Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU
description
Transcript of Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU
![Page 1: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi
MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology
UQU
![Page 2: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hypertension The Silent Killer
• Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure.
• Blood Pressure: is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body.
• Blood pressure management includes systolic and disystolic components, and both are important determining an individual’s cardiovascular risk.
![Page 3: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Determinants of Arterial Pressure
Mean arterial pressure = CO X TPR (blood volume & arterial diameter).
Mechanisms of Controlling CO and TPR1-Neural Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system.2. Hormonal Renal: Ang IIAdrenal: Catecholamine’s& Aldosterone.3-Local factor artery & vein. CRITICAL POINTS!1. These organ systems and mechanisms control physical factors of CO and TPR2. Therefore, they are the targets of antihypertensive therapy.
![Page 4: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Etiology :• Primary hypertension (90-95%) *Essential hypertension.• SECONDARY HYPERTENSION *Renal disease.*Endocrine disease.*Vascular disease.*Drug.Sympathomimetic Amine-Estrogen-Cyclosporine-Erythropoietin,NSAID- and steroid
![Page 5: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hypertension Complications:
(The risk of complication is related to the level of BP elevated)• Aneurysm: Hypertension symptoms weaken blood vessel walls, which can
result in an aneurysm. This bulge in the blood vessel can rupture, causing internal bleeding. A ruptured aneurysm is a life-threatening event.
• Atherosclerosis.• Coronary Artery Disease.• Heart Failure.• Kidney Complications: total renal failure, Kidney aneurysms and renal tissue
scarring.• cerebral hemorrhage /infarction.• Vision Loss: The small blood vessels in the eyes can be damaged as a result of high
blood pressure, causing nerve damage or bleeding. Blurred vision can occur, as can-
![Page 6: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Symptom:
Most of the time, there are no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur include:
-Confusion-Fatigue-Headache-Irregular heartbeat-Nose bleeding
-Vision changes
![Page 7: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Diagnoses:
1. Blood pressure should be measured by using sphygmomanometer .
2. Check for possible secondary cause by (Taking history, blood Test, Echo, ECG, Urinalysis,& Ultrasound of the kidney )
![Page 8: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Treatment:
• The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure to lower risk of complications.
• Treatment of hypertension includes both pharmacological and Non-pharmacological treatment.
![Page 10: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
General Treatment Strategy of Hypertension
• 1-Diagnosis.• 2-Primary or secondary hypertension.• 3-Secondary > treat underlying cause.• 4-Primary> initiate life style modification.• 5->Pharmacological treatment
![Page 11: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pharmacological Treatment:
• A large selection of antihypertensive drug is available.
• It’s important to use drug that minimize patient Side effects.
• Many patient need combination of drug to achieve adequate blood pressure.
![Page 12: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Antihypertensive Medication
Classes of Antihypertensive Agents1-Diuretics2-Peripheral a-1 adrenergic antagonist .3-Central sympatholytic (a-2Agonist).4-B-Adrenergic Antagonists.5-Anti-angiotensin Drugs.6-Ca++ Channel Blockers.7-Vasodilator.
CRITICAL POINTS: Each designed for specific control systemOften used in combination .
![Page 13: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1-Diuretics
1-Site of Action: Renal Nephron.2-Mechanism of action: Increase (urine excretion & Na excretion) . Decrease (extracellular fluid and plasma volume).3-Effect on Cardiovascular System: Acute decrease in CO. Chronic decrease in TPR.
![Page 15: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1-Diuretics 1st line
1. Thiazideshydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Esidrix);chlorthalidone (Hygroton)
2. Loop diureticsfurosemide (Lasix); bumetadine (Burmex);ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
3- K+ Sparingamiloride (Midamor); spironolactone (Aldactone);triamterene (Dyrenium)
![Page 16: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
drug properties initial dose rangechlorothizide thiazide diuretic 500mg po daily 125-1000
hydrochlorothizide thiazide diuretic 12.5 mg po daily 12.5-50
benzthizide thiazide diuretic 25 mg po bid 50-100
chlorothalidone thiazide diuretic 25mg po daily 12.5-0
bumetanide loop diuretic 0.5 mg po daily /iv 0-5-5
furosemide loop diuretic 20mg po daily / iv 20-100
torsemide loop diuretic 5 mg po daily /iv 5-10
ethacrynic acid loop diuretic 50 mg po daily/iv 25-100
amiloride K sparing diuretic 5 mg po daily 5-10
triamterene K sparing diuretic 50 mg po bid 50-200
Eplerenone K sparing diuretic 25mg po daily 25-100
spironolactone K sparing diuretic 25 mg po daily 25-100
![Page 18: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Diuretics (cont)
4. Adverse Reactionsdizziness.electrolyte imbalance/depletion.hypokalemia.(thiazide)
hyperkalemia (k sparing )hyperlipidemia.(thiazide)hyperglycemia (Thiazide).gout.(Thizide)
gynecomastia (k sparing )
5. Contraindicationshypersensitivity.compromised kidney function.cardiac glycosides (K+ effects).hypovolemia.hyponatremia
![Page 19: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Therapeutic Considerations : Thiazides (most common diuretics for HTN). Generally start with lower potency diuretics. Generally used to treat mild to moderate HTN. Use with lower dietary Na+ intake. and K+ supplement or high K+ food. K+ Sparing (week diuretic >combination with other agent). Loop diuretics (severe HTN, or with CHF ) Osmotic (HTN emergencies).
Diuretics (cont)
![Page 20: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2-Peripheral a-1 Adrenergic Antagonists
Drugs: prazosin (Minipres); terazosin (Hytrin)
1-Site of Action-:-Peripheral arterioles, smooth muscle2- Mechanism of Action Competitive antagonist at a-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle ..
3- Effects on Cardiovascular System Blocking -receptors on vascular smooth muscle allows muscle relaxation, dilation of vessel, and reduced resistant
![Page 21: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
a- adrenergic antagonist initial dose dosage rane
doxazosin (Cardura) 1mg PO daily 1-16
prazosin 1mg PO bid-tid 1-20
terazosin 1mg PO at bedtime 1-20
![Page 22: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
5. Contraindications Hypersensitivity
Peripheral -1 Adrenergic Antagonists, con.
4. Adverse effectsnausea; drowsiness; postural hypotension;1st dose syncope
6. Therapeutic Considerations-useful with diabetes, asthma, and/or
hypercholesterolemia-use in mild to moderate hypertension-often used with diuretic, antagonist
![Page 23: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3-Central Sympatholytic (a-2 Agonists)
Drugs: clonidine (Catapres), methyldopa (Aldomet)1. Site of Action:
CNS medullary cardiovascular centers”2-Mechanism of Action : CNS a-2 adrenergic stimulation
>Decreased norepinephrine release3-Effects on Cardiovascular System : Stimulation of a-2 receptors in the medulla decreases peripheral Sympathetic activity reduces tone, vasodilation and decreases TPR
![Page 24: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Centrally acting adrenergic agent
initial dose doasage range
clonidine *catapres* 0.1 mg PO bid 0.1-1.2
clonidine path TTS/WK ~ O.1 mg/d release
0.1-0.3
guanfacine 1mg PO daily 1-3
guanabenz 4mg PO bid 4-46
methyldopa*aldomet* 250 mg PO bid-tid 250-2.000
![Page 25: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
4. Adverse Effectsdry mouth; sedation;
impotence;
Central Sympatholytic (-2 Agonists); cont.
6. Therapeutic Considerationsthird line;methyldopa drug of choice for pregnancy
prolonged use--salt/water retention, add diuretic
![Page 26: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
4- B- Adrenergic Antagonists.
Drugs: propranolol (Inderal); metoprolol (Lopressor)
atenolol (Tenormin); nadolol (Corgard); pindolol (Visken)
1-Site of action: 2-Mechanism of Action
competitive antagonist at b- adrenergic receptors.
.3-Effects on Cardiovascular System
. Cardiac-- HR, SV CO
. Renal-- Renin Angiotensin II TPR
![Page 27: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
drug properties initial dose range
atenolol selective 50 mg po daily 25-100
bisprolol selective 5 mg po daily 5-40
metroprolol selective 50-100 mg po daily 2.5-20
nadolol Non selective 40 mg po daily 20-240
propranolol Non selective 40 mg po daily 40-240
timolol Non selective 10 mg po daily 20-40
pindolol ISA 5 mg po daily 10 -60
carvidilol a & B antagonist 6.25mg po daily 12.5-50
labetalol a & B antagonist 100mg po bid 200-1200
acebutolol selective, 200mg po bid 200-1200
![Page 28: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
-Adrenergic Antagonists, cont
6. Therapeutic ConsiderationsSelectivity
nadolol (Corgard) non selective, but 20 hr 1/2 life metoprol (Lopresor) -1 selective, 3-4 hr 1/2 life
Risky in pulmonary disease even selective -1 Use post myocardial infarction- protective
Use with diuretic to prevent reflex tachycardia. Mixed / blocker available (labetalol)(Trandate, Normodyne)
decreases TPR (), prevents reflex tachycardia ()
4. Adverse Effects oadema ; postural hypotension fatigue; exercise intolerance;
5. Contraindicationsasthma; diabetes; bradycardia; hypersensitivity
![Page 29: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
5-Anti-Angiotensin II DrugsAngiotensin II Formation
2. Ang II Receptor Antagonists losartan (Cozaar); candesartan (Atacand); valsartan (Diovan)
1. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme- Inhibitors)
Ang I
Ang II
ACE
ACE
Ang II
Renin
Angiotensinogen
Ang IAT1
AT2
LungVSMBrainKidneyAdr Gland
quinapril (Accupril); fosinopril (Monopril); moexipril (Univasc); lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil); benazepril (Lotensin); captopril (Capoten
![Page 30: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
. Effects on Cardiovascular System a. Renal
1. Maintenance of normal GFR2. Reduces plasma vasopressin
and aldosterone Decreased CO
b. Cardiac1. Decreased Ang II and
Norepinephrine effects Decreased SymNS influence;
Decreased CO c. Vascular
1. Decreased Ang II Decreased TPR- due to Ang II
![Page 32: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ACEI initial dose dosage range
captopril 25mg PO bid 50-450
benazepril 10mg PO bid 10-40
Enalapril 5mg PO daily 2.5-40
Fosinopril 10 mg Po daily 10-40
Angiotensin 11 receptor blocker
initial dose dosage form
Candesartan 8mg PO daily 8-32
Losartan 50mg PO daily 25-100
Valsartan 80 mg PO daily 80-320
Omlesartan 20mg PO daily 20-40
![Page 33: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Anti-Angiotensin II Drugs, cont
4. Adverse Effects
a. hyperkaelemia b. altered gustatory sensation c. angioedema- sudden edema skin/ mucous membranes; etiology unknown d. cough- increase bradykinin / prostaglandinsa.
5. Contraindicationspregnancy; hypersensitivity; bilateral renal stenosis
6. Therapeutic Considerations a. use with diabetes or renal insufficiency 1. Ang II contributes to decreased renal function b. use in heart failure 1. Ang II contributes to ventricular remodeling c. usually used with diuretic, additive with thiazide 1. Decreases sodium retention by reducing aldosterone d. used where diuretic or -blocker contraindicated or ineffective
Enalapril, iv for hypertensive emergency
![Page 34: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
6- Ca++ Channel Blockers
1-Site of Action- Vascular Ca++ Channel Blockers
smooth muscle 2-Mechanism of Action-
Blocks Ca++ channeldecreases/prevents contraction
3- Effect on Cardiovascular systemVascular relaxationDecreased TPR
![Page 35: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Ca++ Channel Blockers, cont.
5. ContraindicationsCongestive heart failure; pregnancy and lactation;Post-myocardial infarction
6. Therapeutic Considerationsverapamil >interactions w/ cardiac
glycosides
4. Adverse Effects
a. most associated with excessive vasodilation1. mild to moderate edema2. flushing3. tachycardia- Nifedipine- due to reflex SymNS activation
aggravates angina4. bradycardia- Diltiazem, verapamil
![Page 36: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
drug initial dose range
amlodipine 5mg po daily 2.5-10
diltiazim 30 mg po daily 90-360
nifedipiene 10 mg po daily 30-120
verapamil 80 mg po pid 80-480
![Page 37: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7- Vasodilators
Drugs: hydralazine (Apresoline); minoxidil (Loniten);
nitroprusside (Nipride); diazoxide (Hyperstat I.V.);fenoldopam (Corlopam)
1-Site of Action: vascular smooth muscle 2-Effect on cardiovascular system :vasodilation > decrease TPR
![Page 38: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
direct acting vasodilator
initial dose dosage range
Hydralazine 10 mg PO qid 50-300
Minoxidil 5 mg PO qid 2.5-100
![Page 39: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Vasodilators, Cont
4. Adverse Effects reflex tachycardia Increase SymNS activity (hydralazine, minoxidil,diazoxide)
lupus (hydralazine)
hypertrichosis (minoxidil)
cyanide toxicity (nitroprusside)
5. Therapeutic Considerations
Nitroprusside- IV only
Hydralazine- safe for pregnancy
diazoxide- emergency use for severe hypertension.
![Page 40: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Summary Important PointsHypertensive Agents
Each class of antihypertensive agent:
1. has as specific mechanism of action,2. acts at one or more major organ systems,3. on a major physiological regulator of blood pressure,4. reduces CO and/or TPR to lower blood pressure,5. has specific indications, contraindications, and therapeutic advantages and disadvantages
associated with the mechanism of action.
![Page 41: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Treatment of hypertensive emergencies
• Goal: produce a rapid but well controlled fall in BP.
• Context: hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, pheo, hypertension with pulmonary oedema, aneurism, subarachnoid hemorrhage etc..
• Labetalol iv (alpha & beta blocker)• I.v nitroprusside• I.v. nitroglycerine• hydralazine iv or im (eclampsia)• iv phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine po (pheo)
![Page 42: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
hypertensive emergency
• Hypertensive EmergencyA hypertensive emergency exists when blood pressure reaches levels that are damaging organs. Hypertensive emergencies generally occur at blood pressure levels exceeding 180 systolic OR 120 diastolic, but can occur at even lower levels in patients whose blood pressure had not been previously high.
![Page 43: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Hypertension Dr.Hassan H Alwafi MBBS, Demonstrator Department of Clinical Pharmacology UQU](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56815ecc550346895dcd51c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Hypertensive-Crisis_UCM_301782_Article.jsp
• The Washington manual of medical therapeutic /
• Clinical pharmacy and therapeutic /