Highlights of accomplishments 1st Quarter 2013

PRESENTED BY: JEREMIAH T. CARLOS

HYPOTHESIS TESTINGOUTLINE

INTRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCEAlmost every great step in the history of science has been made by the anticipation of nature, that is, by the invention of hypotheses which, though verifiable, often had very little foundation to start with. T. H. Huxley

Hypotheses are important because they bring clarity, specificity and focus to a research problemthey narrow the field of investigationthey tell a researcher what specific information to collectthey provide greater focus to the research problem (Kumar, 2005) HYPOTHESIS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING DEFINEDHypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relationship between two or more variables (Kerlinger, 1986).a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events which have occurred or will occur (Gay, 1976).a testable statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables (McGuigan, 1978).the most specific statement of a problem that states the researchers expectations concerning the relationship between the variables in the research problem (Sevilla, et al., 1988).HYPOTHESIS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING DEFINEDHypothesis Testing is statistically analyzing data from a sample in order to make assumptions about a population (Heffner, 2004).determining how much error is associated with sample data and then comparing the amount of estimated error with an acceptable level of error (Heffner).sometimes referred to as the Neyman-Pearson framework, in honor of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson (Siegrist, 1997).CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESISA Good Hypothesis should be reasonablestating in definite terms the relationship between variables. (e.g. cause and effect, correlation, measures of difference, etc.)testable; andfollowing the findings of previous studies.

FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The Hypothesisintroduces the researchers thinking at the start of the study.structures the next stages or procedures of the study.helps to provide the format for the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data in the thesis.TYPES OF HYPOTHESES Null Hypothesis (H0 )- states that there is no existence of effect, interaction, relationships or difference between two groups.H0 : 1 = 2Examples:There is no significant effect of three feeding schemes on the weight of malnourished eight-year-old children.The mean for the boys equals that of the girls on the Torrance Verbal Test of originality.Sex is independent of positiveness or negativeness towards some concepts among freshman high school boys and girls.TYPES OF HYPOTHESES Alternative Hypothesis (H1 )- the operational statement of the research hypothesis.

H1 : 1 2 or H1 : 1 < 2 or H1 : 1 > 2

Deductive Hypothesis expectation based on a theoryInductive Hypothesis based on observations of behavior.TYPES OF HYPOTHESES Non-Directional Hypothesis does not state a direction or nature of difference; involves two-tailed tests.

H0 : 1 = 2 or H1 : 1 2

Directional Hypothesis an alternative hypothesis that predicts the results of one condition will be greater or less than another, rather than a prediction that they will simply differ; involves one-tailed tests (White and McBurney, 2013).

H1 : 1 < 2 or H1 : 1 > 2

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Source: Business Research Methods, 6th Ed., Cooper and Schindler, 1998ALPHA and BETAAlpha () refers to the probability of making a Type I Error. It is determined before the research is conducted (typically .05 or .01).Beta () represents the possibility of making a Type II Error and is called Power; unknown prior to research although there are statistics that attempt to estimate it (Heffner, 2004). p-levelp the probability of making an errorNo research is ever 100% error free, such that the researcher sets the alpha () level, or the acceptable level of error, prior to analyzing data.Hence, if the probability of error (p) is less than the accepted level of error (), then the research is significant because p < .Examples:The results are significant (p .05Reject null hypothesisFail to reject null hypothesisSource: Hypothesis Testing and Inferential Statistics, Masuda, 2000REFERENCESCooper and Schindler. Business Research Methods. Sixth Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 1998.Heffner, Christopher. Statistics Primer: Hypothesis Testing. Heffner Media Group, Inc., 2011. Web. 22 November 2013. .Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology. Second Edition. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005.Masuda, Takahiko. Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing and Inferential Statistics. University of Michigan, 2000. Web. 22 November 2013. .Sevilla, Ochave and others. An Introduction to Research Methods. First Edition. Manila: Rex Bookstore, 1988.Siegrist, Kyle. Hypothesis Testing: Introduction. University of Alabama Huntsville, 1997. Web. 22 November 2013. .White and McBurney. Research Methods. 9th International Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2013.

END OF PRESENTATION. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.