Hyperthyroidism Paper COMPLETE

7/24/2019 Hyperthyroidism Paper COMPLETE

1/18

CONTAIN

I. Abstract..2

Chapter 1 : Introduction

1.1. Case...3

1.2 Keyword...4

Chapter 2 : Frame of theory

2.1. Definition..5

2.2 Etiology.5

2.3 Sign and symptoms...6

2.4 Patopysiology!

2.5 "reatment..#

Chapter 3 : Analysis

3.1. "eory re$iew.12

3.2. Diagnosis.12

Chapter : !iscussion

4.1. %&estion.15

4.2. Dis'&ssion..15

Chapter " : Conclusion######################1$


2/18

Abstract

(ypertyroidism is a 'ondition in wi' an o$era'ti$e tyroid gland is

prod&'ing an e)'essi$e amo&nt of tyroid ormones tat 'ir'&late in te *lood.

+,(yper, means ,o$er, in -ree/. "yroto)i'osis is a to)i' 'ondition tat is

'a&sed *y an e)'ess of tyroid ormones from any 'a&se.


3/18

C%A&T'( 1

INT(O!)CTION

1.1. Case

0 2!year old woman presents to yo&r offi'e 'omplaining of progressing

ner$o&sness fatig&e palpitations and te re'ent de$elopment of resting and

tremor. Se also states tat se is a$ing diffi'&lty 'on'etrating at wor and as*een more irita*le wit er 'oworers. "e patient also notes tat se as

de$eloped a persistent ras o$er er sins tat as not impro$ed wit te &se of

topi'al steroid 'reams. 0ll of er symptoms a$e 'ome on grad&ally o$er te past

few monts and 'ontin&e to get worse. e$iew of systems also re$eals an

&nintentional weigt loss of a*o&t 1 po&nds insomnia and ammenorea for te

past 2 monts +te patients menstr&al 'y'les are &s&ally &ite reg&lar/. "e

patients past medi'al istory &s &nremara*le and se taes no oral medi'ations.

Se is '&rrently not se)&ally a'ti$e and does not drin al'ool smoe or &se any

illi'it dr&gs. 7n e)amination e is afe*ril. (er p&lse $aries from !11 *eats per

min&te. Se appears restless and an)io&s er sin is warm and moist. (er eyes

sow e$iden'e of e)optalmos and lid retra'tion *ialterally alto&g f&nd&s'opi'

e)amination is normal. 8e' e)amination re$eals symmetri' tyroid enlargement

wito&t any dis'rete palpa*le masses. Cardia' e)amination re$eals an irreg&lar

rytm. (er l&ngs are 'lear to a&s'&ltation. E)tremity e)amination re$eals an

erytemato&s ti'ened ras on *ot sins. 8e&rologi'al e)amination is normal

e)'ept for a fine resting tremor in er ands wen se attempts to old o&t er

o&tstret'ed arms. 9nitial la* tests in'l&de a negati$e pregnan'y test and

&ndete'ta*le le$el of tyroidstim&lating ormone +"S(/.


4/18

1.2. *ey+ord

, 2! yearold woman, 8er$o&sness fatig&e and palpitations

, esting and tremor

, 9rita*le

, Persistent sins r&s +erytemato&s/

, :eigt loss of a*o&t 1 po&nds

, 9nsomnia

, 0mmenorrea

, Doesnt 'ons&me alool smoe or illi'it dr&gs.

, 0fe*rile

, estless and an)io&s

, 0ritmia, Symmetri' tyroid glands enlargement

, E)optalmos

, 8ot pregnant

, ;ndete'ta*le le$el of "S(

C%A&T'( 2


5/18

F(A-' OF T%'O(

2.1. !efinition

(ypertyroidism is a 'ondition in wi' an o$era'ti$e tyroid gland is

prod&'ing an e)'essi$e amo&nt of tyroid ormones tat 'ir'&late in te *lood.

"yroto)i'osis is a to)i' 'ondition tat is 'a&sed *y an e)'ess of tyroid

ormones from any 'a&se. "yroto)i'osis 'an *e 'a&sed *y an e)'essi$e intae of

tyroid ormone or *y o$erprod&'tion of tyroid ormones *y te tyroid gland.

2.2. 'tiolo/y

Some 'ommon 'a&ses of ypertyroidism in'l&de&n'tioning adenoma +,ot nod&le,/ and to)i' m&ltinod&lar

goiter +"?8-/

E)'essi$e intae of tyroid ormones

0*normal se'retion of "S(

"yroiditis +inflammation of te tyroid gland/

E)'essi$e iodine intae

0raes !isease

-ra$es= disease wi' is 'a&sed *y a generali@ed o$era'ti$ity of te tyroid

gland is te most 'ommon 'a&se of ypertyroidism. 9n tis 'ondition te

tyroid gland &s&ally is renegade wi' means it as lost te a*ility to respond to

te normal 'ontrol *y te pit&itary gland $ia "S(. -ra$es= disease is ereditary


6/18

and is &p to fi$e times more 'ommon among women tan men. -ra$es= disease is

to&gt to *e an a&toimm&ne disease and anti*odies tat are 'ara'teristi' of te

illness may *e fo&nd in te *lood. "ese anti*odies in'l&de tyroid stim&lating

imm&noglo*&lin +"S9 anti*odies/ tyroid pero)idase anti*odies +"P7/ and "S(

re'eptor anti*odies. "e triggers for -ra$e=s disease in'l&deatig&e

De'reased 'on'entration

9rreg&lar and s'ant menstr&al flow

9n older patients irreg&lar eart rytms and eart fail&re 'an o''&r. 9n its most

se$ere form &ntreated ypertyroidism may res&lt in ,tyroid storm, a 'ondition

in$ol$ing ig *lood press&re fe$er and eart fail&re. ?ental 'anges s&' as

'onf&sion and deliri&m also may o''&r.

2.. &athophysiolo/y

"yroid ormones stim&late te meta*olism of 'ells. "ey are prod&'ed *y

te tyroid gland. "e tyroid gland is lo'ated in te lower part of te ne' *elow

te 0dam=s apple. "e gland wraps aro&nd te windpipe +tra'ea/ and as a sapetat is similar to a *&tterfly formed *y two wings +lo*es/ and atta'ed *y a middle

part +istm&s/.

"e tyroid gland remo$es iodine from te *lood +wi' 'omes mostly from

a diet of foods s&' as seafood *read and salt/ and &ses it to prod&'e tyroid

ormones. "e two most important tyroid ormones are tyro)ine+"4/

"riiodotyronine +"3/ representing BB.B and .1 of tyroid ormones

respe'ti$ely. "e ormone wit te most *iologi'al a'ti$ity +for e)ample te

greatest effe't on te *ody/ is a't&ally "3. 7n'e released from te tyroid gland

into te *lood a large amo&nt of "4 is 'on$erted to "3 te more a'ti$e ormone

tat affe'ts te meta*olism of 'ells. "e tyroid itself is reg&lated *y anoter

gland lo'ated in te *rain 'alled te pit&itary.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5791http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5791


8/18

tyroid ormone tat is 'ir'&lating in te *lood +a ,feed*a', effe't of

tyroid ormone on te pit&itary gland/ and in part *y anoter gland 'alled te

ypotalam&s also a part of te *rain.

"e ypotalam&s releases a ormone 'alled tyrotropin releasing ormone

+"(/ wi' sends a signal to te pit&itary to release tyroid stim&lating

ormone +"S(/. 9n t&rn "S( sends a signal to te tyroid to release tyroid

ormones. 9f o$era'ti$ity of any of tese tree glands o''&rs an e)'essi$e amo&nt

of tyroid ormones 'an *e prod&'ed tere*y res&lting in ypertyroidism.

2.". Treatment

"e options for treating ypertyroidism in'l&deor

treating te symptoms we 'o&ld &se *eta *lo'ers for e)ample propanolol

atenolol and metoprolol. :e 'o&ld also &se antityroid dr&gs to *lo' te

prod&'tion of tyroid ormone. 0nd te last medi'ine is radioa'ti$e iodine +pill or

li&id/ to de'rease le$el of iodine.

C%A&T'( "

CONC4)ION

Gase on te 'ase we 'an mae a 'on'l&sion tis patient s&ffered from

ypertyroidism. :e a$e already nows a*o&t te patopysiology of

ypertyroidism tat 'an 'a&se some meta*olism tro&*le wi' sown *y tremor

fatig&e palpitations gland enlargement e)optalmos and oter symptoms. :it

te a''&rate anamnesis and some e)amination we 'an gi$e te *est terapy fortis patient to impro$e tis 'ondition.


17/18

%&'(T%(OI!I-0(O)&

!%IAN T(I 6(ATA 7893188$$

'(IC* '6ATIAN 7893188;

'A &(ATA-A 7893188;;


18/18

'N04I% -'!ICA4 2

4AN0)A0' C'NT(' OF

)NI

Hyperthyroidism Paper COMPLETE

Documents

Transcript of Hyperthyroidism Paper COMPLETE