Hypothesis Generation - WordPress.com€¦ · •Hypothesis generation is key to developing...
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Hypothesis Generation
Falgunee Parekh, MPH, PhD
4/12/2018
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•Scenario
•Describe the importance of hypothesis generation
•Describe approaches to hypothesis generation
Agenda
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Scenario
Many people are getting sick in a nearby town. The symptoms appear to be similar to those of a waterborne bacterial disease. You are fairly certain the disease is being spread by contaminated water in the town well.
What do you do?
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What is a Hypothesis?
• In epidemiology, a hypothesis is an explanatory supposition, arrived from observation or reflection, that leads to refutable predictions
• In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess that is usually based on knowledge, thought, or specific information, which can be tested
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Refutable Predictions
• A refutable prediction is one that can either be supported or disproven using scientific methodology
• This is usually accomplished using analytical epidemiology and/or statistical testing
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Why is a Hypothesis Important?
• The Research Topic and Hypothesis should be identified first, before the rest of the project concept is developed in order to guide development of project objectives
• Without a hypothesis…• What are you going to investigate?
• What questions are you going to ask on your questionnaire?
• What clinical samples are you going to take?
• What environmental samples are you going to take?
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Hypotheses: Examples
Single project with 1 Hypothesis: Wild fauna serve as potential reservoirs of Brucella spp.pathogens and could cause threat and re-emergence of the disease to humans and domestic animals.
Single project with multiple Hypotheses:• Modern diagnostic methods and tools will increase the sensitivity and specificity of
pathogen detection in previously-collected tick, rodent, and human samples.
• Due to a lack of diagnostic capability, CCHFV and hantavirus infections contribute to morbidity and mortality among patients with a clinical diagnosis such as leptospirosis or severe, acute febrile illness, but lack a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis
• There is a measurable association between preexisting environmental conditions and the occurrence of high levels of pathogen activity in animal reservoir populations that can be identified prior to outbreaks in human populations
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Correlation of Research Topic to Hypothesis
Your team has decided to study the factors that contribute to Coxiellaburnetti infection in pregnant women.
Which option is a possible hypothesis for this research topic?• Option A: Vector-borne transmission by ticks is the primary contributing
factor of C. burnetii infection in pregnant women.
• Option B: Human contact with cattle, sheep, and goats lead to increased rates of infection of C. burnetii in pregnant women.
• Option C: Pregnant women contract C. burnetii infection due to airborne contact with contaminated environments.
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Hypotheses and Research Method
• The Hypothesis can reflect a single outcome or multiple outcomes (hypotheses) and provides insight into causation
• Once you have a Hypothesis you develop methods to test it• Project objectives
• Outcomes
• Data Collection Methods
• Sample Collection
• Data Analysis Methods
• Collect data to test your Hypothesis.
• Hypothesis testing will confirm or refute the statement.
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Research Methods
• Determine the best study design
• Observational Studies Include:• Case series
• Cross-sectional study
• Case-control study
• Cohort study
• Experimental studies (clinical trials)• Vaccines, therapeutics, devices
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Research Methods
• Sampling scheme – should align with study desing
• Laboratory analysis
• Statistical analysis plan
• Logistics• Materials and Supplies • Number of people you need to do the study
• Clinician, lab technician, field personnel, data manager, post-docs, students, etc.• Facilities and equipment
• Clinic, lab, storage for questionnaires, field equipment for sample collection, etc.• How long will the study be?• Travel
• Budget and Cost• How much will all of this cost?
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Summary
• Hypothesis generation is key to developing effective research studies
• Without a hypothesis you will not know:• What you are going to investigate
• What are your project objectives
• What is your study design
• What type of data and samples will you collect and how you will collect them
• What resources do you need to do the study
• How long will you conduct the study
• What will it cost