I. History A. Spontaneous Generation ( Abiogenesis) 1. 1 st proposed by Aristotle 2. Believed that...
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I. History
A. Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
1. 1st proposed by Aristotle
2. Believed that complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances,
Example: mice would spontaneously appear in stored grain OR maggots would spontaneously appear in meat.
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I. History (con’t)
A.Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
3. Was widely believed until the 19th century.
4. Several scientists performed experiments that disproved spontaneous generation
• Francisco Redi
• Lazzaro Spallanzani
• Louis Pasteur
The Characteristics Common to Life
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Pasteur’s Experiment Proved Biogenesis
Louis Pasteur
1859
B. Biogenesis – all living organisms come from pre-existing living things.
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- Anything that possesses the following characteristics of life is called an organism.
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I. Common Characteristics of Life
A. Made of Cells – organized from the cell upB. Reproduction ( asexual or sexual)C. Grow and DevelopD. Adaptation to environmentE. Maintain HomeostasisF. Based on a universal molecular code (DNA)G. Obtain and use materials and energy (ATP)
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A. Cells – The Basic Unit of Life
An Amazing Fact: THE HUMAN BODY … … is a collection of a trillion, diverse and
highly organized cells.
What does it takes to keep this collection of a trillion cells “alive” ? A combination of Biology … Chemistry …
Genetics … Physics …
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C. Reproduction- All living organisms are able to reproduce themselves
Asexual – DNA from only 1 parent
Sexual – DNA combining from 2 parents
Binary Fissio
nSpore
Formation Hydra BuddingSperm
fertilizing egg
Asexual Sexual
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C. Growth and Development Unicellular organism
Growth … an increase in the size of the cell Development … an increase in the # of
organelles in the cytoplasm
Multicellular organisms Growth ... An increase in the # of cells Development … Cells specialize / diversify
and form tissues, organs, and organ systems
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D. Adaptation
All organisms are able to adapt to their surroundings ...
To be able to … respond to stimulus and react! Examples…?
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E. Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment that is suitable for the life of its cells.
Sweating…shivering…increased respiration…being thirsty … etc.
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II. Tools of Science
A. Common Measurement System = SI“The Metric System”- based on a system of 10
Length – metersVolume – litersMass – gramsTemperature – centigrade
Prefixes added to the basic units above:milli = 1/1000 centi = 1/100 kilo – 1000
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II. Tools of Bio-Sciences
B. Microscopes1. Light – compound microscopes
10X (eyepiece) 10X, 40X, objectives
2. Electron Microscopes TEM – transmission electron
microscope (detailed interior picture)
SEM – scanning electron microscope (detailed 3-D exterior pic.)
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F. A Common Hereditary Thread DNA – the molecule that is common
to all living organisms Provides the code for making all the
diverse proteins necessary for cell life
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III. Laboratory Techniques
Wet Mount Slide Adding a liquid to a dry specimen on a slide
and using a cover slip to protect liquid from microscope objectives
Cell Cultures Growing groups of cells from one parent cell
Cell Fractionation Separating and collecting only one part of a
cell
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SI Measurements – prefix “ladder” 1,000,000 M mega
1,000 k kilo
100 h hecto
10 D decka
1 base units: meter, liter, or gram
.1 d deci
.01 c centi
.001 m milli
.0000001 micro
.0000000001 n nano
1 x 10-12 p pica