I. JudgesJudges II. BarristersBarristers III.Court Working Dresses in England and WalesCourt Working...

I. Judges

II. Barristers

III.Court Working Dresses in England and Wales

Background Background InformationInformation

Lesson 6 – Twelve Angry Men (Part two)

A judge or justice is an appointed or elected

official who presides over a court. The powers,

functions, and training of judges varies widely

from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

I.I. Judges Judges

In USA, judges are not trained separately from

lawyers and are generally appointed or elected

from among practicing attorneys. A professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice


To be continued on the next page.

Being a judge is usually a prestigious position in society, and as a result a variety of solemn traditions have become associated with the occupation. In most nations of the world judges wear long robes, usually black or red, and sit on an elevated platform during trials. The standard judges uniform originated with the Roman toga.

In some countries, notably Britain, judges also wear long wigs and use special gavels to instill order in the courtroom.

In the People’s Republic of China, judges wore regular street clothes until 1984, when they began to wear military style uniforms, which were intended to demonstrate authority. These uniforms began to be replaced in 2000 by black robes similar to those in the rest of the world.

Symbols of office


I.I. Judges Judges


In most English speaking countries (particularly the USA) a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" when presiding over the judge's court, as a sign of respect for the office.

The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judges of the supreme courts of several U.S. states and other countries are called “justices”. In the United Kingdom, a comparable rank is held by the House of Lords; its judges are not called judges, but Law Lords, and sit in the House of Lords as peers.

Nomenclature


I.I. Judges Judges

The end of Judges.

In many common law jurisdictions, a barrister or advocate is a type of lawyer, particularly one entitled to appear before the superior courts of that jurisdiction.

II.II. BarristersBarristers



The legal profession in England and Wales is divided between solicitors and barristers. Both are trained in law but serve different functions in the practice of law. Solicitors are regulated by the Law Society, barristers by the General Council of the Bar and the individual Inns of Court.


II.II. BarristersBarristersBarristers' work dress is very traditional in that they are required to wear a horsehair wig when they appear as advocates in court, with a black gown and a dark suit and a white shirt with strips of white cotton called 'bands' hanging before a wing collar. This makes them very easy to distinguish, although individuals can be disguised and anonymous, whereas the garments emphasize the dramatic nature of their calling.

The question of barristers' and judges' clothing is currently the subject of review, and there is some pressure to adopt a more "modern" style of dress, with European-style gowns worn over lounge suits.


Symbols



Most barristers are probably properly equated with US trial lawyers in that they do not deal with the public (or lay clients) directly, but through the intermediary of a solicitor.


Barristers are also found in Northern Ireland, Ireland, and Australia (in the states without a fused profession, namely New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland and Victoria). In Canada the professions of barrister and solicitor are fused and many lawyers refer to themselves with both names.

Unlike its common law brethren, the United States does not draw a distinction between barristers and solicitors; all lawyers who pass the bar exam may argue in court.



The end of Barristers.

III.III. Court Working Court Working Dresses in Dresses in England and England and Wales Wales


Judges hearing criminal cases

High Court Judge

Circuit Judge

Judges hearing civil cases

District Judge

Barristers or Advocates

Court Clerk

Court Usher

Judges hearing different cases wear different court dresses.



Judges hearing criminal cases:

Working dress and possible options

gown, no wig(red, black) gown, wig


III.III. Court Working Court Working Dresses in Dresses in England and England and Wales Wales

Circuit Judge:


Circuit judge 巡回

法官


Lesson 6 – Twelve Angry Men (Part two)III.III. Court Working Court Working

Dresses in Dresses in England and England and Wales Wales


Judges hearing civil cases:


Lesson 6 – Twelve Angry Men (Part two)III.III. Court Working Court Working Dresses in Dresses in England and England and Wales Wales

In what way is this kind of dress different from that of a judge hearing criminal cases?

Barristers or Advocates:


barrister: 在英国有资格出席高等法庭并辩护的律师

advocate: 辩护律师




Court Clerk:




Court usher:



Now it is proposed in Britain—as it is always proposed once every five years—that this anachronistic dress be abolished, and that judges and advocates, as in America, should appear in court as normal human beings. It is said that wigs and gowns intimidate the litigants and witnesses.

Cons:

Pros:

Yet some people argue that formal dress adds to the dignity of the court, is historic, and distinguishes the main actors from mere participants.


What is your opinion?

The end of Court Working Dresses in England and Wales.

Text Text AppreciatioAppreciationn

Lesson 6 – Twelve Angry Men (Part Two)

I. General Introduction

II. Text Analysis

I. Questions

II. Further Discussion

III. Writing Devices: Pun

IV. Sentence Paraphrase

Plot of the story

Setting of the story

Plot elements of the story

Protagonists of the story

Theme of the story

I.I. General General IntroductionIntroduction

For reference

Plot: A young delinquent awaits sentencing for the manslaughter of his aggressive father. One juror feels there is a reasonable doubt—to the frustration of his eleven colleagues—thus preventing a quick verdict. During the heated deliberations, the hidden preconceptions and prejudices of the jurors are revealed.

Plot elements: conflict, crisis/turning moment, climax, etc.

Setting: jury room

Protagonists : 12 jurors

Theme of the story: "Twelve Angry Men" is about one individual's ability to stand up for what he believes, even when others ridicule him. It is also a powerful study not just of the criminal justice system, but also of the diversity of human experience, the nature of peer pressure, and the difficulty of ever fully knowing the truth.


I.I. General General IntroductionIntroduction

The end of General Introduction.

II.II. Text AnalysisText AnalysisNo. 7: Bright! He’s a common ignorant slob. He don’t even speak good English.

In Para. 5

Question: What tone was No. 10 using when he attacked the accused? What can we know about No. 10?

He was sneering at the accused in an ironic tone, however he himself made a grammar mistake, thus revealing himself an incompetent language speaker.



Attention to the

wording.

Question: Do you think No. 7 was a humorous person? How do you like his joke here?


No. 12: … It wasn’t very nice to have it sticking out of some people’s chests.No. 7: Especially relatives’.

NO. 12 and No. 7 are joking about this murder. But in fact this is disgusting and distasteful to joke about a murder.


II.II. Text AnalysisText Analysis

No. 11: Ah, this then would depend on your definition of panic. He would have to be calm enough to see to it that there were no fingerprints left on the knife. Now, where did the panic start and where did it end?

In Para. 15

Question: Figure out No. 11’s logic of reasoning.

No. 4 thought that the boy could run out in a panic after having killed his father, after he calmed down, he realized that he left his knife at the scene. But No. 11 didn’t think it held water because if the boy had run out in a panic, he couldn’t be so calm to be sure that there were no fingerprints left on the knife. So No. 11 asked where the panic started and where it ended.




No. 8: Maybe the boy did kill his father, did run out in a panic, …. Maybe all those things happened. But maybe they didn’t. I think there’s enough doubt that we can wonder if he was there at all during the time the killing took place.

In Para. 17

Question: What is the reasonable doubt here?

It is possible that the boy was not at the scene when the killing took place. (or: It is possible that he didn’t come back home only to get his knife, risking being caught.)




No. 7: (To No. 8) Ran, walked. What’s the difference? Anyway he got there!

In Para. 23

Question: What character did No. 7 reveal here, in your opinion?

He didn’t care much about the details, but in most cases, details can tell the detectives a lot about what could have happened. In fact, No. 7 had got a theatre ticket burning in his pocket, he was in a hurry to get out of here, therefore he just wanted to rush up thus tended to leave out many important things. That just shows us how little he took another person’s life.




No. 3: He was an old man. Half the time, he was confused. How could he be positive about anything? (He tries to cover his blunder. …)

Question: What blunder did No. 3 make?

No. 3 said that half the time, the old man was confused and couldn’t be sure about anything, so how could he be so sure that it was 20 seconds?

In Para. 31




No. 3: Assumed! Brother, I’ve seen all kinds of dishonesty in my day, but this little display takes the cake. What’s the matter with you guys? You all know he’s guilty. He’s got to burn and you let him slip through our fingers!

In Para. 43(Also refer to Para. 47)

Question: What did No. 3 assume himself to be? Do you think a conscientious juror should talk like that?

No. 3 was not the executioner, but he talked as if so. He was not supposed to base his judgment simply on what he thought to be. Facts and reason matter most. A conscientious juror should try to be impartial rather than biased.




No. 3: Phew, I’ll kill him! I’ll kill him!No. 8: You don’t really mean you’d kill me, do you?

Question: Why did No. 8 deliberately make No. 3 mad? How do you feel about the language power?

No. 3 couldn’t mean it when he said that “I’ll kill you!”, likewise, it is possible that the accused boy also didn’t mean it when he said the same thing.

It is a clever way to retort. No. 8 just used the same logic of reasoning to fight against No. 3’s logic –if the boy said it, he meant it.

In Para. 49, 50




No. 10: Don’t give me that! I’m sick and tired of facts. You can think any way you like.

Question: In what way was No. 10’s view of facts different from that of No. 9? Compare and contrast these two jurors.

In Para. 55

No. 9: a gentle old man, took his duty as a juror seriously. Decent , upright. “The facts of the case are supposed to determine the case.”

No. 10: prejudiced against poor people and people with little schooling. “I’m sick and tired of facts.”




No. 7: … How do you like this guy? He comes here running for his life. And now, before he can take a deep breath, he’s telling us how to run the show. The arrogance of this guy.

In Para. 62

Question: How do you think of No.7?

No. 7 himself was arrogant. He despised No. 11’s identity as an immigrant, and was impatient with any reasoning and talking which could prolong this discussion, thus ruin his chance of going to the theatre.




No. 9: I think the point is made.No. 10: Big point!

In Para. 86, 87

Question: What point was made? What did No. 10 mean by saying “big point”? Did he mean it or not? (Refer to Para. 113 for clearer understanding.)

No. 9 thinks that the demonstration has proved No. 8’s point that the boy couldn’t have remembered the details when questioned by the detectives, under great emotional stress. No. 10 was talking ironically. He didn’t mean it at all.




No. 3: (pointing to the knife.) Give me that. I’m going to give you a demonstration. Somebody get up.(… He holds the knife up and then stabs downward towards No. 8’s chest. He stops just before the blade reaches his chest… )

In Para. 92

Question: How do you comment on what No. 3 did to No. 8? Under what circumstances would one say “somebody get up”?




No. 3 took this opportunity to take revenge on No. 8. No. 3 took this argument very personally. Thus we know that he was narrow-minded. On the other hand, he was biased because No.3 had serious problems with his own son who beat the father up, and he believed the accused boy was just like his own son. It sounds more like an order, which is not a polite way to speak to other jurors.




No. 10: … You know how these people lie. It’s born in them… They don’t know what the truth is. And let me tell you. They don’t even need any real big reason to kill someone, either. No sir! That’s the way they are. By nature. Violent!… The kid’s liar. I know it…

In Para. 113

Question: Was No. 10 talking about the facts or opinions? What kind of person was No. 10?

No. 10 was not talking about facts, he was talking about opinions, to be exact, strongly held prejudices.




No. 4: I’m trying to settle something. Do you mind?No. 4: If it’s any of your business, I was rubbing it because it bothered me a little.No. 4: Very annoying.

In Para. 122, 124,

128

Question: How did No. 4’s attitude change from politeness to irony? Pay attention to his tone. He was getting impatient with No. 9, thus we can observe a shade of irony in his tone: “if it’s any of your business”,“very annoying” “Very annoying” , a pun, is used ironically to contain two layers of meaning: one, No. 4 found the two deep impressions beside his nose annoying; the other, he thought No. 9’s persistent interruption was annoying.




in Para. 164

Question: Compare No. 3 and No. 8’s performances in the courtroom. In what way did they impress you?

No. 3 couldn’t get rid of his prejudices against the accused boy, but he based his judgment not on logical reasoning but on emotional associations. No. 8 successfully brought all other jurors around by persistent efforts, logical reasoning, support and respect he won from other jurors. He was cool, logical and rational.

No. 3:…Well, say something! You lousy bunch of bleeding hearts. You’re not going to intimidate me. I’m entitled to my opinion…

The end of Questions.



Further discussion about the story

Why do you think the author gives “Twelve Angry Men” as the title of the play? Why are these people so angry? Do you agree that strong emotions can often affect our judgment?

Do you find it strange that the truth is sometimes in the hands of one person? Why is it so easy for people to go along with the crowd? What lesson should we draw from this?





How does No. 5 begin to doubt that the downward stab could have been made by the boy? Do you think he has made a good point? What supportive arguments does he get from No. 7? In order to convince the others No. 3 also gives a demonstration. But does his demonstration have the same effect on others?

What does No. 10 say that disgusts almost everybody and discredits whatever else he has to say?

What does No. 4 consider “the unshakable testimony”? How is this “unshakable” testimony finally shaken?




What is the question raised by No. 11? How do those still voting guilty try to explain why the boy risked being caught and came back 3 hours after he had killed his father? Do you agree with him?

No. 7 says that the old man ran to the door. Is that a faithful description of what happened? Why does No. 5 make such a fuss about the use of the word “ran” then? What does No. 8 want the diagram of the apartment for? Can you draw that diagram to show how everything is supposed to have happened according to the testimonies? Do you think No. 8’s little demonstration proves their doubt reasonable?




The end of Further Discussion.

III.III. Writing Writing DevicesDevices

Pun

A pun is defined by Webster as "the humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words."

More examples


Did you hear about the two molecules walking down the street? One lost an electron, and exclaimed: "I've lost an electron!" The other said: "Are you sure?" And the first one said: "I'm positive!"


Pun: more examples

Seven days without food makes one weak.

Income Tax: Capital punishment.

Why didn't the lions eat Daniel when he was thrown in their den? Because he read to them from his Bible all night. He was the first prophet to read between the lions.


Figure out which part of the sentence

is a pun.



Pun: ads.

Sign on an electrician's truck: Let us remove

your shorts.

Maternity Clothes Shop: We are open on

labor day.

Non-smoking area: If we see you smoking

we will assume you on fire and take

appropriate action.

On a Maternity Room Door: Push, Push, Push.



is a pun.



Pun: ads.

Hotel: "Help!" We need inn–experienced people.

Butcher's Window: Pleased to meat you.

Beauty Shop: Dye now!

Computer Store: Out for a quick byte.


is a pun.




Pun: examples in the text

No.4: Very annoying. (Para. 128)

“Very annoying” here is used ironically as a pun: No.4 found the two deep impressions beside his nose annoying; and he thought No.9’s persistent interruption was annoying, too.



The end of Writing Devices.

IV.IV. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase 1Paraphrase 1

But supposing he really did hear this phrase,

how many time have all of you used it? (Para. 2)

Even if he did hear this phrase, we all have used it so many times but we don’t mean it.

adverbial clause of condition, also used as “suppose” in spoken English


go to 2

The kid yelled it out at the top of his lungs.

(Para. 3)

as loud as possible

The boy cried out as loudly as he could.



go to 3


Wouldn’t he be afraid of being caught? (Para. 9)

subjunctive mood

a rhetorical question

passive gerund, used as the object

of the phrase “afraid of”


More examples

go to 4


IV.IV. Sentence Sentence ParaphraseParaphrase

He was afraid of being seen by his

mother.

She was fond of being looked at.

He is not interested in being regarded

as a celebrity.

She did not understand why she was

criticized instead of being praised for

disclosing the dirty dealings.


back to 3

And from what was presented at the trial, the

boy looks guilty on the surface. (Para. 9)

a noun clause, object of the preposition

“from”

Apparently, it seems that the boy is guilty based on the evidence at the trial.



go to 5

… why did he leave it there in the first place? (Para. 13)

… why did the boy leave the knife at the scene at the very beginning?



go to 6

We can assume that the boy ran out in a state of

panic after having just killed his father. (Para.14)

Gerund, used as the object of the preposition “after”

More formal than “in panic”. Likewise, “in the course of history” is a more formal version of “in history”.

We can suppose that the boy killed his father first, then ran out, overwhelmed with terror.



go to 7

Well, if I were the boy and had stabbed my father, I would take a chance and go back for the knife. (16)

Subjunctive mood: No. 12 tried to put himself in the boy’s shoes and figure out what was really on his mind.



go to 8

I think there’s enough doubt that we

can wonder if he was there at all during

the time the killing took place. (Para.17)

There is enough evidence so that we can doubt that the boy was there at the scene.



go to 9

I’ve seen all kinds of dishonesty in my day, but

this little display takes the cake. (Para. 43)

I’ve seen all kinds of cheating, lying and other dirty tricks in my life, but this little demonstration is the worst I can imagine.

to be worse than anything else you can imagine



go to 10

I feel sorry for you. What it must feel like to want

to pull the switch. You are a sadist! (Para. 48)

I can’t understand what kind of feeling it is that will make you want to pull the switch. The only possible answer is that you are a sadist. You enjoy inflicting pain. You enjoy watching people suffer.

infinitive, the real subject

subject



go to 11

Don’t give me that! I’m sick and tired of facts.

(Para. 55)

Don’t give me that kind of argument. I don’t need it.

be completely fed up with

少来这一套



go to 12

He comes here running for his life. And now,

before he can take a deep breath, he’s telling

us how to run the show. The arrogance of this

guy. (Para. 62)Present participle,

used as the complement of the

predicative. be in charge,

maneuver, controlNo. 11 is a new immigrant, or even a political refugee. He came to America to escape persecution, but now before he can take a deep breath, almost immediately, he is telling us Americans how to do everything. The arrogance of this guy is really something.



unfinished sentence

go to 13

An important point with the prosecution was

the fact that after the boy claimed he had been

at the movies during the hours in which the

killing took place, he couldn’t remember the

names… (Para. 64)

appositive clause introduced by “that”, whose

function is equal to the previous word “fact”


IV.IV. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase 13 Paraphrase 13

go to 14

I’m getting sick and tired of this yakking,

yakking. So I guess I’ll have to break the tie.

(Para. 99)

These wordy, boring discussion is unbearable. Now I decided I’ll break away from my former union.

end a relationship with a organization who

voted for guilty



go to 15

Whenever you run into it, it always obscures

the truth. (Para. 115)

When you run into prejudice, it will make it difficult to pursue the truth.

to start to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation



go to 16

Could these marks be made by anything other

than eyeglasses? (Para. 137)

Is it possible that these marks could also be made by something else besides eyeglasses?

except, apart from



The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III.Word Building

IV. Grammar

Language Language StudyStudy


I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:

1. acquittal

2. avenge

3. bear

4. blunder

5. commonplace

6. injustice

7. intimidate

8. lunge

9. object

10. obscure

11. recreate

12. stamp

13. stick

14. testify

15. trot

16. underhand


I.I. Word StudyWord Study

1. acquittal

Example: Of 52 prosecutions for police brutality, 46

ended in acquittals.

v. acquit somebody of something

The judge directed the jury to acquit Phillips

of the murder.


n. an official statement in a court of law

that someone is not guilty

I.I. Word StudyWord Study2. avenge

v. to do something to hurt or punish someone because they have harmed or offended you

Examples:

The Trojans wish to avenge the death of

Hector; their misplaced values mean that

patience in adversity is impossible.

Half a century later he has finally avenged

that defeat.



3. bear

v. a. to bravely accept or deal with a

painful, difficult, or upsetting situation

b. to dislike something or someone

very much, often so that they make you

feel annoyed or impatient

bear sb. grudge

bear sth. in mind

bear a resemblance /relation to

bear arms

bear fruit




Examples:

She was afraid she wouldn't be able to bear

the pain.

Overcrowding makes prison life even harder

to bear.

Oh, I really can't bear him.

He can't bear spinach.



4. blunder

n. a careless or stupid mistake

commit a blunder, make a blunder

Examples:

Major management blunders have led the

company into bankruptcy.

The parents face a nightmare week-long

wait before blood tests show if there has

been a hospital blunder.



a. happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual

Examples:

Car thefts are commonplace in this part of

town.

Expensive foreign cars are commonplace in

this Chicago suburb.

5. commonplace



6. injustice

n. a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not given their rights

Examples:

The group, called the Wilmington 10, were active in protests against racial injustices in the schools in the early 1970s.

These injustices are intolerable, especially when the victims are children.

a. unjust

Word formations


threat

Synonyms


v. to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

Examples:

They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.

Attempts to intimidate her failed.

7. intimidate


I.I. Word StudyWord Study8. lunge

v. to make a sudden strong movement towards someone or something, especially to attack them

Examples:

The goats lunged at each other with their

horns.

John lunged forward and grabbed him by

the throat.

Word formation

n. lunge



9. object

v. to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something

Examples:

Robson strongly objected to the terms of the

contract.

I objected to having to rewrite the article.

Word formation

n. objection

Cf.:

n. object


I.I. Word StudyWord Study10. obscure

v. a. to make something difficult to know or understand

b. to prevent something from being seen

or heard clearly

Examples:

Recent successes have obscured the fact

that the company is still in trouble.

The view was obscured by mist.




a. a. not well known and usually not very

important

b. difficult to understand

Examples:

an obscure poet 无名的，不知名的

The details of his life remain obscure. 含糊的，

不清楚的

He’s using an obscure old law to try to stop

the new road being built. 晦涩难懂的

Word formation

n. obscurity



11. recreate

v. to make something from the past exist

again in a new form or be experienced

again




Examples:

Evan often chimes in, so we work together to

recreate the story.

And we can share best practices so that every

educator and employer does not have to

recreate effective strategies from scratch.

Arjelo's novel vividly recreates 15th-century

Spain.


I.I. Word StudyWord Study12. stamp

v. a. to put your foot down onto the ground

loudly and with a lot of force

b. to put a pattern, sign, or letters on

something using a special tool

c. to have an important or permanent

effect on someone or something




Examples:

“I will not!” Bert yelled and stamped his

foot.

The woman at the desk stamped my

passport.

The experience remained stamped on her

memory for many years.


I.I. Word StudyWord Study13. stick

v. a. to attach something to something

else using a substance, or to become

attached to a surface

b. if a pointed object sticks into

something, or if you stick it there, it

is pushed into it

c. if you stick a part of your body

somewhere, you put it in a position

where other people can see it


To be continued on the next page


Examples:

Someone had stuck posters all over the walls.

pins stuck in a notice board

Clara stuck her head around the door to see

who was there.



14. testify

v. a. to make a formal statement of what is

true, especially in a court of law

b. to show clearly that something is the

case




Examples:

Mr. Molto has agreed to testify at the trial.

Later, the witness who had testified against Muawad withdrew his allegation.

The empty shops in the high street testify to the depth of the recession.

The company's experience testifies to the difficulties of opening a business in a foreign country.

More Examples




testify at the court

testify against sb.

testify to sth.

testify that…

在法庭作证

作出不利于 ······

的证明

证实

证实，证明

Translation



Examples:Dorothy arrived, with a little dog trotting along behind her.He locked the door and trotted down the stairs to my car.She broke into a trot (= started running slowly) and hurried on ahead of us.

15. trot


v. to walk or go somewhere, especially fairly

quickly

n. a fairly slow way of running in which you

take short regular steps

overhand


16. underhand

ad. if you throw a ball underhand, you throw it without moving your arm above your shoulder

a. dishonest and done secretly

Examples:

throw the ball underhand 下手投球

They did it all in such an underhand way. 他们

这么干真是阴险。

Antonym


The end of Word Study

List:1. mean it

2. in favor of

3. in the first place

4. see to

5. take a chance/take one’s chances

6. be supposed to do

7. cover one’s blunder

8. bear sth. out

9. take the cake

10. run for

11. bring up

12. make a point

13. break the tie

14. toss and turn/twist and turn

15. settle something

16. other than

17. be entitled to

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions


to be serious about what you are saying or writing

Examples:

With children, if you say “no”, you have to mean it .

I meant what I said earlier.

1. mean it 当真的，故意的，诚心

要……



all in favor

ask… a favor

be in favor with sb.

be out of favor with sb.

do sb. a favor

find/gain/win favor

2. in favor of


所有人都赞成吗

请某人帮个忙

得宠

失宠

帮某人个忙

赢得好感


支持，赞成

a. used to introduce a series of points in an argument, discussion, etc.

b. used to talk about what someone did or should have done at the start of a situation

Examples:

In the first place, I'm too busy, and in the second I don't really want to go.

I wish I'd never got involved in the first place!

3. in the first place




4. see to

to deal with something or do something for someone

Example: Go on, you go out. I'll see to the washing up.



Cf.

I'd better see about dinner.

They've gone to the airport to see their son off.

She saw out her last years at Sudeley Castle.

I could never lie to her because I know she'd see through me straight away.

I've got enough money to see me through six months of unemployment.



to do something that involves risks

Examples: The rope might break, but that's a chance

we'll have to take. After losing $20,000 on my last business

venture, I'm not taking any chances this time.Cf. take the chance/grab the chance/jump at the chance

You should take the chance to travel while you're still young.

5. take a chance





chance n.

Examples:

What are the team's chances of success?

She has a good chance of a successful recovery.

There is little chance of her being found alive.

The day will be cloudy with a slight chance of rain later tonight.

He gave the show a fifty-fifty chance of survival.




It was a million to one chance , but it had happened.

The operation is performed under local anaesthetic, which lessens the chances of infection.

How can we improve our chances of career development?

Chances are they'll be out when we call.


a. used to say what someone should or

should not do, especially because of

rules or what someone in

authority has said

b. used to say what was or is expected or

intended to happen, especially when it

did not happen

c. used to say that something is believed

to be true by many people, although it

might not be true or you might disagree

6. be supposed to


More examples



We're supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o'clock.

What time are you supposed to be there?

The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we've had to postpone it.

The new laws are supposed to prevent crime.

“Dirty Harry” is supposed to be one of Eastwood's best films.

Mrs. Carver is supposed to have a lot of money.



Cf. commit a blunder 犯错误make a blunder 犯错误

7. cover one’s blunder 掩饰错误



if facts or information bears out a claim, story, opinion, etc., they help to prove

that it is true

Example:

Evidence bears out the idea that students

learn best in small groups.

8. bear sth. out



“bear” phrases



bear sb. a grudge

bear sth. in mind

bear a resemblance

/relation to

bear sb. no malice/ill

will

bear scrutiny

对某人怀恨在心，跟某人过不去

记住某事

与……相似 / 有关系

对某人无恶意，不对某人生气

经得起详细审查


to be worse than anything else you can imagine

Example:

I've heard some pretty dumb ideas, but that

takes the cake!

9. take the cake



Related phrases


Examples:“How do you do that?” “It's a piece of cake! Watch!”They don't imagine they can have their cake and eat it too.Both companies expect to get a big slice of the cake.


a piece of cake 小菜一碟

have your cake and eat it 捞到全部的好处

a slice of cake 一点好处


to try to be elected in an election

Examples:

Salinas is running for a second term as

President.

an attempt to encourage more women to run

for office

run for his life: to run in order to avoid being killed 逃命

10. run for



Examples:

Why did you have to bring up the subject of money? (Synonym: raise)

He was brought up by his grandparents. (Synonym: raise)

11. bring up



a. to mention a subject or start to talk

about it

b. to look after and influence a child

until he or she is grown up

Example:

• He made a point of spending Saturdays with his children.

12. make a point 证明论点正确，得一分



Cf.:

make a point of:

to do something deliberately, even when it involves making a special effort

Example:If three or more teams tie, the overall

record of the tied teams against each

other shall break the tie.

13. break the tie

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions 打破平局


to swing the balance when two or more people or teams get the same number of points, votes


14. toss and turn/ twist and turn


Examples:

The river twists and turns through the green

fields. 弯弯曲曲

She had slept badly, tossing and turning

before falling into a fitful doze. 辗转反侧

settle a bill

settle an account

settle a claim

settle a score

settle a dispute

settle a lawsuit

settle a conflict

settle an argument

15. settle sth.


结账结账支付赔偿和某人算账解决争执解决一个诉讼解决冲突解决争执


apart from a particular person or thing

Examples:The truth was known to no one other than herself.He doesn't eat pork, but other than that he'll eat just about anything. We know he lived in Fleet Road, but other than that we don't know much about him.

16. other than



Examples:

Ethiopian Jews were entitled to immigrate to

Israel under the Law of Return.

Being a member entitles you to discounts on

tickets.

17. be entitled to (v. n.)



to give someone the official right to do or have something



Cf.

be entitled something:

if a book, play, etc. is entitled something, that is its name

a documentary entitled “The Price of Perfection”


The end of Phrases and Expressions.

III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingList:

1. prefix – under

2. suffix – al

3. suffix –ence/ance

4. suffix – ward


III.III. Word BuildingWord Building

undergroundunderground

prefixroot

under-: beneath or below in position; inferior or subordinate; less in degree, rate or quality

B T L EW




underground

underhand

underclothes

underwear

underpass

underscretary

undersized

underdevelopment

undercooked

地下

下手的，手不过肩的

内衣

内衣

地下道

次长，副部长

不够大的

不发达

煮得欠熟的，火候不够的


-al: of, relating to, or characterized by

parental a.

retrieval n.

父母的，家长的

取回，恢复

parental (6)parental (6)

root

suffix



the action, state, or quality of doing something or of being something

Examples:

his sudden appearance

her brilliance

Suffix: -ence/ance

More examples




exist v.

occur v.

appear v.

brilliant a.

Suffix: -ance/ence

III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingGive corresponding nouns of the words in the left column.

existence

occurrence

appearance

brilliance


III.III. Word BuildingWord Buildingsuffix: -ward/wards

downward

skyward

leftward

landward

towards a particular direction or place;

our homeward journey; a downward

movement

向下朝天朝左，左边朝陆地

The end of Word Building.


IV.IV. GrammarGrammarSubjunctive MoodSubjunctive Mood

“Modal + have done” construction: would/should/could/might + have done…

The perfect infinitive denotes a past action or condition. When it is used with modals, it can express improbability, probability, possibility, necessity and subjective certainty of a past action respectively.



1. could (not) have done

2. may/might (not) have done

3. must have done

4. would (not) have

5. should (not) have done

ought to have done

“Modal + have done” construction:

IV.IV. GrammarGrammar


Classification


1. could (not) have done…I don’t remember what he said, but I don’t see how he could have run to the door. (Para. 25)

Probability of a past action—He couldn’t have done that.

“Modal + have done” construction


To be continued on the next page.B T L EW





2. might (not) have done…Don’t you think the woman might have made a mistake? (Para. 151)

Probability of a past action—It is likely that she made a mistake.




Subjective certainty of a past action— we guess that he realized…

3. must have done…For at some moment in the water he must have realized that he would not live if he continued to hand over the rope and ring to others.






4. would (not) have done…I just can’t see two slaps in the face would have provoked him into committing murder.(Para. 46)

Probability of a past action—he wouldn’t be provoked into committing the crime.




5. should (not) have done…“I think you ought to have told me, Alan,” said Hughie in a bad temper, “and not have let me make such a fool of myself.”

Obligation for a past action—but in fact Alan didn’t tell me.

The end of Grammar.


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