Hydrothermal Vent Deposits on the Seafloor...Sections of Piston Cores into Hot Brine Pool Sediments...
Transcript of Hydrothermal Vent Deposits on the Seafloor...Sections of Piston Cores into Hot Brine Pool Sediments...
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Hydrothermal Vent Deposits on Hydrothermal Vent Deposits on the Seafloorthe Seafloor
An International Decade of Ocean An International Decade of Ocean Exploration: 1970Exploration: 1970--19801980
Gary Gary McMurtryMcMurtry
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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline•• Overview of submarine hydrothermal systemsOverview of submarine hydrothermal systems
•• Metalliferous Metalliferous sediments: prelude to discoverysediments: prelude to discovery
•• Origins of LowOrigins of Low--T hydrothermal depositsT hydrothermal deposits
•• Discovery of HighDiscovery of High--T systems: seafloor ores?T systems: seafloor ores?
•• Volatiles recycling at Volatiles recycling at subduction subduction zones & the zones & the Geostill Geostill ConceptConcept
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Schematic Section of Ocean Crust at Ridge AxisSchematic Section of Ocean Crust at Ridge Axis
McMurtry (1981)
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Section of Altered Basalt and Autoradiograph,Section of Altered Basalt and Autoradiograph,ODP Drill Hole, ODP Drill Hole, Cocos Cocos RidgeRidge
Andrews & McMurtry (1979)
Li, BMap
RockSection
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Section of Altered Basalt and Autoradiograph,Section of Altered Basalt and Autoradiograph,ODP Drill Hole, ODP Drill Hole, Cocos Cocos RidgeRidge
Andrews & McMurtry (1979)
Li, BMap
RockSection
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Location of Galapagos Rift Vent FieldLocation of Galapagos Rift Vent Field
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First Dives of ALVIN to Galapagos Rift, 1978First Dives of ALVIN to Galapagos Rift, 1978
$50K NGS Photo
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Unique vent Biota: Unique vent Biota: ““Spagetti Spagetti WormsWorms””
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Unique vent Biota: Unique vent Biota: ““Chemosynthetic ClamsChemosynthetic Clams””
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ALVIN temperatureALVIN temperatureProbe: Note milky, lowProbe: Note milky, low--T T water full of bacteria and water full of bacteria and elemental sulfur particleselemental sulfur particles
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The hydrothermal The hydrothermal vent crabvent crab, , Bythograea Bythograea thermydronthermydron, is a top , is a top predator at predator at ventvent sites sites in the Pacific Oceanin the Pacific Ocean
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Hot Brines & Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red SeaHot Brines & Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea
From: Degens & Ross (1970)
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Atlantis II Deep Brine PoolAtlantis II Deep Brine Pool
From: Degens & Ross (1970)
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Sections of Piston Cores Sections of Piston Cores into Hot Brine Pool Sedimentsinto Hot Brine Pool Sediments
Sediments contain:Sediments contain:
Amorphous silicaAmorphous silica (light brown)(light brown)Nontronite Nontronite (dark brown clay)(dark brown clay)AnhydriteAnhydrite (white (white pptppt))SulfidesSulfides of Fe, Cu, Zn & of Fe, Cu, Zn & PbPb(black (black ppt ppt with traces of Ag with traces of Ag and Au)and Au)
Degens & Ross (1970)
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Metalliferous Metalliferous Sediments on the Seafloor: IDOE Sediments on the Seafloor: IDOE Nazca Nazca Plate ProjectPlate Project
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Surface sediment chemistry: total elemental ratios of cores,Surface sediment chemistry: total elemental ratios of cores,in this case, Fe/Al reveal the East Pacific Rise & Bauer Basinin this case, Fe/Al reveal the East Pacific Rise & Bauer Basin
McMurtry (1981)
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Sediment Fe accumulation rates (mg/cmSediment Fe accumulation rates (mg/cm22101033 years) and years) and dissolved dissolved 33He midHe mid--depth water column anomalies along the EPRdepth water column anomalies along the EPR
McMurtry, unpubl. data
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Surface (0Surface (0--5 cm) distribution of Fe5 cm) distribution of Fe--montmorillonitemontmorilloniteand and 33He water column anomalies along the EPRHe water column anomalies along the EPR
McMurtry, unpubl. data
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Surface sediment Surface sediment elemental maps ofelemental maps ofFe, Fe, Mn Mn and Niand Ni
Dymond et al., 1981
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Surface sediment elemental maps ofSurface sediment elemental maps ofAl (Al (detritaldetrital) and ) and Si Si (biogenic) sources(biogenic) sources
from Dymond et al.,1981
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Factor Analysis of Elemental ConcentrationsFactor Analysis of Elemental Concentrations
Factor loadings versus corelocations reveal distributionof three major Factors:
Factor 1 = hydrogenous (Ni, Al)Factor 2 = hydrothermal (Fe, Mn, Cu)Factor 3 = biogenic (Si)
Dymond et al., 1981
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Model for Model for diagenetic diagenetic origin of Bauer Basin origin of Bauer Basin metalliferous metalliferous sediments: sediments: sedimemt sedimemt leach resultsleach results
Dymond et al., 1981
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Model for Model for diagenetic diagenetic origin of Bauer Basin origin of Bauer Basin metalliferous metalliferous sediments: bottom current directionssediments: bottom current directions
Dymond et al., 1981
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Model for Model for diagenetic diagenetic origin of Bauer Basin origin of Bauer Basin
metalliferous metalliferous sediments: sediments:
SEM evidence for SEM evidence for diatom alteration to diatom alteration to
claysclays
Dymond et al., 1981
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Model for Model for diagenetic diagenetic origin of Bauer Basin origin of Bauer Basin metalliferous metalliferous sediments: Fesediments: Fe--MnMn--SiSi
Dymond et al., 1981
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East Pacific Rise & Bauer Basin East Pacific Rise & Bauer Basin Clay Mineral GenesisClay Mineral Genesis
McMurtry & Yeh (1981)
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XX--ray Diffraction Patterns, <2 ray Diffraction Patterns, <2 μμm, carbonate m, carbonate & Fe& Fe--oxide free basisoxide free basis
McMurtry & Yeh (1981)
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Effects of ethylene Effects of ethylene glycol treatment on glycol treatment on
smectitesmectite
dd--layer expansion =>layer expansion =>22--theta shifttheta shift
McMurtry & Yeh (1981)
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Galapagos Mounds StudyGalapagos Mounds Study
McMurtry et al. (1983)
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Galapagos Mounds Field DetailGalapagos Mounds Field Detail
McMurtry et al. (1983)
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Models for Models for GenesisGenesis
Alvin photo of mounds Nontronite (dark green), Temp. inside = 30 C
Williams et al. (1979)
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Alvin diving on Juan de Alvin diving on Juan de Fuca Fuca & & Gorda Gorda Ridges, 1984 NOAA Vents programRidges, 1984 NOAA Vents program
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Geologic setting of Geologic setting of Axial Seamount, Axial Seamount,
Juan de Juan de Fuca Fuca RidgeRidge
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Seabeam Seabeam & Side& Side--scan bathymetry, Axial Calderascan bathymetry, Axial Caldera
Ashes Vent Field
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Alvin diving on Ashes vent fieldAlvin diving on Ashes vent field
Arquit (1986)
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LowLow--T hydrothermal chimneys, Ashes vent T hydrothermal chimneys, Ashes vent field, Axial Calderafield, Axial Caldera
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Alvin Push Core of Chimney, Dive 1411Alvin Push Core of Chimney, Dive 1411
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TEM photos of TEM photos of hisingeritehisingerite, amorphous silica, , amorphous silica, nontronite nontronite (d), Axial Seamount(d), Axial Seamount
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Archebacteria Archebacteria ((ArcheaArchea) ) in SEM, in SEM,
Loihi Loihi Seamount, Seamount,
HawaiiHawaii
Karl et al. (1983)
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Topography of South Coast, Hawaii IslandTopography of South Coast, Hawaii Island
Courtesy of J. R. Smith
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Early NOAA surveys, Early NOAA surveys, Loihi Loihi SeamountSeamount
Thousand Fingers vent field
Malahoff et al. (1982)
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Methane Plumes, U. Tokyo Cruise, 1985Methane Plumes, U. Tokyo Cruise, 1985
Gamo et al. (1987)
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LowLow--T Hydrothermal Deposit T Hydrothermal Deposit ZonationZonation, , LoihiLoihi
DeCarlo et al. (1983)
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Comparative Metals, FeComparative Metals, Fe--Mont., Mont., NontronitesNontronites
DeCarlo et al. (1983)
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HURL Pisces V HURL Pisces V diving: diving: Loihi Loihi
SeamountSeamount
Chimneys at edgeChimneys at edgeof West Pit Craterof West Pit Crater
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HURL Pisces V HURL Pisces V diving:diving:
PelePele’’s s Vents, Vents, Loihi Loihi SeamountSeamount
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PelePele’’s s Vents Chemistry: Vents Chemistry: SiSi--T relationsT relations
Sedwick et al. (1992)
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PelePele’’s s Vents Chemistry: AnionsVents Chemistry: Anions
Sedwick et al. (1992)
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PelePele’’s s Vents Chemistry: Alkali MetalsVents Chemistry: Alkali Metals
Sedwick et al. (1992)
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PelePele’’s s Vents Chemistry: Alkaline EarthsVents Chemistry: Alkaline Earths
Sedwick et al. (1992)
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PelePele’’s s Vents Chemistry: Transition MetalsVents Chemistry: Transition Metals
Sedwick et al. (1992)
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PelePele’’s s Vents Chemistry Vents Chemistry -- ModelModel
Sedwick et al. (1992)
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Hawaii Undersea Hawaii Undersea Research Observatory Research Observatory
(HUGO)(HUGO)
First Fiber Optic & First Fiber Optic & Power Cabled DeploymentPower Cabled Deploymentto an Active Underseato an Active UnderseaVolcano, 1998Volcano, 1998
⇒⇒ continuous realcontinuous real--time time monitoringmonitoring
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Black Smokers & Massive SulfidesBlack Smokers & Massive Sulfides
Cover of Science Magazine,March, 1980F. N. Spiess et al.
Top of Chimney, Endeavor Ridge
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Back to the Galapagos RiftBack to the Galapagos Rift
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Seabeam Seabeam bathymetry, East Galapagos Riftbathymetry, East Galapagos Rift
Malahoff et al. (1983)
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Geologic Setting of Geologic Setting of Massive Sulfides, Massive Sulfides,
Galapagos RiftGalapagos Rift
Malahoff et al. (1983)
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Large Extinct Chimneys,Large Extinct Chimneys,Coalesced Chimney Coalesced Chimney
StacksStacks
Malahoff et al. (1983)
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Size of the depositsSize of the deposits----Large!Large!
Malahoff et al. (1983)
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Seafloor Alteration of Massive Seafloor Alteration of Massive SulfidesSulfides
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Recycling at Convergent Recycling at Convergent Margins: the Margins: the Geostill Geostill HypothesisHypothesis
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Mineral Mineral Zonation Zonation in the Andesin the Andes
Woollard & McMurtry (1979)
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Major Hypotheses to Explain RegionalMajor Hypotheses to Explain RegionalZonationZonation
Woollard & McMurtry (1979)
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Physical Properties Physical Properties of Major Metalsof Major Metals
Woollard & McMurtry (1979)
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Melting Point of Melting Point of Major Metal Major Metal
SulfidesSulfides
Woollard & McMurtry (1979)
Range of equilibriumsolidus temperatures
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Temperature of Vapor Temperature of Vapor Pressure of Metals Pressure of Metals
& Partial Pressure of & Partial Pressure of MetalMetal--ChloridesChlorides
Woollard & McMurtry (1979)
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Ages of Major Geologic UnitsAges of Major Geologic Units
Woollard & McMurtry (1979)