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Federal agency of public health service and social developmentThe Volgograd State Medical UniversityFaculty of general hygiene and ecology

Final tests of hygiene and ecology of a personSpeciality 040400 - General medicine

" Approved "

Chairman methodicalcommissionof medical -preventive disciplines

ll llN.I.Latyshevskaja

2008.

1. What does hygiene study?a) It studies the effects of artificial factors of the environment on

the human health- b) It studies the effects of natural factors of the environment on

the human healthc) It studies the effects of social conditions on the hurnan health.d) It studies the effects of climatic conditions on the human health.

2. What does ecology study?a) It studies the effects of external factors on the human health.b) It's a.im is to identify harmful factorsc) It works out preventive measures against the negative effect

of external factorsd) It develops recommended hygienic standardse) It studies the biological relationships between the

environment and the human body

3. Which of the following research methods are used in the science ofhygiene?

a) Physical .

b) Chemical .

c) Physiologicald) Biological .

e) Experimental.f) Sanitary description

4, What are the manifestations of the negative effect of environmentalfactors?

a) Gas change in the atmosphere.b) Depletion of the ozone layerc) Climate change.d) High morbiclity rate.

5. What groups factors participate in the formation of human health ?

a) Heredityb) Endemicc) Epidemicd) Environmental

e) Lifestylef) Medicine and public health service

6. An ecological investigation allows:- a) To establish en etiological contact between health impairments and

influence of ecological factorsb) To reveal problems requiring profound studyc) To establish connection between the levels of influence of harmful factors

and the risk of the development of the diseased) To establish the role of age and sex features of sensitivity to the action of harmful

factors.

7. The basis of primary preventive maintenance:a) Early revealing of pathological state, through examination of healthy

people, subjected to harmful factors of the environment.,b) Complete elimination of the harmful factor or its decrease till the safe level, c) I{ygienic normalization of factors of the environmentd) A complex measures on prevention of complications of diseases,

rehabilitations and to treatmente) Usage of antidotes by people from ecologically unfavorable regions

8. Ecological situations of different areas may be classified as following:a) An area of ecological risk

7b) Crises ( zone of an extreme ecological situation),c) Catastrophic ( zone of an ecological disaster)

, d) Relatively satisfactory'e) Unsatisfactory,f) Critical

9. Factors of any nature which can provoke or increase probability of health impairmentare called ...

a) Risk factorsb) Ecological factorsc) Harmful occupational factorsd) Endemic factors

10. What diseases can be transmitted through the water?a) Typhoid feverb) Typhus feverc) Tularemiad) Hepatitis Ap). Hepatitis B

11. The following feathers are characteristic for epidemic of water origin :

a) Rapid grew number of diseases

d) Slow decrease of diseases after isolation of the source of infectionc) Small amount of infected peopled) A prolonged period of isoiated instances ofdiseases after the

liquidation of infective episode (" a contact after effect ")e) Terlitorial limitation of diseases

12. Sources of anthropogenous pollution of superficial reservoirs:

a) Household sewageb) Industrial waste watersc) Storm drainsd) Geochemical structure of soile) Navigation

13. Indirect indicators of biogenic pollution of water reservoirsa) General mineralization of waterb) The content of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate saltsc) Concentration of fluorined) Oxidizability of watere) Iodine concentration

14. Differences between surface water and ground water:a) Higher mineralizationb) Higher content of oxygenc) Higher microbes contaminationd) Stable chemical composition

15. Drinking water must posses the following properties:a) Favorable organoplertic properties

b) Contain no saltsc) Be harmless according to the chemical compoundd) Be safe in the epidemic attitudee) Be safe according to radiation

16. Methods of water disinfection:a) Coagulationb) Chlorinationc) Phluaradationd) Ozonizatione) Processing with ultra-violet rays

17. Preventive maintenance of diseases of water origin are the following:a) Rational choice the source of water supplyb) Creation of sanitary protection zonesc) Control maintenance of water hygienic standards

d) Effective processing of water at waterworkse) Using of deep ground waters as the source of water

18. Peculiarities of salt structure of water are the risk factors for:a) Dysenteryb) Diabetesc) Urolithiasisd) Hypertentione) Hepatitis A

19. Which of the following microorganisms are killed in water when normalamount of chlorine is added into water?a) Salmonella, b) Viruses, c) Shigella, d) Helminths

20. Endemic diseases - are diseases which are caused by....

a) Excessive amount of mineral salts in waterb) Decreased amount of mineral salts in waterc) Increased or decreased amount of mineral salts in waterd) Increased or decreased amount of mineral salts in water, soil, air

and are typical of a particular area.

-21. Endemic diseases associated with the quality of water are the following:a) Water nitrate metthemoglobinemiab) Fluorosisc) Endemic cariesd) Endemic goitere) Dysentery

22. What are the main functions of vitamins?a) Structural functionr) Energy functionc) Some specific functions

23. What are the forms of vitamin deficiencv?a) Hypervitaminosisrb) Avitaminosisc) Increased utilization of vitaminsd) Flypovitaminosise) Latent forms of vitamin deficiency

24.what are the main clinical features of vitamin c deficiency?a) Weakness, loss of weight, pitechib) Increased fatigue, muscular weakness, pain in the legs, tendemess of

gastrocmemius muscles on palpationc) increased irritability, fatigue, bone deformation, excessive sweating

25. what are the main clinical features of vitamin 81 deficiency?a) Dry skin, night blindness, exophthalmia, hyperkeratosisb) Increased fatigue, muscular weakness, pain in the legs, muscular tendemess

of calves on palpationc) Increased iffitability, fatigue, bone deformation, excessive sweating

26. What are the main clinical features of vitamin D deficiency in children?a) Dry skin, night blindness, exophthalmia, hyperkeratosisb) Increased fatigue, muscular weakness, pain in the legs, tenderness of

gastrocmemius muscles on palpationc) Increased irritability, fatigue, bone deformation, excessive sweating

27.what are the main clinical features of vitamin A deficiency?a) Dry skin, night blindness, exophthalmia, hyperkeratosisb) Fatigue, weakness, pain in the legso) Increased initability, fatigue, bone deformation, excessive sweating

28. The cases in which needs for vitamins increases:a) Special physiological statesb) Heavy physical exertionc) Gastrointestinal diseases, infectious diseases and intoxications

d) Influence of harmful industrial factorse) Climatic conditions

29. Foods rich in vitamin C:a) Milk, diary productsb) Dug rose

c) Meetd) Oranges

30. Foods rich in vitamin B1 :

a) Fruits and vegetablesb) Milkc) Cerealsd) Meate) Dark green leafy vegetables

31. Foods rich in vitamin D:- a) Fruits and vegetablesb) Cerealsc) Meatd) Fish livere) Eggsf) Dark green leafy vegetables

32. Foods rich in vitamin A:-- a) Fruits and vegetables of yellow andb) Dark green leafy vegetablesc) Cerealsd) Buttere) Pork liverf) Cream and sour cream

!3. Foods rich in carotene (provitamina) Fruits and vegetables of yellow andb) Dark green leafy vegetablesc) Cerealsd) Buttere) Pork liver1) Cream and sour cream

orange colure

A):orange colure

34. A harmful industrial factor can cause:a) An occupational diseasesb) Temporal or permanent decrease of capacity and work

procluctivity of peoplec) Increased somatic and infectious diseasesd) Health problems in posterity

35. Harmful and dangerous factors of an industrialoccupational environment are classified as:

a) Mechanical factorsb) Physical factorsc) Chemical factors

process and

d) Biological factorse) Factors of industrial process which characterize the extent of

workf) Factors of industrial process which characterize the intensity of

labor

36. According to hygienic regulations working conditions are divided asfollowing:

a) Optimum working conditionsb) Permissible working conditionsc) Unfavorable working conditionsd) Harmful working conditionse) Dangerous working conditions

37. Which of the following diseases are contraindications for work in noisyconditions ?

a) Diseases of the nervous systemb) Decreased hearingc) Otosclerosisd) Chronic ear diseasese) Functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus

38. Which of the following diseases are contraindications for work in contactwith vibration?

a) obliterative artery diseases, peripheral vasoconstrictionb) Chronic diseases of the nervous peripheral systemc) Anomaly of female genitals positiond) chronic inflammatory diseases of uterus and uterine appendagese) Short-sightedness of high degree

39. Which of the following diseases are contraindications for work in contactwith dust

a) Allergic and dystrophic diseases of the upper airwaysb) Chronic bronchopulmonary diseasesc) Chronic skin diseasesd) Nasal septum deviation

40. What pathological changes occur in the body as a result of industrialpoisoning:

a) Inflammationb) Dystrophyc) Sensibilizationd) Fibrosise) Cancer

4l Types of diseases caused by industrial dust are the following:a) Pneumoconiosisb) Allergic reactionc) Chronic bronchitisd) Dermatitise) Conjunctivitis

42. Preventive measures against diseases caused by industrial dust:a) Hygienic control of air qualityb) Change of technological processes aimed at decrease of dustc) Individual protective meansd) Medical check - ups.

43, A specific effect of noise on the human body is manifested with:a) Hearing impairmentb) Occupational deafnessc) Neurasthenic syndromed) Vegetovascular dysfunctione) Gastrointestinal dysfunction1) Decrees of immunologic reactivity

44. A non-specific effect of noise on the human body is manifested with:a) Occupational deafnessb) Neurasthenic syndromec) Vegetovascular dysfunctiond) Gastrointestinal dysfunctione) Decrees of immunologic reactivityf) Hearing impairment

45. The main clinical manifestations of vibration disease are the following:a) Changers of the capillary toneb) Pain in the extremitiesc) Parasthesiad) Sensitivy disorderse) Degenerative and dystrophic changes in joints

46. Preventive measures against negative effect of vibration are the following:a) Control of the level of vibrationb) Limitation of duration of the contact with vibrationc) Massage of the hands and of the shoulder girdled) Vitamin C and Bl intake in excessive amountse) Preventive UV * rays

47. Preventive measures against industrial noise are the following:a) Individual protective meansb) Preventive health examinationsc) Decreased noise transmissiond) Massage.

48. According to the biological action all industrial poisons are divided into the following-gioups:

a) Substances ofgeneral toxic actionb) Substances of ir:ritable actionc) Substances of sensitization actiond) Substances of specific action

49. Distant unfavorable effect of industrial chemical hazardous factors are:a) Teratogenica ctionb) Mutagenic action

c) Embryo toxic actiond) Carcinogenic actione) Allergic action

50. Which of the following bands of the solar spectrum do you know?a) UV-raysb) Visible lightc) Infrared radiationci) Cosmic rays

51. What are the effects of the infrared rays?a) Increased skin temperatureb) Dilation of the skin capillariesc) Increased metabolismd) Bactericidal effect

52. What are the functions of UV rays ?

a) UV rays convert dihydrocholesterol into vitamin D in the skin.b) Synthesize a melanin pigmentc) Have a bactericidal effectb) Increased skin temperature

53. What are the indications for the use of UV lamps?a) Vitamin D deficiency.b) Residing in northern regions in winter.c) High atmospheric pressure.d) People who work underground.

54. Whichof the following systems of the human body are the most sensitive tothe changes of microclimate?

a) Thermoregulationb) Respiratory systemc) Digestive systemd) Cardiovascular system.

55- Which of the following signs are the main manifestations of overcooling ofthe human body?

a) Change of the cell structure.b) Spasm of the peripheral blood vessels.c) Reduced body resistance.d) Increased ventilation of the lungs

56. What is the most unfavorable way of heat emission ?a) Convectionb) Conductionc) Radiationd) Perspiration

57. What is optimum air temperature for the living room ?

a) b) c)Warm season 22-25'C I8-24"C 22-25'CCold season 20-24"C 20-22"C 20-22"C

58. What are the effects of air pollution on the human health?a) High prevalence of skin diseases.b) High prevalence of eye diseases.c) High prevalence of respiratory diseases.d) High percentage of cancers.

59. Toxics factor of low intensity are called toxic substances which are present .....a) In atmospheric air according to maximum permissible concentration or

slightly higherb) In the air of industrial enterprises at the level of maximum permissible

concentrationc) In atmospheric air in concentration exceeding maximum permissible

concentration in 5-10 times

60. Consequences of toxic factors of low intensity action on human health are as following:a) Specific diseases

b) Professional diseases

c) Non-specific diseases

61. The main problems of large cities are the following:a) Pollution of the atmospheric airb; Noiseo) Utilization of wastesd) Photochemical fog ( smog)e) Electrornagnetic fields

62. The universal chemical pollutants of the atmospheric air the following:a) Sulfur compoundsb) Carbonc) Nitrogend) Dust pollutione) Heavy metals

63. Distant effects of high concentrations of air pollutants on the human health are thefollowing:

a) High rate of diseasesb) Increased allergic diseases

c) Increased functional disturbancesd) Suppressed the immunologocal systeme) Carcinogenic and mutagenic effectsf) Gonadotoxic effects

64. Sanitany protective zone is:a) A distance between industrial enterprisesb) A distance between housesc) A distance between a residence zone and an industrial zone

65. What are the main principles of estimation of the needs of the population in energyconsumption and nutritional substances?

a) Sex, age, occupationb) Body weight, height

-

c) Body weight, occupation

66. What are the recommended proportions of the proteins, fats and carbohydrates infoods in a balanced diet?

a) t:2:4,6b) 1 : 1,2:4,6c)1:2:3

67. What is the energy value of proteins, fats and carbohydrates?

ProteinsFats

a)4kcal I g9kcallg

b)4kcaI I g4 kcallg9kcallg

c)9kcallg4kcal I g6kcal I gCarbohydrates 4kcallg

68. How many groups according to labor intensity are singled out for estimating the needsfor energy consumption and nutritional substances for the working population:

a)4b)3c)5

69. What amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is recommendecl for the people ofthe I't professional group?

a)1. Proteins 58-722. Fats 60-813. Carbohydrates 257-358

b)58-7265-1 00r00-250

c)58-7245-80

2s0-340

70. What amount of animal proteins in a daily diet of a person are recommended (percentage of total amount of proteins present in daily food):

a) Not less than 45%b) Not less than 35%c) Not less than 55%

71. which of the following definition of a balanced diet is correct?a) Nutrition which provides an optimum balance of nutrients and biologically active

substances which can have the maximal beneficial effect on the body.b) Nutrition which provides the normal growth and development of the human body

and maintains the work capacity and productivity of people.c) Nutrition which ensures regularity and distribution of food items for a meals.

72.What proportion of animal fat, vegetable oil is the recommended, for a balanced diet?a) 50% of animal fat,30o/o of vegetable oilb) 20% of animal fat,30oA of vegetable oilc) 10% of animal fat,50o/o of vegetable oil

73. Which of the following indicators are used for evaluating the nutritional status?a) Somatometric indicatorsb) Indicators of metabolic processesc) Indicators of adaptative resourcesd) Clinical indicatorse) Functional indicatorsf) Demographic indicators

74. Types of nutritional status:a) Ordinary

b) Optimumc) Excessived) Insufficiente) Permissible

75. What products are the best natural dietary fiber sources?a) Vegetables, fruits, cerealsb) Meat, fishc) Milk and diary products

76. Which of the following products are the rich natural sources of polyunsaturated fattyacids?

a) Caviar, eggs, liverb) Vegetable oilsc) Fruits, vegetablesd) Butter

77. Which of the following diseases are transmitted through milk :

a)Food toxicoinfectionsb) Tuberculosisc) Brucellosisd) Staphylococcal intoxicationse) Infectious diseases

78. Which of the following diseases are transmitted through meat:a)Food toxicoinfectionsb) Tuberculosisc) Brucellosisd) Staphylococcal intoxication

e) Infectious diseases

79. What diseases are transmitted through fish?a) Intestinal diseasesb) Salmonellosisc) Botulismd) Helminthiasis

80. What is the biological role of proteins?a) To take part in hormone synthesisb) To take part in enzyme synthesisc) To take part in antibody synthesisd) To perform structural function

81. What products are rich natural sources of proteins?a) Meat productsb) Fruits, vegetablesc) Fish, sea foodd) Grains

--

82. What products are richa) Meat, meat productsb) Fish, seafoodc) Milk, dairy products

natural sources of calcium?

83. What products are rich natural sources of iron:a) Meat, meat productsb)Fruits, vegetablesc) Fish, sea foodd)Grains

84. What are the biological functions of fats?a) A source of energyb) A source of vitamin Bc) A source of fat soluble vitaminsd) To perform a structural function

85. What are the biological functions of carbohydrates?a) Source of energyb) Formation of bones and tissuesc) To perform structural functiond) To provide utilization of toxic substances from the body

86. Daily consumption of calcium intake for adults?a) 100 mgb) 800- 1000 rngc) 200 mg.

87.What products is botulism transmute through?a) Milk and dairy products.b) Canned meatc) Home preserved vegetables and mushrooms.d) Cold smoked fish.

88.Which of the following products are usually associated with staphyloccocal foodpoisonings?

a) Dairy products, confectionery products with creame) Meat productsc) Fish products

89. Recommended dietary patterna) Breakfast- 35o/o; Dinner- 25%; Midday snack* l5%; Supper - 25%b) Breakfast- 25o/o; Dinner- 35%; Midday snack- I5%; Supper - 25%c) Breakfast- l5o/o; Dinner- 35%; Midday snack- 25%; Supper - 25%

90. choose the correct definition of an alimentary clisease:a) Disorders related to insufficient or excessive consumption of

essential nutrients or caused by disturbance of their absorptionb) Disorders related to insufficient consumption of essentiaf nutrients

or coursed by disturbance of their absorptionc) Disorders related to excessive consumption of essential nutrients

or coursed by disturbances of their absorption

91.Mark the main principles of rational nutritiona) Quantitative adequacy of nutritionb) Qualitative adequacy of nutritionc) Dietary patternd) Good organoleptic properties of foode) Harmlessness and safety of food

92. Conditions for the patients in hospital depend upon the following:a) Types of hospital constructionb) Number of beds in the wardc) Location of the hospital in relation to the industrial area.d))A well designed hospital area.

93. What are non-specific preventive measures of hospital infections?a) Constructing and planning measuresb) Sanitary and technical measuresc) Sanitary and antiepidemic measuresd) Disinfecting and sterilizing measures

94. Which of the following indicators are used for estimation the biological age of achild?

a) Body height, body weight, circumference of the chest, the degree of the development of thesecondary sexual characteristics

,-b)'Body height, increase of the body height (i.e. yearly body height gain). skeletal maturity(i.e. bone age), the degree of the developmentof the secondary sexual characteristics, numberofpermanent teeth

c) Body height, body weight, skeletal maturity, the degree of the development of thesecondary sexual characteristics

95. Which of the following indicators are used for estimation of physical developmentof a child?

a) Body height, body weight, skeletal maturity, the degree of the development of thesecondary sexual characteristics

,b)'Body height, body weight, circumference of the chestblBody height, body weight, circumf-erence of the chest, the degree of the development of the

secondary sexual characteristics

96. What criteria are used to determine the health group of a child?Q\The biological ageb) Peculiarities of ontogenesis,'r) Physical and mental development,

d) Functional state

ip), Level of resistance'f.; Presence or absence of chronic diseases.

97. What health group do the children without any chronic diseases or congenital defectsbelong to?

a) 1 ib) 1,2 c) 1,2,3

98. Which of the following factors have a negative effect on the growth

and development of a child?(q Alcohol and drug addiction,b) Malnutrition.g) Chronic diseases.,d) Insufficient motor activity.e) Poor living conditions

of parents

99. What health problems may be associated with the use of PC in studying process?{*g Myopia,

, b) Impaired carriage,idtr art"ttopic problemsd) Stenocardia

100. Which of the following indices are used to determine the sport group of a child atsc\ol?

Q) Health status

. bJ Level of'physical development

'. c))Level of physical fitness

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