I. How Organisms Interact Some interactions among species are the result of a long evolutionary...
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I. How Organisms Interact
Some interactions among species are the result of a long evolutionary history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time.
A.Types of Species Interactions:
1. Predator / Prey
2. Symbiosis
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1. Predation – The act of one organism killing another for food.
-One of the most basic forms of relationships between organisms.
-Often characterized by various prey acquisition and predator avoidance tactics.
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Predators
SpeedAmbushSpecialized
structures/products
Group/pack hunting
Prey
Camouflage Chemical
warfareWarning
colorsMimicry
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2. Symbiosis- Relationship where species live together
Three types of symbiotic relationships
A. Parasitism- one organism living in or on another, often causing harm
B. Mutualism- two or more organisms living together benefiting each.
C. Commensalism- two or more organisms living together, one benefiting, one neither helped or harmed.
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II. How Competition Shapes Communities
A. Competition – The interaction between organisms either of the same or different species that require the same resources.Two types:
1. Intraspecific - Competition between members of the same species
2. Interspecific:-Competition between 2 or more different species
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B. Niche – the role or “job” of an organism within its environment.
*Described in terms of how the organism affects energy flow within the ecosystem in which it lives.
* If the resources of organisms with overlapping niches are in short supply, it is likely that their will be competition between the organisms.
*Niche sizes categorized as;
•Fundamental Niche
•Realized Niche
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1. Competition with Limitations of Resources
RESOURCE PARTITIONING
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2. Competition without Limitations
of Resources
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
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III. Major Biological Communities
Where an organism lives often depends on an areas CLIMATE
CLIMATE -
THE PREVAILING WEATHER CONDITIONS IN ANY GIVEN AREA.
THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT elements of climate are temperature and moisture
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A. Categories of ecosystems…
1. Biomes 2. Aquatic Life ZonesBiomes:
-Land portion of the biosphere
-Distinct CLIMATE and specific life-forms adapted for life within that climate.
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15,000 ft10,000 ft5,000 ft
Coastalmountainranges
SierraNevadaMountain
GreatAmericanDesert
RockyMountains
GreatPlains
MississippiRiver Valley
AppalachianMountains
Coastal chaparraland scrub
DesertConiferousforest
Coniferousforest
Prairiegrassland
Deciduous
forest
Average annual precipitation
100-125 cm (40-50 in.)
75-100 cm (30-40 in.)
50-75 cm (20-30 in.)
25-50 cm (10-20 in.)
below 25 cm (0-10 in.)
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2. Aquatic life zones:
Marine – those that contain raised levels of salt
(Estuaries, Coastlines, Reefs, Oceans)
Freshwater
(Lakes,Streams,& Wetlands)
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Body Snatchers