Hygiene of children and adolescents.Hygiene of children and adolescents. Conformities to the law of growth and Conformities to the law of growth and development of child's organism. Hygiene of development of child's organism. Hygiene of labor, physical, psycho physiological studies and labor, physical, psycho physiological studies and education of children and adolescents. Hygienic education of children and adolescents. Hygienic bases of planning and equipment of preschool bases of planning and equipment of preschool and schools establishments, method of their and schools establishments, method of their

hygienic estimationhygienic estimation..

• Social periods, based on experience with child and adolescent contingents, establishes the following age periods:• Pre-preschool to 3 years;• Preschool from 3 to 7 (6) years;• Primary school from 7 (6) to 10 years;• Secondary school from 11 to 14 years;• Teenager from 15 to 18 years .

Age periodsAge periods

Biological periodsBiological periods

• • newborn, 1 to 10 days;• chest age from 11 days to one year;• early childhood from 1 to 3 years;• first childhood from 4 to 7 years;• second childhood: boys 8 to 12 years, girls from 8 to 11 years;• adolescence: boys from 13 to 16 years, girls from 12 to 15 years;• Youth age: young men from 17 to 21 years, girls from 16 to 20 years.

• Optimal stimulant, balanc, fast (reaction force adequate stimuly, the bark of the brain is in a state of optimal efficiency, conditional reflexes stable, are easily and quickly, children friendly, optimistic, disciplined).

Types of higher nervous activity

• Strong, raised-inflammatory, unbalanced (reduced function of adjusting the brain cortex, the processes of excitation substantially predominate over the process of braking reaction quite often inadequate, there is heightened emotions, sometimes even aggressive).

• The weak, reduced-inflammatory (conditional reflexes are formed slowly, internal braking weak, strong stimuli cause rapid fatigue, there is a tendency to nervous disorders.

• presence or absence at the time of the survey of chronic diseaseslevel of functional state of the basic body systems;degree of resistance, adverse effects of environmental factors;level achieved by physical and neuro-psychological development and the degree of harmony.

Criteria for evaluating healthCriteria for evaluating health

• The first group includes children and adolescents with no chronic disease, not sick, or rarely sick, have normal physical and neuro-psychological development, which corresponds to their age and articles. Training, employment and sports activities for the children to organize without restriction. The doctor holds only a routine preventive examination and generall measures.

• The second group include children and adolescents who have chronic diseases, but have some functional and morphological deviations that affect their health and work, and who often suffer long-term. These are children at risk and for them the doctor creates a set of health measures aimed at prevention of chronic diseases. This package includes recommendations to improve hygiene body resistance through non-specific measures. This hardening of the body due to natural factors, rational mode of the day, additional vitaminization. Tests conducted on an individual basis.

• The third group includes children with chronic diseases or offset innate pathology with particular chronic diseases, mild, a little disturbed when the general condition and health. This ill children and adolescents in a state of compensation. They are at the dispensary observation of doctors in different profiles and receive appropriate treatment and prevention need help. The peculiarity of the learning process for them is the soft mode of day, a long rest and a good night sleep, limit physical exertion.

• The 5th group enrolled children and adolescents with serious chronic diseases in the state of decompensation and significantly reduced functionality. They are under constant supervision of doctors.

Mechanisms of rank distribution of diseases in different age Mechanisms of rank distribution of diseases in different age

groupsgroups

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Infectious and

parasitic diseases Diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue

V

Diseases of the endocrine system

Diseases of the endocrine system

Diseases of blood Diseases of the

endocrine system IV

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue III

Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs

Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs

Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs

Diseases of the nervous system and sense

organs... II

Respiratory

diseases

Respiratory diseases

Respiratory diseases

Respiratory diseases I

15–17 7–14 0–6 0–14

Rank position

Diseases of the digestive

system

Diseases of the digestive system

Occupational physical development...Occupational physical development...

1) Somatoscopic criteriaCondition bone muscle apparatusForms chest, backThe degree of sexual maturation

The main types of attitude

The main types of attitude (a - lordotic b - kyfotic;in - correct d - stooped, D - straightened)

Gradually FORMATION arch axis due to the child seat (1), holding PRESIDENT (2) and stand (3).

Methods of measuring the depth of the physiological curves of the spine and the main types of scoliosis

Methods of measuring the depth of the physiological curves of the spine (1)

and the main types of scoliosis (2)(1-4 - length of the spine, 2 - cervical curve, 3 - lumbar curve;

and - December rightside b - total nearside c - S-shaped)

scoliosisscoliosis

Type chest Type chest

Type II flat chest. Second cone. III cylindricalType II flat chest. Second cone. III cylindrical

Flatfoot Flatfoot DeterminationDetermination

Forms of foot extremities

Forms of lower extremities(a - a normal, b - X-shaped, and in - like O )

2) Somatometric criteriaThe length of the body and its individual partsWeightDiameter and stroke

3) physiometric criteriaVital capacity of the lungs, muscular strength

Evaluation of physical developmentEvaluation of physical development

• 1) method of syhmalic deviations2) evaluation of physical development on a scale regression3) complex method4) tsentyly method

Factors that shape healthFactors that shape health

• Among the favorable factors include:Rational treatment of daily activities.Adequate and balanced nutrition.Compliance with environmental hygienic requirements.Optimal motor mode.Hardening.Availability of hygienic habits and a healthy lifestyle.

• Among the adverse factors include:Violations of the NPT regime and the educational process.Shortcomings in the food.Violation of hygienic requirements for the gaming environment, training and employment.Insufficient or excessive motor activity.

• Unfavorable psychological climate in the family and the community.Lack of hygienic habits, the presence of harmful habits.

Hygiene requirements for the planning, development, equipment pre-school institutions and schools

• The basic principles of hygienic design of pre-school institutions are:

- Compliance group isolation;

- Creating a favorable air-thermal;

- Ensure optimal lighting and insolation;

- Ensure the physical activity of children;

- Creation of conditions for sustainable food;

- Indoor applications.

The basic principles of hygienic design schools The basic principles of hygienic design schools

are:are: • - Providing an enabling environment for the educational process;

- Ensure optimal light regime;

- Creating conditions for physical education;

- Creating conditions for Guidance;

- Ensure the rational organization of food students;

- Create conditions for recreation for children and adolescents;

- Creation of conditions for organization of cultural and media work.

Children's InstitutionsChildren's Institutions

• To child care are:kindergartens (nursery, kindergarten)children's education (secondary and special schools - high school, grammar school - a different type) andExtracurricular (palaces, homes of children and youth, summer camps) institutions.

Radius service child careRadius service child care

• preschool radius service should be 0,3-0,5 km

• school children - to 0.5 km

• secondary school students - up to 1 km;

• schoolboys - to 1.5 km

• in rural areas (subject to the organized transportation of children specially selected and suitable transport) - up to 3 km.

Requirements for landRequirements for land

• Land must meet hygiene standards, they should:place in an environmentally most suitable places at some distance from sources of air pollution,Noise and major transport arteries.

• In the land pre-school institutions should provide:availability of group areas for children of all agesgeneral athletic venues,garden, berries,the economic zones and walkways.

MModern types of schoolsodern types of schools

• To modern types of schools include:initial,basic and secondary schools,school and high school.

• Buildings educational institutions is carried out in three major systems:compact (centralized)block (sectional)pavilions (decentralized).

Functional Area SchoolFunctional Area School

• In areas of the institution should be located following functional areas:study,educational research (educational-production)sport,economic,Housing (if dormitories, sleeping buildings, etc.)recreation area.

• The height of buildings in secondary schools should not exceed three to four floors

• Floor height should be not less than 3.6 m.height of lecture rooms (50 seats or more), assembly halls, sports and sports facilities - not less than 4.2 m.

• The buildings should be included 3 groups of rooms in school : basic (training rooms, classrooms, laboratories, educational workshops, gym) support (library, recreation room, dining room, snack bar, conference hall, pantry, storage facilities, toilets, etc.). services (for administrative offices, teachers', medicine cabinet, etc.). room.

Requirements for ClassroomRequirements for Classroom

• The best form of classroom - rectangular (depth 6-6,3 m in length - 8-8,4 m) of depth to width ratio of 3:4. The distance from the first row of desks to the board should be 1.6 - 2 m, ceiling height - P-3, 5 pm Location ups - nearside, consider the angle (angle between the line of sight and plane blackboard in the horizontal plane) must be at least as З0 ° -35 °.

The main dimensions of school desks

(1 - height of the front end of the table 2 - the height of the rear end of the table, 3 - horizontal width of the lid, 4 - the width of the oblique caps, 5 - the height of the seat 6 - seat depth, 7 - seat width, 8 - distance back;

9 - seating distance 10 - dyferention

Distance of seatDistance of seat

• Seating distance (the distance from the rear end of the table to the front edge of the seat in the horizontal plane) must be negative, ie, seat chair has come for an end table for 3-4 cm (group A), a 5-cm (group B and C) and 7.8 cm (group D).

Different kinds of seating distance

(A - negative; B - zero, 8 - positive)

DDiifffferenterentionion

• Differention (distance from rear edge of the table to seat in the vertical plane) is greater than at 5-6 sm distance from plane seat to elbow freely lowered hands schoolboy sitting.

Body position at small (a) and large Body position at small (a) and large (b) the amount (b) the amount of of ddiifffferenterentionion

Right and wrong landing

Proper (s) and landing wrong (would-seat lower table, in Mr. seats for the high table).

Correct:Correct:

Incorrect:Incorrect:

Hygienic evaluation of educational Hygienic evaluation of educational work in school.work in school.

• Hygienic evaluation of the NPT regime, the schedule of classes and lessons. The research necessary to obtain information: availability and duration of the day, the main mode of regime elements accuracy and efficiency of their interposition compliance with health, age, sex, anatomic and physiological and functional features of the organism and the individual inclinations of the child.

• Control of educational arrangement associated with timing of classes in school, length of lessons, breaks between them and the changes under the number of lessons during the year and week curriculum.

Hygienic evaluation of lessonHygienic evaluation of lesson

• Hygienic evaluation of lessons to study the conditions for its implementation, features of presentation of teaching material, teaching methods and visibility, degree of fatigue of students during the educational process of hronometric observation period of major structural elements of the lesson (of the organization, checking homework, most often the consolidation of new material, the last part).

HHygienic assessment of the lesson of ygienic assessment of the lesson of physical culturephysical culture

• To assess the hygienic characteristics of the lesson of physical culture and should be referred for observation hronometrazhnyh (vvodna. preparatory, primary (the formation of motor skills and moving the game) and the final part), determine the total motor density and lessons as well as a physical training of children, creation of physical and physiological curves load, using functional tests (canting test, Martin-Kushelevsky test, sample dosed with muscle strain, a modified test Letunova etc.), control of air-thermal regime of school environment.

Sanitary-hygienic assessment lesson Sanitary-hygienic assessment lesson employment trainingemployment training

• Sanitary-hygienic assessment lesson employment training school provides for hronometric observations, monitoring the nature, mode and conditions of training, determine equipment workshops growth of students, assessment of functional status of children and adolescents in the course of employment.

Sanitary examination process printing Sanitary examination process printing of school textbooksof school textbooks

• Sanitary examination process printing school textbooks for determinationgeneral information about the manualcharacteristics of

paperFontsetPrintappearancelaboratory studies

Surgical examination of children's Surgical examination of children's toystoys

• Surgical examination of children's toys leads to the necessity to define the general information about the toy, its size, weight, shape and strength, material from which it is made, smell, strength of fixation of dyes, the characteristics of optical properties, strength, sound, electric power and tension of bacterial contamination of the product.

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