga. XauyxaJlbHble cBeqr,r HaAo noMecrr,trb B TaKoM Mecre, .{ro6rr lrx He 3aAyJr Berep.Iloeroruy ecJrr{ cBeqr{ 3axl{raror Ha orKpbrroM Bo3Ayxe y BxoAa B AoM, xaHyKuto rroMe-IrIarcT B c[eqlraJrbHo g:rr ero qenlr Lr3roroBnreMbr crexrsHHrr cIqrlx.

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.'ttx1 nltPr trlpl nltnU,

Cnosa: Jlesm Krrm{cMyoma: Hapopr:u

Xanyxnn B creKntHHoM guluKe y BxoAa B iqoM.

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HAPOA r43PAUrq IIOAOEEHMACJII4HE

B gpernocru AJrr 3axnraHnr xaHyKanbHbrxorxe ucnomgoBaJll4 oJIIrBKosoe [4ac[o. MHo-nre nprqep)Kr{Balorct gToro o6rruaa ra cerogra.Ornsronoe Macrlo Aaer npLI cropagllr4 .Icrrrrtxpruli crer, u fioroMy rrMeHHo ero [crloJrb3o-BaJrrl AJrt 3axlrranr,rt cBerLtJIbIrLIKoB Menoprt rZepycarilucrorr.r Xpalre. Macalrvuoe gepero -gro, HecoMueHuo, ualrdolee Ba>Igroe r. pacry-ulux n Crpaue klspautxgepesrea. OHo BXoArrB qr.rcJro rex ceMlr Br{AoB pacreull, KoropblMr{cJraBvrcfr Speq-I4cpaelr, KaK o roM cKa3auo BTope : "...crpaHa oJrr.rBKoBoro r'.rac.na..." ([na-pllru, 8:8). Hauru uygpeqbr cpaBuuBaror Eapol4zpaurz c MacJrr.rqHbrM AepeBoM, nrrcrBa Koro-poro He oriagaer uu 3r.nroli, Hrr JreroM, Kopnr{Koroporo yxogrr n uy6lruy 3eMJrr.r, a nJrogbrcorIHbI flonr{aeMoe Lr3 ulrx rr,raclo Aaer rpxnicner. Mugpau roBopr,rr, rrro erqe ogro cnortcr-ro ynogo6nxer eapericru HapoA Macnr.rHaM:vro6rr noryvlrrb r43 MacJrr.rH MacJro, r{x HaAo Ea-Br.rrb; TaK r,r Hapog Wzpaur,t - pacKal4Baerct BcBor{x tpexax 11 Bo3BparqaeTct Ha n}'Tb ugrr.rHbr,roJrbKo Korra nocrr{m}or ero uecuacrra (IIIuorpa6a, 36). I,I eule ronoprr Ml1perlbr: oJrr{BKoBoeMacJro He cMeurr4Baercq c sogo, oHo BcergaBCnJrbIBaer HaBepx rI HeBo3Mo)KHo efo noro-rrrb; raK r,r Hapo1 l4zpaunn -xax Hn crapaorcsnoAaBrfrb r.r [oronl4Tb efo, oH Bceta BcrrllbrBaerHaBepx.

Hepm ia,trcy, ei op 6a6dum!Op ndny! lpop ttdny!Anu rceu uapa, anu rceu uawpaUuond auri.tt utupdm ap.

HAJIEI,ilE MACJIA! Criuy ruuen, wueu adum,

.nE rV innct nDttr n3n 7in1 npp

21

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:"t2ll nirlir" )triit nN ntrniN nTfraa nirtl rDB? .tt?il niTilI'qrpp ,ninp?DD )ur niurruFil ?u'l nis?ln bul n'F bp nr;2r11p r:nlf r)?;: n'i'rli:nirtD n?ln rpl n;inu );1 .o'r|li'rDD !'ll! 'll )u ,irtil lDt! Eil,: E.'Dlts trrhi:$?)?ir?r ni'rj;r? ':? ,'r??l ngrn'1! $?t! ,Eit? erDltfril? nrul r:! ]i$t ,Eit u:p r??ir

.!tl?,ru/l )U: :l'lir?lt )U1 ;t'Ft iU bi'rN;: ;lpBr?'riD1l.:" :trr?nll ') ?7X nx "l)frl nirlit" rnX? rni) nt:iri: n1lp1 tln'' ntli:r;2l

....r) rliq TlDi, xlr r:n'?r lt ,il InDi1B .lll? nr1;11 pp:1 r;Urtu lnl .n?lnD )[ t12p519 trP'llDil Nli] ""1:t! ti)p" u,t"!ir .tnD.lut? ur filpinu ni'nix) nllD"tlr 13-n irgnr nrvrN:t+ )l:ry, ,)Dv, .'tT-lp ,Dl'Tl rn)l lpte rlnp'rrp;:r .(pl4 nfnl np'liD 'vrir nlfll ,tr'')lvrN"t? 'r'?/i:r 'n+ ny/Dl.r nx ninnisni:rr:Dl inix 1p? nr:Di: ).Tln) nlJ );l uUn:t ,)NJD: ni?;r7 2tr )V llnf)

nF?vtt ,yl n7't? nmn nitl niz_?tdi7'2702 ts41211 '7nl .07N1D 271 nxri,

,ytry x91 np,p n?ff nplna nhl nx.arn7oBn r)rn vYLrn

3axnranue xaHyKanbHbrx ceeqe B ceMbepenarpuaHroB us [4paxa. l4parcxue eeper3axuranh xaHyKanbHbre cBeqil BHyTpl4 AoMa,a He cHapyxn, onacaecb cocege-uycynsuax.

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n'lly nN Irfn i)vrit rnrn 'TnN 2lnlr,rLt nfl?t,rr inp? Nln-:lrr?-!ri'Ti1Dlp? )lnl il?llE .n'l:titlit irlliugr;11,r't2tlrDitJ ]iv.tH1? nllil nitD nN li?Ir+

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KTO OEfl3AH 3AX{IIIATb XAIIyKAJIbHbIE CBETII{? Xauyramxrre cBeqr,r 3a-XlmaeT fJIaBa CeMbI,I B npLICyTCTBI,II,I BCeX r{JIeHOB @MbI{, KOTOpLIe TeM CaM}'IM TOXe npu-Hr{Maror yqacrr,re B r4cnoJrHeHr,rr.r 3anoBeAr,r, B ueroroprrx o6qr.rHax 6lrryer o6stvaIl, co-rJIacHo KoTopoMy Ka)rql,I r{JIeH ceMbI,I caM 3axl,rraeT xaHyKaJIbHbIe cBer{!I. Xauyralr-HbIC CBEI{I4 O6SSAH 3AXITATb KAXAbI CBPC, BKJIIOiIA' XEHIIII,IH I,I AETE. ,[AXE XUqIT,xlrByrrlu Ha [oAarHr,rf,, o6rrau 3aHrrb AeHer, r{To6br Kynurb Bc, qro Heo6xoAr,rMo ArtlIcIroJIHeHr,rr gro 3arroBeAu. flo o6stvarc, )KeHrIILIHbr He BbrnoJrHrror Hr,rKaKI,rx AoMaIIIHI,IXpa6oT, noKa ropcr xaHyKanbHbre cBerru,

"fAHEPOT fAIA,Jty" (({cBEtII{ 9TlI"). flocre 3axr{raHrrr cBeqeri rpor,r3Hocrrcregynqnft reKcr:

uOBequ grl4 Mbr 3ax[ragM B naMRTb o cnaceHt'tta, r'1 o 3HaMeHHf,x, 14 o qyAecax,KOTOpbr TUr, pyxaur cBsTbrx cBRl!HHl,lKoB TBonx, coBpujrn AnR npAKoB Ha-tur4x B T AHl,1, B 3TO BpeMg rOAa, v Ha npOTFXeHUt4 BCoX BOCbMX 4Xe XaXyXrcBeqr 3Tu cBfiTbr, 14 Mbr Hg l4MeeM npaBa nonb3oBaTbcf, 14x cBeToM - Ho BnpaBenuulb cMorperb Ha xrx, .{ro6ur Bo3Hocr4Tb 6naro4apxocrb 14 xBany BenrKoMyrMeHu TBoeMy - 3a 3HaMeHr'1R TBo[, h 3a qyAeca Teon, !a 3a cnaceHhe, Koroposnocnan Tbt(.

Y enpeen-nuxoArleB r,r3 crpaH Bocroxa npr,rHrro nocre "fasepor fa;rany" npor,r3-Hocr,rrb cnegyrcrqu ncaJIoM, Harlr{Haroqucc crosaMr,r: "flcaroM, uecxr flanuga [p]r ocBfl-rqeHlrr{ Xpaua. flpenornoury t Tedr., locnogr, u6o nognu TH }reHs r{ He Arur BparaMMol,tM TopxecrBoBarb nago uxo..." (Tefirmu, 30)..6MAO3 UyP tIEIUyATtIs. (5.TBEPAbIH.fl, OIIJIOT CIIACEHUfl MOErO66).3areu noror r{Jrr{ qr,rraror "Mao3 qyp euyaru", o4r.rH ng nan6oree r.r3Becrubrx xaHy-K:uIbHbIx rI{MHoB. 3tot rurrrg cJIoxeH noaroM, o KoropoM HaM HeI,I3BecrHo HLIqero, KpoMeero r{MeHr,r - Mopgexa (nepnue 6yrnu nrru crpoQ Hanr,rcaHHoro Ha r.rBpr{re rr.rMua co-craBJrrror ero nrrrr), r.r roro, qro oH xr.rJl B Haq. XIII n. n fepuauuu. ll,tun orot, roroprrnoror Ha rpagr.rqr{ouHbr uorlrn, 3aBoeBuur urrpoKyro rrotrynrpHocrr. flpuneqeu [epByro unsryro ero crpoSrr:

TeepAHxn, onnor cnaceHha Moro,Te6n noAo6aer BocxBannTb.lla 6y4er Bo3ABrrHyT llotr,t tvtonnreut Moe,h TaM npnHeceM Mbt6naro4apcreeHHyro xeprBy.Kor4a yroroaruu Tur rr6enuBpary-xynIrenK),rorAa F 3aB@puJy ncaniroeo necxeocBgqeHne xepTBeHHhKa.

l-pexu co6panrcb nporhB MeHeB Te AHh XacMoxees,r nponoMfinu oHt4 creHbr Xpaua,H OCKBepHTnU BCe Macna.Ho us ocrasuerocfi B KyBurrHaxcoBepuHo 6srno vy4o Ang rex,xro noAo6en nununM;14 CbrHbr MyApocn4 eoceMu AxeycTaHoBrnr Ans neHhq 14 paAocTH.

B xaxqo r{3 mecrr.r crpo+ oroto rr{MHaroBopltrcr o rroMorq[, Koropyn BcenuurnnoKa3aJr Cnoeuy HapoAy B pa3ubre [epuo4brr{cropr{[. flpruoe orHortreH]re r Xanyrer{Meror nepBar nnrtras. crpoQrr.

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3axuraxne cee.re. Prc. Mapxa Uarana,1946 r.

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nrygu/n ,v n7,ff n7y1 nh1 nZ?n.rttg ,p;2tliv pnin nND'n'y .ni)DTJ

XaryranuuaR MonilrBa. Pyxonucs rs Vl n.tprylil "tr)plit )0. nhnl trl ,i''l nN ur?|:n, .trrpd tD **

:Nrn ;r?!nt np1 .1ir4a ntltJl ,n)f'lpJ n[]]D ,n)']np)Ul ,ninFl':r )Ur ,nis?FlD )Ul ,niu*lrttil )U't ,nirl:lD ?Ul ,li?l?D bur ,orsl[ ]U

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nP? Ei:r? !'lDp E'!)T !'Dtlt? i'r!1l) ,;lrirr ti2t'.rp bJ\lUDh 1n1in EFttuD? ,)$lrulDi!'ll ,Drir?1 'r1l orrru F''10 ,E!l|?l n$ lFDl ,Df'!t n flLE?.] n$ D].l ,EflTl,'nP ;lI :1n1in ri2oiu t:? E'l:ll ,E\DrtI .'l:! E,ttrvtl ,Er.'liilE .1:! Er$Dbt ,Erpup .1:?ur? !? rD$t ,i"r:lir pis;11 irlnr ir?!!ri qr'lag ?g1ra1 1pr;h ,;1p!ru1 rai.rqr )i.r; nra,;ln't? nirr6t nirr tp.'?'lirl ,!pJ?D n$ rritg,l ,!??ri:t n$ Irbt ,;ll-.r't -t't.l? !'l?

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24

BO3HOCT{Tb EJTAIOAPHOCTb r{ XBAJry

Kpoue 3a[oBeAI{ npoBo3rJlauarl' rry4o, Nlrl o6ssaHrr raK)Ke n gxu Xaxyru 6laro-Aapr{rb Bcenrrurnero 3a qy4eca, Koropr,re ou conepmnJr AJrfl Hartr}lx [peAKoB. Pau6auTaK rrr{ner o6 erou s csoe xuure "Mluuxe Topa" (par4e:r 3axonrr Xanyru, v. 3): ',...I4ycTaHoBLIJILI MyApeIIbI Toro [oKoJIeHI,rr, qro BoceMb erlrx gxe, Har{rlxar c25-ro Kr{cJreBa,6ygyr gnrun paqocrll u npocJlaBneHus Bcenrrusero... H 3anpeqeHo B err,r AHr{ npor{3xo-curt uagrpo6Hoe cJroBo rr nocrrlTbcr, noqo6no roMy, KaK.aro 3anperqeuo n llyprll,,.ttfAIEJIb". B ra4gu I43 BocbMI{ gue Xauyru Bo BpeMs yrpexue MoJrr,rrBbr rrr,rraror"larerb", MoJrr,rrBy, coAepxagl,re roropo - 6trarogapuocrb I{ xnana Bcessrnneuy. "fa-rerb" .{r.rraror raKxe n flecax, Illanyor, Cyxor w n pout-xodeut, a B HeKoropbrx o6rqu-Hax - eqe u n fleut He3aBl,IcuMocru rocyAapcrBaVlzpaux,su r fienr o6tegnnxn' VIepy-ciuI,IMa.qTEHIIE TOPbI. B xaxgu I,I3 BocbMI{ guetl Xanyru Bo BpeMr MoJrr{rBbr "Illaxapwr"B cl{Harorax ql,ITaror cBs3aHHbIe c grr,rMI,I AHrMr.r orpblBKr.r us Toprr."aJIb faHucupr'6. Erarogapro.r" "'*u-a

Bnrrrnse*y to4"p*urc{ raK)Ke B Mo-rrrrne "Am fanucnr" ('3a vygeca"), xoropyro go6auarcr r qeurpa.nrno vacrn rpexexeAHeBHbIx MoJrr{TB ("Illaxaplrt", "MI,IHxa" u "Maapun") }t r sacromHo laorurse:

'3a vy4eca, u ga nslaeneHne, 14 3a Moryu.lecrBo Teoe, r 3a cnaceHre, H 3a 3Ha-MeHuF, h 3a yreuJeHe, n 3a eoxut, Koropbte Tur coeepulrfl Ang npeAKoB Ha-uux B re AHil, B 3ro BpeMs roAa, - g Axu MaruruRiy, curHa LloxaHaHa, nepBo-cBfluleHHnKa h ero cblHoBe, xorAa BbtcTynhno snoAecxoe rpqecKoe qapcTBonporHB HapoAa Teoero, lAspauna,..tro6ut gacrasulu ux ga6urru Topy Teorg H xa-pytljHTb 3aKoHbt, ycraHoBneHHbre no Bolre Teoe; Ho Tur, no eenuxo Mr4nocl4Teoe, crosn 3a Hhx, KorAa oxr 6urnyr e 6eAe, 3acrynancn 3a HHx, 6un cy4ueB ux cnope c BparaMu, Mcl4n 3a Hux, orAan cnnbHblx B pyKh cna6urx, t1 MHoro-rl9rcfleHHbtx B pyKr4 HeMHOTUX, U HeqhCTbtX B pyKH qr4cTbtx, u 3noAsB B pyKt4npaBeAHxKoB, u 3noyMbtuneHHtaKoB B pyKH Tex, Kro n3yqaT Topy Teoro. 14npocnaBun Tur ur,,tg Teoe, eenhxoe !4 cBffToe, B Mnpe Teoelr, u xapo.iy Teoeuy,Vlspaunw, AapoBan BenuKoe cnaceHhe B gror catvtst 4exu. lrl 3areM npuuJnucbrHoBbfl Tgoil e CeRran cBnrbtx Xpaua Teoero, vt yAanvnv uAonoB h3 ABopqaTeoero, tA ov,vcrvnv cBRTt4nhule Teoe. J4 3axrr'rr4 ceerrnuHhxti Bo ABopax cBff-Trnr4llla Teoero, u ycraHoBunn 3Th BoceMu Ane Xaxyru, qro6ur Bo3Hoct4Tb6naro4apxocrb 14 xBany BenHKoMy nuexu Teoeuy..

.ts'D nryBD ,x77inn TrD? .n?ln2 n?rn

3a4nranne xaHyKanbHbrx cgeqe e eepecxoceMbe B l-epuraHuu. Pnc. Mopnqa Onnenxer,la,1880 r.

xAItyKAJrbHbIE AHIIC-nona: Aroaf au AnovnrsMyorrxa: upo4uar ri 66pa6orxe Meuaure pannru

I,I eu i,ax auy x ti, x a uy rctim uurc a ut uyEezna yaecuuxti ueuanau em nu6uy,Jldfuia aau coueouuy aca,CyQeanum uoxdaa 6an nape.

fapy, tanrcyHepm xanyrcd pa6-u -Ana auucu aedna {.anuQnamArup xonenj, iauarca6Lu!

Hu4scn ianaxa6u uecanp ueaaupa,\n6 acon'ou aa addu rcu zaepaHepywanduu waed numxu,Au ucpa1na acd mywu.

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"n?lrl niyn" ix "ng1.Lt tDT' trtN'li?l1

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Beepxy: Hrpa B BonqoK. Prac. Mapxa lllarana, 1946 r. B qeHrpe: ceusn dyxapcxhx eBpeeB Bo BpeMn3axr4raHuq ceeqe e eocur,,ro 4exu Xaxyxu. Buusy: xanyxanbHbre BonqKl4.

n?lEx nill? irPP+ 1i:r:u '?4irn)D t:!tp Dl'lY/ nll1 r:?,r 5r7)iTnrtirjr ,nirrlggfl ni:tl?l trr-ITlfDtrippx .1itr:E' pDv/D? VnV? tr''I?lirniy?y tlt'lN >p .?''ny N:ti'l irl ZDI2D?.ntlnix }rl"llr nintvr'l 1i:rlp-- ! it r r nirnixir nilnl )x'lvr?-?.r.N?l)P ,ilb n14 )ir1 Dl ,y) ni:n1 tpxrrlNl ,n.IillDlt tri:t? tr'D?t p'tf.r? Dlil'?/NJ - ur n I I nirnixir nillnl n?iU

.trtp i'l? )ir1 u; )Vl ni:na

. .i#:r: :1!6,-.l&IS",

o EbIrIAr4 IIPA 3AHI,IKA

Xauyra - ogr,rx lr3 caMbrx lrc6lrurrx npa3AHr.{KoB enpecroro HapoAa Bo Bcex crpaHaxpacceflHng,I{ Ha npoTtxeHLII{ BeKoB B03HI,IKJIO HeMaJIO CBt3aHHbIX C ttnttr CSOeO6pa3HbrXo6rt.Iaen.

OJIAAbII U IIOHIII4KII. Xaparrepuoe AJrf, Xanyxu 6ruoqo - xaproQemubre ona4br.rLI noHqI{KI{, cBapeHHble B MacJIe. flponurannue MacJIoM oJraAL,I{ l,t [oHrIIrIKIrI HaloMl{HarorHaM O qyAe c KyBnLIHIII{KOM MaCJIa,

"XAHyKAJIbHbIE AEHbfI{". B Xaxyry npr,rHrro AocraBrrrrb paAocrbAerru. 06r-scnflercs sror o6rrqa Teu, qro Auruox 3anperr,rJr enpecruna AerrM l,r3yqars Topy. Arrro Moxer 6r,nr 6olrme pagocruo gnr enpecroro pe6eura, rIeM l,I3yrreHue Topu?Ka4grr Be.rep, nocJre 3a)Kr,rraHras cseqe, AercM Aapsr KaKr,re-nr.r6yrc [oAapKI,r. Bo uso-rrx o6uquuax [pr,rHsro AaBarb AerrM MoHerbI, Koropble Ha3brBalor "xaHyxarunlrMr{ AeHb-rauu" (me xaHyKa vrvt ileon1 xaHyKa Ha I,IBpI,ITe, xaHyKe ?eJ'tm Ha ugrrue).BOJITIOK. flora roprr cBeqrl r,r rrJrexbr ceMbr{ loror xauyKa,'rbuble rrecnlr, eAtr onaAbI,I rInoHrILIKrI, Aerr,r l,IrparcT B BoJrrroK, O6rrqal gror oireHb ApeBHero flpoucxoxewus,. Har{erblpex rpaHtx BoJItIKa u:o6paxeust 6yxnrt "HyHt', "tI,IMerb", "ieit" tr"\eit".3ro nep-nue 6yrnrr c:l,oB Hec zaonu na no ("uy4o BeJrr{Koe npor{3orrrJlo rqecr") - B flaMsrb oqyAe, nporr3ortre[rrreM B orr.r AHH Muoro BeKoB Ha3aA. 3a npeqeraulr 3peq-HcpaeJlb BMec-to 6yxnu "[e" rturuyr Ha BoJIr{Kax 6yrny "uutt", I,I Torga Qpa:a 3Byqur I{Harre: Hec ?a-onu ian utant,"vygo BeJII4Koe npoI,I3oIIIJIo raM" - n 3peq-Irlcpaeru.

2v i'tcvz ,n?lnd ,i7-llvtl :n?S:D?,tzr'jtjD .DrTrnll \ilp ,y T)1rp

niTrnF 127 :2xnEp .1734 )1p1''):lDvit 79 D) 1lt,l?v? Dvvn

.nit',y.j niztz2,nirl??

Beepxy: xaHyKaflbHbre urpur. Fpaeropa,Hrcpn6epr, 1734 r. Cneea: cBapeHHbre BMacne xaHyKanbHHe cnaAocTl4, HanoMh-Halou{he o qye c KyBmuHq[KoM Macna:noHquKl4, onaAbtl, neqeHbe.27

n'J.lil ,'D n.lrpfr+ il?ilDif Nl ;.:3-tr)D1'rp tr)'Tll?l .n'llul nl r:? nI lryily/ ,trl'T'r'tr n?).n nnl pr2td| l)itl 't?pln1 nxig .tr))p nPf?, nhll nllit? ,vrT?[ri n:i:n )Yl Dg'Pg )"I:l'v i7'] n'xvin t:Bi-l?r ,D:ru'12 )v.r linyta n:l)iln r)?p nllrnyl ,NFl"r! Dru)12 rpvllvr n'Jirnatr?]ll .i1'l'9P? zo nlvrl uT?)!i:l'n)I l1"l!:1 rDN, n1nl nl:fD )):l:p ot)llnn).,!)y/!? nrynf )n4 p-t .!rr?la; .'?? n13 tr)):nvri:r trpD tNuJ xpirl trl?qrtrrp;r!ry nirpl;l! .n?ln )vr ptir trlD"tg ntln nN n:iz) lryilp ,ni'll! ryt? t)tnnn,D.'r.!n ,1JND trvr ni'llE .trJirp1 nN1 DJI'tvrt nN tr)'Ttnll n''rvitn tptn trti?lrnnr?n7l .orlDil tr''1pLlpl )nrn ,nJrp'tnp ,)'J!n ,nllirfn ,ny/nlD ,p?gn ,?r?'v1D

.r1lnl lu)n ni'tl4 trl llIl trllYFN ni?vr 'Inr:i::pl ni'p)n lryir '1? .tr4r?'lp nl)pBn t:lp N)'r!g!ri:l ni'llnir )-ril) tr))pNf ryn?na nliuH'r?,1'?p i'tPrltnp,l7'i:l ilyDit 1p nllll nryYp) rt?inl .nrn)nt nrtiu

.,,i..llllLl,,

ryD,nno n!40 .2 .nlirx-n1rnp ni41Vp ni,tln .tnllln .4 -lP'nD nFnP Ery n!4n 3 .18'd nfn,l I.t

.nrt2oist'n

1. Xauyxuor ug BocroqHo Eeponsr. 2. Xauyxua us

lvxnca, XVlll e.3. flpeannn KaMeHHaF xaHyKuF u3lzleuena, 4. Xauyxnn Hg lOrocnaeur4.

.n?n,8-t27?t) IW nDl? :>NbVDntr?)t:l 2ut 1ok :npn2

.ty niYryPl nV,t'te41-710o,Cneea: cepe6palan xaHyKnn nsUeHrpansuo Eeponur. Br.rr,rsy:xauyxuor us Ceeepno ASpr,rxra uapa6cxrx crpax.

XAHYKNfl B EBPEIICKOM I4CKYCCTBE

B 4penuocru xaHyKaJrbHbre cBeqfi 3a)Kr,rraJlr{, craBr I,Ix B prA, oAHa noue gpyro,fipennlre apxeoJlorl{qecKlle HaxogKr,r AoHecnI{ Ao Hac Mo3ar{qHbre uao6paxeuur Menopu,xpaMoBoro [oAcBeqHI,IKa, I,IMeB[Iero ceMb cTBoJIon, CeMracrsolrgas Meuopa BbrceqeHa LIHa r. H. "apre TI4Ta" n Puue. Ha sro apxe nso6pax(eH [o6eAHbr rtlapru pr,rMcKr.rx Bor,r-HoB, Bo3Bparqarcultrxcf, (n 70 r. n. :.) gouo nocJre pa3pyrrreHr,rs I4epycarurucroro XpauaLI BeAyI{ux c co6oro enpetcrnx [JIeHHrrKoB. fhesuuxu HecyT xpaMoByro yrBapr, tr B roM'Illcre MeHopy. CneqnanbHble xaxyKaJrbHbre noAcBer{Hr,rKrl (xauyrcuom) navaln lrrro-ToBJItTb JIIIIIIb HaiII4Has c X n. Jlyvruue enpelicrue MacTepa rpyr,rJrr.rcb HaA co3AaHr,reMxauyrcuom, or4aBat 3ToMy peMecJly cno rarasr. Xauyrcuom AerraJrlr r{3 caMbrx pa3-HbIx MarepI{aJIoB: KaMruI, TJII,IHbI, MpaMopa, JIaryHI4, uegu, 6ponrlr, oJroBa, Qap$opa, xe-rega. CocrosreJrbHbre Jrrogr,r AeJIan[ ce6e xauyrcuom wg cepe6pa r{ 3oJrora.

Ha enpecxnx MacrepoB olpegeJleuHoe BrrisHrle oKa3aJro r,rcKyccrBo nx cocege, uac-TepoB-HeeBpeeB, qro [pI,IBeJIo K Bo3Hr{KHoBeHI,rro cBoeo6pa:nux cruleri r.r3roroBJreHr{txauyrcuom. Tax, n louaxquu AeJIaJII{ xauyrcuom, IIeHTpaJrbH},rM AeKoparr{BnbrM Mo-TI4BoM Koropbrx 6tr:ro lo6paxeHr{e tux'uit. Taru xe, n fon:rauguu, n XVII n., 6r,rla nnep-BbIe I,I3roroBreKa xaHyrcun c HaAnI{cbIo "xaHyKl{flt'.

29

Drtlxt'rnr ID)tllnril :tg pll )F2 ri?pit trtilr nN )NJ ir?lDir )D nt! lv?i??, )xlu 'n?nnN ;tr'i2lni:l )y lrllp n''v/?na nN ;tr''l't+ rn!?Y/ trrrryFir nB 'n ,'Ii]Y/ n?Yairtr1l pt1 tfr.lir ttlx ,! )r:ri-r rBv/ nirilit )? ,t2IB+ .tr'DV'!,1 hn l'lt2py2 tr'Z'TYD)n - 'Du? rlx :Fi-r |lp. 'A n4tnt liD? tgl9'?-'y-1.t1+ nln4l nllln n''?N:!np11 nt:')n .nr)l'I4ir nlN,?Iy'; nN1 tr''11 u':ll!D llln?/1 nN ,il'JlllD nN ,DgFDprr1,,)r1; npltnp n:r.inl .1irr)liVrxt? r.t?yit .rtpil n':l 1889-l rll ir r_rlr1 lln;n'tlr) ,! ?rlTD nN tnvTv.r ,ni})rl )r;llil ,fr1)r1l) llT ,(n??il l:f r7y1 nr1)rDliz 1l;:t nZ?'T1 ntrn'Tlfr ,nivlonl tr)1 1r-'r.B4 )?l lllni: utlg rgn .utHlinv/Dlyi''rn "trlrr,l tllD' nDrn nlriUir tc++ ny)l )nn .urlg? ni:l)nn'! n'ilpn?irnl 'U??/ ir?l?r .}r-t1tir?.?D ,?? l)r)'Tint? otxtinpnD nirlizn tr''Pg?rrg) nrxpit ,,trpyil )lJE. .ll?D l)In tr'I.J,! ,trr.Trg?n nl?l4 illlln trrpr?.rD,prr rlh x'pl;: 5r1) s;rl1 ,yrx! nr:ivl nin'ipn? iniN tr)N''fpl n?-!ll1lD

.n?illn ?-rB? lxlln? ,ni'!lfl niriZt il ut?t)rpl

1',2D nytryt nlilD nL1l nJY rTt)nt2inn D\yt Vy n;'fln prrTd?

n D19 ov? d?iy7 ,)Q7 2p1nit1tt nityp ni,4nd .n?lnn

.st1ryio DrllFpp DrpJnfl nnVNTvrf1a ,y nri4! nPl7 :nJ:,Dt1J

.nrte7-niytu 2yl ,jnyn nDN1 ,u)NJl

llpraeepxerqsr ABnxeHhF Xa6aA xaxAurroA ycTaHaBIuBapT rpoMaAHde xaHyKu-,or s 6onuulix ropoAax no BceMy Mr4py -qrodsr nanolarnTb o qyAecax, npougoueA-urx e Xanyxy. Xaxyxuor ycraHaBnuBatorHa rnaBHbrx nnoqaAgx 14 B MHoronpAHbrxToproBbrx qeHTpax. Ha cnuuxe: rHraHT-cKaA xaHyKuF na oAno n3 qeHTpanbHblxuarncrpane aMepuKaHcKoro ropoAa.

'?P.!?'t.tN ?DV+ tr'tepil n!?!l?DE'It;t: ,E'l't D'''tTi'? ;r$'l?,t ni'ri'r,: I?i1ar r:nl )x'Il: nrrn? o4Dn?nr D'flinqrD,l )E o41r:l'nN" i''lpg? E'llD,l nlrtl n$ E'lV D'V?TI'rlfR ugD t'l4rnil v1il,3 ':4'ra;:t lDio'l .o'll;r:-x)lrln ,pirg,t nlri2l )q D'l'n?D,l rrl?rl! ,):,fit I'l'T'l? r'lixl 't?''u,l l'n?'l .-;t?i4,1 'li!lI'91,1 "I:-)l ;rllrl'l ;1:''tiD'liN'l .'rni'l nioi': t'!ily'D nnx R';:lq ,"'!DD,l ;t1l;t1" ;t;1iU'1iXn'ng'lT,t nr!''tlr Dl .1246 nt?t ,ri?''!l?PD o?In ,g;4; )111,! )E ilrlib? i:lur riD? ol'tD;11;D''u Ett ;r4D?nl )!lu ,l'J'p "'uI )q''!D r:l? :nu? 'tP9i!t .;1'll:l? )4p'pa,: ;1Tr;'r' ?IDED.D'I.t 'rll D'pIr? bq t'li?l Nyl] ilrlr n$i? l'l'g Nli? (!t!D,t ;rJr;Tt iDD) r;tiD?" :-ll!: ,1675 ntqrl

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xAFryKA - fIPA3AITI{K PEJIT,IruIO 3Hbryr VIrrArploHAJIbIIbII,I

My4perpr, ycrauoBr.rBrtrr{e npa3AHr.rK, Br{nerrr{ rJraBHoe ero 3Hasexr,re n Qlrxcaquu nc-TopuqecKo naMtTl{ o rlye c KyBrtrr.IHqLrKoM MacJra Lr o cnaceHr.I[, KoTopoe nocnaJr Bce-BbIItrHI,I TeM HeMHOTI,IM, qTO Cpaxanl,Icb IpOTI,IB MHO|OqI{CJIeHHbIX, CJIa6bIM, rITO BbI-cTyru.rn [poTr.rB cr.rJrbHbrx, npaBeAHr.rKaM, BoccTaBrrrHM npoTr.rB 3noeeB. Ha nporrxexnuMHoD{x BeKoB XaHyKa coxpaHrna cBo penm[o3Hbr xapaKrep. B xouqe XIX r., c Haqa-JroM HOBOTO 3aceJreHr{r crpaurr vzpautt eBperMr.r r,r Bo3po)r(AeHr4r crpaHbr npa3AHr{Keror npuo6peraer raKxe xapaKTep HarlrroHaJrbHrr. Xanyra cTaHoB[Tcf, cr.rMBoJroM re-pol{3Ma, ocso6oxeHl,r.ff or iryxe3eMHbrx uopa6orrrele u o6pererulr rocygapc'rrexuoHe3aBr,rcl,rMocru. flogvepxr{Bar gTr{ ac[eKTbr, [pa3HoBanr{ Xauyry, Haql{Hrrs c 1889 r., nnepro uBplr?ot3bluHo rtrKore n Pnmon-JleqrroHe. flpae4uonax[e, [ogqepK[BaBrtree re-poI,I3M Xacuoueen, BBen 3ecb yr{urenb Aant,tA loqerenuv, npnHanexannn x ABI{xe-Hr.rro "Br.rry". llocrenesrio raKas rpaqnrluc npa3AHoBaHr,rr Xanyrn paclpocrpanr{Jracb nonce crpane, a 3areM r{ 3a ee [peAeJraMr,r, n enpecrlrx o6quuax crpaH pacceruur. Ha-prAy c 3a)rs,rraxr{eM cBerre, ycrpar,rBanr{cb npa34Hr,rrrHrre co6panu-r u Qaxersnsre rtrecr-sus. B 1944 r. cnoprlrBHoe o6qecrno "MaKa6r.r" npoBeno flepBbr, craBrrrrr sareM Tpa-ALIqIIoHHsIM npo6er, roroprr Haqr,rHaercr n Mogulrxe. Boue uorm Xaor,roHeeB 3oKr/rra-Ior oroHb B xa+yKue, cocraBJreHHo ur $axeron, n 6erynrr no ecra*ere AocraBnsrorero B pa3HLIe yroJrKr,r crpulHbr, B ToM rrrlcJre B pe3r.rAeHrlr{p npe3r.rgexTa r Hepycalnue nHa ropy Cnox, rge or Hero 3axrlraror cBerrr.r B AecrrKax xauyrcuom, rpIrBe3eHHbIx I{3cTpaH paccerHr.rs.

B OIIIA XACMOHEEB KAK YHIIB EPCAJIbHbtriCIIMBOJI

Bosa enpetcxoro HapoAa 3a cBolo cro6ogy r{ He3aBr.rcuMocrb rroA [peABogr.r"enbcr-nou XacrrroneeB cnfxuna Ha flportxeHl,rlr BeKoB I{croiIHLrKoM BAoxHoBeHr{r Ant Ilenoroprga nrcge ucKyccrBa, eBpeeB r,r HeeBpeeB. Hsnecrurr aMepr.rKaHcKtr nucarels lo-nap4 acr Aaer B csoe xHure "Molt npocnaBJreuxbre 6parrr" Bnerrarnsrcrqee onr{ca-Hue repouqecro 6opr6rr Marrasees. Heueqxu KoMno3r.rrop feopr

MEHOPA }I BETBPIoJrrrBKoBoro AEPEBACrona: Jlesm Itunuc

Koza 6auto coaauo zocyapcmeoHapawa, crclaa,ou Meaope:

" Eyda zep6oa eocyapcmaa! "Omeemuta Meuopa:"B Xpaue 6atno auozo paauo

ymaapu - u 6cfl oua 6otna cenauau:t aonoma. Iloveay u.^4eHHo iletu,6bt ua6pa!1u?"

Crcasa.4u e:" l'16o mu u:tnylaeutb c6em.A rcoza ecmb ceem * ecmb paocmu,Koza ecma c6em - ecmu aecenoe!"Cxatana Menopa:"fl oua He c.t'tozy 6wma zep6ou.

Ilycma npucoeuuumca. Ko .tuHeonuaKoaoe epeeo, rcomopoe aemuauto ,ca J{uzaHun trouxceemu,loxuxoa".

Toza o1pamurlucb K ortusKosoilydepeay:

" Onuercoeoe depeoo! Ilpucoeduuucurc Meuope u 6.t'4ecn1e 6yomezep6ou zocyapcmoa!"

C rcaaano ortuar(o 6 o e e p ea o:" M uozo ecma epeaoe6, Komo pbl.tttu

cnaaumcn cmpaHa. [Ioueuyuue$Ho .lrreHa 6u ua6panu?"

Crcasaau euy:"LI6o mu aeura uacao na

c6emu,,,bHuKo6,A rcozda ecnb cBem - ecftb padocmu,Koza ecmt caern - ecma eecenoe!"

,Qano o,tucrcocoe epcco ae caouaemau, qmo1ut odpaunanu ouuMenopy c ayx cmopoH, - matpounca zep6 zocyapcrnae, u6ot,,tu y Hapau"oa csem, paocmau eece,tae!

nrl ,!1rt ,rtitr:'. : - : T !

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