HYDROSPHERE

Oceans, Cryosphere, Surface and Subsurface Water, and

Atmosphere

Earth’s water compared to other planets

Elemental Abundances on Earth

Over 70% of Surface of Earth is covered in water

Earth’s Water Budget

• 97% in Oceans• 2% in Cryosphere• 1% Surface, Subsurface water, and

Atmosphere

Water Cycles

SURFACE WATERSURFACE WATER

• Lakes, Reservoirs• Rivers

Groundwater

• Subsurface Water

OceanographyOceanography

Coasts and SealevelCoasts and Sealevel

TSUNAMIS AND RATES OF PROPAGATION

Sea LevelSea Level

MEAN SEA LEVEL

HHWMHWMSL

MLWLLW

USGS

NOAAMHW: mean of all high tidesMLW: mean of all low tidesMSL: mean of MHW + MLWHHW: highest tide of a yearLLW: lowest tide of a year

NOAA uses MSL as its sea level datumUSGS uses HHW as its sea level datum

Sealevel Change over Time