I-2DP Colloquium Accra James Mackie, Senior Advisor EU Development Policy 23 April 2015 The...
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Transcript of I-2DP Colloquium Accra James Mackie, Senior Advisor EU Development Policy 23 April 2015 The...
I-2DP ColloquiumAccra
James Mackie, Senior Advisor EU Development Policy
23 April 2015
The Post-2015 Global Development Agenda
and the EU
• Some Propositions• Post-2015 Agenda – process so far
• UN process on post-2015• The Agenda
• EU interest in MDGs and now post-2015• EU Development policy• EU ODA levels• EU positions for post-2015• Moving beyond the MDGs• Financing for Development• Likely outcomes
Outline
Page 2
1. Agreement on value of a global development agenda
2. Yet there is core dilemma:• Limitations of MDGs• Scale & complexity of SDG agenda
3. Europe continues to support:• Need for international development• Willing to tackle global challenges• Multilateral and collective approach
4. But Europeans also• Unsure of wider international support• Want to move on from North-South model
Some propositions
Page 3
• Extensive consultations at national level• High-Level Panel Report – June 2013• OWG – Proposals on SDGs – July 2014• ICESDF – Report on finance – Aug 2014• UNSG Synthesis Report, Nov 2014• January 2015: negotiating process started• UN processes
• Negotiating in Blocks: G77+China & EU
• EU engagement• Various communications DEVCO+ENV• European Reports on Development
• 2013 – Post-MDG agenda• 2015 – Finance & development
Post-2015 process to date
Page 4
General agreement seems to exist on:
1.Sustainable development• Social agenda not enough on its own• All 3 pillars: social, economic & environmental
2.Transformative change• Tackle causes not just symptoms
3.Universality• MDGs were about development in South• SDG agenda is about both North and South
Can this be sustained & will it work?
At this stage in process
Page 5
• UN High-Level Panel conclusions – June 2013• Chairs: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, David Cameron
• Proposed a universal agenda with five big ‘transformative shifts’:1. Leave no-one behind2. Put sustainable development at the core3. Transform economies for jobs and inclusive
growth4. Build peace & effective, open and accountable
institutions for all5. Forge a new global partnership
Transformative agenda
Page 6
1.End poverty2.Achieve food security and improved nutrition3.Ensure healthy lives and well-being4. Inclusive and equitable education5.Gender equality and empower women and girls6.Availability of water & sanitation7.Affordable, reliable & sustainable energy8. Inclusive & sustainable growth9.Resilient infrastructure, inclusive industrialisation10.Reduce inequality within & among countries11.Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient & sustainable12.Sustainable consumption & production13.Urgent action to combat climate change14.Sustainable use of oceans, seas & marine resources15.Sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems16.Peaceful & inclusive societies, justice for all, inclusive
institutions17.Strengthen finance, Means of Implementation, global
partnership & PCSDGoals
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Drivers of changes in EU thinking since 2000
• Agreement on objectives – the MDGs• Culmination of series of UN conferences in 1990s
• Scale – Monterrey Consensus – 2002• Doubling of ODA levels by 2015
• Approach – how to improve results?• Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness 2005, AAA, Busan
• Motivation – changing geo-political priorities • Concern with security since 9/11• New concerns with natural resources …
• New actors – China, India, Korea, Turkey…• More recently other emerging issues:
• Growing proactiveness of partner countries … • New thinking on poverty and on aid itself• Post-2015 – move to International Cooperation? Page 8
EU Development Policy
• European Consensus on Development 2005– Principles: ownership, partnership, dialogue, work
with variety of actors including CS and private sector – Poverty focus, achieve MDGs, More Aid, Better Aid …– Cross-cutting issues: gender, environment, Human
Rights, rights of children, indigenous peoples, combating HIV/AIDS …
– Policy coherence for development (PCD) – Joint EU action: coordination & complementarity
• Agenda for Change 2011• Improve impact – concentrate on two priority areas: (i)
governance and (ii) inclusive growth• Ensure best value for money – target resources,
withdraw from some countries, coordinated action and PCD
Page 9
• Built a joint EU position (EU+MS, Dev+Env) • Committed to multilateral approach New Global Partnership [COM, 4 Feb 2015]
should be based on: • Shared responsibility, mutual accountability
& respective capacity• Cover 3 pillars of sustainable development
• Universality principle accepted • Support for 0.7% ODA/GNI target but wants
other parties to make commitments too• Aid should be targeted and effectively used • Good policy and PCD (policy coherence for
development) is vital• Monitoring, accountability & review system
EU position on post-2015
Page 14
• European Reports on Development• Independent reports based on research• Financed by European Commission and some
member states
• ERD 2013: Post-2015: Global Action for an Inclusive & Sustainable Future
• ERD 2015: Combining Finance & Policies for a Transformative post-2015 Global Development Agenda
• ERD 2015 to be launched on 4 May, Brussels • All documents including background papers
and case studies on: www.erd-report.eu
The ERD
Page 15
• Unprecedented mobilisation of collective action• Yet ownership of agenda very variable
• Pushed aid towards social sectors• Poverty did go down, but aid not only reason• Inequalities increased
• Both nationally and internationally
• Lack of emphasis on economic growth and productive sectors
• Sustainability issues not tackled• Global partnership
• Did not materialise in various areas (e.g. trade, climate change, etc.)
• ODA target not met though levels did go up
ERD 2013 – Lessons from the MDGs
Page 16
• Dramatic global fall in extreme poverty … • Yet 1.2bn people still poor
• Measurement: need to use both international & national poverty lines
• Inequality needs to become an explicit focus• Reduce through: fiscal measures, social
protection policies …• Group based inequalities – often very persistent
• Multidimensionality – look at wider range of issues & cumulative effect
• Vulnerability – take a dynamic view• Sustainability – Poor exposed most + think of
future generations• Poor peoples’ own experience – well-being
approaches
Understanding poverty better
Page 17
• A transformative agenda - wider and more structurally transformative approach
• National ownership is key - more careful attention to how global goals relate to national policy needs and targets
• Scale up global collective action on: 1. International finance, trade, migration and
climate change 2. Policy Coherence for Development 3. Continue to increase both level and
effectiveness of aid
ERD 2013 - Key Messages
Page 19
• Beyond MDGs:• Sustainable development integrated agenda•Start from enablers of transformative change
• Beyond Aid:•Consider all forms of development finance and means of implementation •Policies for mobilisation and effective use of finance•Importance of PCD / PCSD – effect of other policies on development•Global collective action on a package of international and national measures
Starting point for ERD 2015
Page 20
Consider all financial resources for sustainable development
Trends in finance to developing countries ($ billion, 2011 prices), 2002–2011
Sources: (See report) IMF, OECD, WDI, etc.22
Domestic private financeInternational private financeDomestic public finance
Domestic public financeDomestic private financeInternational private finance
Domestic public financeInternational public finance
International public finance
Level of income
Domestic private financeInternational private finance
…typical evolution in dominant sources of finance sources:
Bangladesh 2000-2012 ($):-GDP up by 150%-Aid up by 75%-Tax revenues up by 280%
Indonesia: oil revenues pre 1986. After fall in oil price 1986: -FDI in manufacturing / services -From foreign to domestic debt
Source: ERD illustrations on Bangladesh, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mauritius, Moldova, and Tanzania Page 24
ERD 2015 – Main Messages
1. There are many sources of finance which tend to vary by level of income and type of enabler
2. Policy matters: finance important but not enough; essential to encourage appropriate policies for effective use and mobilisation:• Domestic policy and financial
frameworks for mobilising domestic resources and facilitating their effective use for sustainable development
• A conducive global policy environment• International public finance to be used in
a more focused and catalytic manner3. Need for a monitoring and accountability
framework to encourage appropriate action
Page 25
Applying the universality principle• Implies that goals and targets are relevant
to all governments and actors• Three types of targets:
• Type I - Domestic development Outcomes (e.g. eradicate poverty, reduce violence)
• Type II - Responsibilities to assist other countries (e.g. ODA, specific ‘beyond aid’ policies)
• Type III - Responsibilities for supporting progress towards global common goods (fair international systems, sustainable consumption/production, etc.)
• Universality implies differentiation• What can each contribute?
Page 26
• ODA levels – further increases unlikely as long as financial crisis continues
• Targeting of aid • LDCs & fragile states • Focus on catalytic use of ODA
• Revision of European Consensus in 2016?• Integration of development policies with
other policies? • One ‘global strategy’ with development
policy as one element?• Universality – how far will EU go internally?
Impact of post-2015 on EU Development policy
Page 27
• UN block system for negotiations not ideal for building coalitions of the willing• G77+China and the EU are probably key
• Complication of having separate tracks for climate change and trade
• FFD Addis – will it move beyond ODA?• What other commitments to expect?
• EU negotiators apparently feel• Unhappy with sequencing of conferences:
Finance before agenda• China playing a constructive role• Africa also better organised, clearer than in
past & not just interested in ODA
The UN negotiations …
Page 28
• Threshold moment – but many potential pitfalls …
• Will coalitions emerge?• SDG agenda – necessary, but with so many
goals and targets unlikely to work like MDGs• Monitoring and accountability is key• FFD Addis – need a range of contributions
(finance and policies) on the table • UNGA – will unity on the agenda seen in
2014 be maintained?• COP21, Paris – will enough parties agree to
make commitments?• EU committed but looking for friends
Conclusions
Page 29