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I MPERIALISM, A LLIANCES, AND W AR. T HE D EVILFISH IN E GYPTIAN W ATERS (1882)
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Transcript of I MPERIALISM, A LLIANCES, AND W AR. T HE D EVILFISH IN E GYPTIAN W ATERS (1882)
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IMPERIALISM, ALLIANCES, AND WAR
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THE DEVILFISH IN EGYPTIAN WATERS (1882)
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THE “NEW” IMPERIALISM
Economic Motives: The quest for self-sufficiency Access to raw materials New markets for finished products
Political Motives: Strategic value of colonial possessionsNationalistic fervor drives imperialism:
Colonies are “for elections”Colonies as an outlet for surplus population –
conveniently help to alleviate potential political discontent of the masses
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THE “NEW” IMPERIALISM
Cultural Motives: Missionaries seek to
spread Christianity Increasing
“paternalistic” European attitudes draws more Europeans to explore “uncharted territory” and bring “civilization” to “less fortunate people”
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THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Henry Stanley and King Leopold II of Belgium
trigger the Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885) Technology drives scramble - inevitable ability
to dominate less technologically advanced societies
Village of Fashoda: French vs. British – diplomatic crisis indicative of mounting European tension
The Boer War: Prelude to modern “total war” Consequences of the “New” Imperialism:
Destruction of native culture Creates foundation for a global economy Intensifies European rivalries
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MAP OF AFRICA: 1914
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IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
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MANIA:
M: MilitarismA: AlliancesN: NationalismI: ImperialismA: Assassination
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MY THE TANGLED WEB WE WEAVE… Bismarck’s Foreign Policy: Isolate France Kaiser Wilhelm II’s Foreign Policy: Dismiss
BismarckTriple Alliance (Austria, Germany, Italy) Dual Alliance (France and Russia)
Great Britain: From “Splendid Isolation” to bitter rivalry
Boer War (South African War) sends Britain shopping for allies Mend relationship with US Sign formal alliance with the “new and
improved” Japan (Meiji Restoration; 1902) Secure Anglo-French Entente (1904)
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EUROPE: DIVIDED
First Moroccan Crisis (1905): Wilhelm II declares Morocco
an independent state Calls international
conference to settle the “Moroccan Question”
Leaves Europe in the midst of a diplomatic crisis/revolution
Anglo-Russian Entente (1907): Leads to the formation of the Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France)
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THE SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD
“I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria” – Gavrilo Princip
June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated – chaos ensues
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THE CHANGING NATURE OF WAR
Schlieffen Plan: Avoid two-front war by attacking France through Belgium
First Battle of the Marne (1914): Effectively saves France from German takeover
Trench Warfare: Response to the realities of modern industrial warfare
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THE CHANGING NATURE OF WAR
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THE FUTILITY OF WAR
Battle of Verdun: German campaign that totaled 700,000 casualties and ends in a draw
Battle of the Somme: British offensive; ends with a 7 mile gain in favor of the AlliesCasualties:
British: 420,000French: 200,000German: 600,000
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"This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an
adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even
though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war.“
- All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque
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PUTTING THE “TOTAL” IN “TOTAL WAR”
German General Erich
Hindenburg explains that sure
victory can be achieved only
“…if all the treasures of our
soil that agriculture and
industry can produce are used
exclusively for the conduct of
War…All other considerations
must come second” War Raw Materials Board:
Walter Rathenau Auxiliary Service Law
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British Ministry of Munitions:
Organizes private industry to
produce war goods France: Right of free speech
revoked War Labor Board and War
Industries Board: Regulate
industry, labor disputes, and
production National conscription renders
unemployment nearly obsolete Prestige of labor unions increases Alters role of women = Suffrage Ultimately, war affords
government the opportunity to
more overtly intervene in
private sector
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CAN THERE BE PEACE? April 1917 : US enters war Second Battle of the Marne (July 1918):
Turns the tide of war in favor of the Allies January 1919: Over 70 delegates from 27 nations
meet in Paris to begin work on the final peace agreement
Initial idealism exemplified by Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points: Open diplomacy Reduction in armaments Freedom of commerce and trade National self-determination Establishment of a League of Nations
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NOVEMBER 11, 1918:THE ARMISTICE IS SIGNED
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WORLD WAR I: CASUALTIES
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
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THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Germany’s colonies in Africa and Asia are divided between France, Britain, and Japan
Germany cedes Alsace-Lorraine to France and former Polish territories are returned to the new Polish state
Article 231: the infamous “war-guilt clause” – Germany accepts full responsibility for the war and agrees to pay reparations; limit army to 100,000
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GERMAN TERRITORIAL LOSSES
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IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MAP OF EUROPE
From Austria-
Hungary and
Russia emerge:
Poland,
Czechoslovakia,
Finland, the Baltic
States, and
Yugoslavia
The Ottoman
Empire is divided
between the victors
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PEACE AND THE MIDDLE EAST?
“Lawrence of Arabia” leads
Arab soldiers in a successful
guerilla war against the Turks
Similar success achieved in Iraq
(British capture Baghdad in 1917)
September 1918: Invasion of Syria
– set foundation for a unified Arab
state with vague British support
Sykes-Picot Agreement of
1916 – Division of land between
France and Britain
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GENERAL SYRIAN CONGRESS
Balfour Declaration
(1917) – further angers
Arab nationalists
Arab nationalists meet in
Damascus as the General
Syrian Congress (1919):
Goal: Obtain political
independence – declares
independence of Syria and
Iraq
As a result, France invades
Syria and takes Damascus
in July 1920
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TREATY OF LAUSANNE
Treaty of Lausanne: Recognizes the political independence of Turkey - Mustafa Kemal Affords the opportunity to
modernize/Westernize Declares Turkey a republic Decrees the separation of church and state Establishes a secular public school system Women afforded rights never before seen in
the Middle East By Kemal’s death, moves Turkey closer to
active involvement in European affairs (exemplified, today, by current effort to join EU as a full-fledged member nation)