HydrogenintlcombustionSchwartz

8/3/2019 HydrogenintlcombustionSchwartz

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Hydrogen Internal

CombustionEngines (HICEs)


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Hydrogen Policy Described

Mandate the CAA CFFPprogram nationwide

Mandate the CPP

nationwide Tax incentives for auto

companies to: developHICE vehicles, engage in

R & D partnerships, andestablish a H2infrastructure

Funded research into

H2 production and

storage

More funding for HICE

R & D

H2 as a natural gas

additive 15% pipelines Fossil fuel disincentives


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Problems H2 policy should address:

Consumer access to a H2/ LH2

infrastructure (centralized ordecentralized)

Government investment into HICE

vehicle development

Government funding for H2 production

Establishment of uniform safety rules for

H2 production, storage, and handling


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CONCLUSIONS

HICEs are a viable alternative for bridgingthe gap to the H2 fuel cell economy

HICEs may be a viable long-term

possibility as the ICE has undergone 100years of refinement

To lessen greenhouse gases and foreign oil

dependence, the government shouldencourage the transition to the H2 economy

with large investments in R&D, subsidies

and tax incentives, and CAA amendments


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Encouraging HICEsEmpirically

Todays safer,cleaner vehiclesare the result ofregulations

Subsidies vs. Taxes:

Auto companiesability to absorb

further costs Loss of revenues

from fossil fueltaxes

Tech-forcing


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Status Quo HICE Policy February, 2003 proposal

DOE-EU agreement

Senator Dorgans proposal

Freedom car

Demonstrated refueling

Commercial codes, standards

H cost equivalent to gas H ICEs

Improved manufacturing


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Foreign Oil Dependence Imported oilcomprises 55% ofU.S. consumption

Transportationcomprises 2/3 of 20million bbl/day inU.S.

H2 vehicles wouldreduce consumptionby 11 million bbl/dayby 2040 (EU plans20% by 2020)


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EARLY HISTORY OF H2

1800: Electrolysis 1820: Reverend W.

Cecil proposes HICE

1874: Jules Verne

1860-70s: N.A. Ottouses ICEs and mixed Hfuel

1930-40s: RudolfErren develops HICEs

1950: Francis T. Bacon


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Military Research into H Vehicles

1943: Air Force investigates LH2 fuel

1956: Lockheed

1960s: Nuclear Powered Energy Depot

A B-57B airplane that flew with one

engine fueled by liquid hydrogen


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The Modern Era of HICEs

1972: Urban VehicleDesign Competition UCLA Gremlin wins

1972-3: InternationalH2indenburg society

1980s: H-fueled

airplanes (NASAcontinues to study

FC airplanes)


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MODERN H2 VEHICLES

1993: Ballard FC bus developed 1995+

CTA FC buses

Royal Dutch/ Shell FC prototype cars

BMW HICE vehicles

H refueling stationsopen

Ballard phase 3 FC buses,

in Vancouver and Chicago


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1990S SOLAR H2 PRODUCTION

1990: Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern

1992: Freiburg solar plant

Produces, stores H2, LH21994: HYSOLAR Saudi-

German plant


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Companies making HICE prototypes

Daimler-Benz:hydride HICEs,

1984-8

GM has created a

HICE prototypes

Mazda, Cadillac:

HICEs and hydride

HICEs

Mazda hydride HR-X prototype

Cadillac prototype HICE


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Ford & BMW HICEs

BMW: 1999 fifthgeneration prototype,

LH2 commercially

available

Ford: 1999 announced P2000

HICE (H2, LH2)


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H Refueling Stations2003: Shell plans a H2 refueling station

in Luxemburg; others inCalifornia, Iceland, Japan,Holland, Norway

California, Arizona, Nevada,Illinois H2 refueling stations

Washington, D.C. demo refuelingproject planned

EC International HydrofuelerProject

Reykjavik, Iceland H2 busrefueling station opens

1999: Hamburg, Munich,Dearborn

LH2 refueling station,

Munich airport

Honda solar H2 stationin Torrance, Ca.


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How HICEs Work

2H2+02= 2H20 + heat

H behaves like octane

Compressed H2 takesup more room than gas

Unlike gas, which needs

strict air-fuel ratio More explosive than

gas, timing critical

Injected fuel delivery BMW HICE bus engine

BMW Hydrogen 7

Series IC Engine


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Converting ICEs to HICEs

Same basic design

Minimum cost: 1,000$

Other modifications needed

for power, safety, efficiency

Limited availability

1994 CAN Project


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H-Gas Mixtures H2 can be used as an additive - pipelines

HYTHANE: commercially available,20%H, 80% CH4. Higher percentages ofH require engine modifications

separately to blend with other fuels;mixed in gaseous state before injection(impractical)

Low boiling point causes fuel ice


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H Onboard Storage Issues

EFFICIENCY: Gasoline is

the benchmark

Ambient state demands

binding H to a hydride, gas

compression, or cryogeniccooling

No consensus

Infrastructure cost vs.onboard extraction

CARB vs. Ford

Metal Hydride


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Hydride Storage

1960s R&D in theU.S. & Netherlands

Metal alloys, absorbH2 at higher temp./pressures

Heat released whenH2 absorbed, sameheat required to

release H2

D-B used radiator heatto de-bond H2 butdropped hydrides forFC buses, methanol FCcars

Toyota*, Mercedes, D-B experimented with

hydrides


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Hydride ViabilityAdvantages:

Storage: the H takes upno extra room

Efficiency: hydrides carry

more energy per volume

than LH2 (compressed

>1000x) & carry 2.2X

more than compressed

H2 at 5,000 psi

Safety: no onboard tank

of H2 or LH2

Disadvantages:

Weight: a 100-litertitanium-iron tank has

1.2-1.5X energy as 100

liters of LH2 but weighs

25X

FC & iron-titanium-magnesium hydride


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Compressed Gas

Onboard Storage

Compressed H2

storage has beenused in:

Mercedes NECAR-2

Ford FC concept car

Daimler-Chrysler FCbuses

Neoplan vehicles


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Compressed

H2 Onboard StorageADVANTAGES:

Easiest form of H

storageDISADVANTAGES:

Backfire, engine

knock areproblematic

Despite extremepressure,

compressed tanksoccupy so muchspace that they areonly practical for

buses or vans


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Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen

(LH2) Onboard Storage Cryogenically-cooled

LH2 is BMWs

preference

The Musashi

Institute of

Technology has also

investigated this

Requires anextremely

pressurized tank to

keep the LH2 in

liquid form

A BMW, in operation since 1990,equipped with an aluminum alloy tankthat carries 120 liters of LH2 and with a68 kg aluminium-alloy tank with acapacity of about 120 liters of LH2. From:www.linde-anlagenbau.de/en/p0001/p0043/p0046.isp


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Viability of onboard LH2 storageADVANTAGES:

Lowest cost/ unit energy

Lowest weight/ unit

energy

Easier supply logistics

Fast refueling

DISADVANTAGES:

Loss of fuel when not

operational

Large tank needed Cryogenic engineering

obstacles

Energy to cool LH2


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Other Possible Storage Methods: CARBON-BASED FUEL EXTRACTION:

depending on the availability of H2/ LH2,for both HICEs and FC vehicles, the

onboard production of hydrogen is a

possibility, from carbon-based fuels NANOTECHNOLOGY:graphite nanofiber

tubes store 65% H2 by weight.

-DOE funded, then withdrew-Ford continued the R&D

-GM later questioned the 65%


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Hydrogen Sources

H is a commonelement but must bepried from other

substances and thusis not an energysource

A consensus existsthat H2 is an idealfuel, but not aboutthe ideal source

The best productionalternative may vary

by locality


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ELECTROLYSISElectrodes in conductive water

(with an electrolyte) produceH2 at the - & O at the +

ADVANTAGES:

Produces almost pure H2 (electricity through water)

Could be powered with cool renewablesHydrogen is abundant

No moving parts; servicing rarely necessary

DISADVANTAGES:

Currently not cost competitive

Fossil fuel-powered electrolysis

Amount of energy needed to divide H2O = amountgiven off when H2 burns


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Solar-Powered Electrolysis

Honda doing this in Torrance,California

HYSOLAR: began making H2 in1994

Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern inBavaria

CAN project


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Nuclear-powered Electrolysis

Its a feasible alternative

Anti-nuclear sentiment mayprevent nuclear H2 production

NRDC opposed; spent fuel


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Making H2 from Natural Gas

Stripping H2 from natural gas is

called reforming

Reforming natural gas emits CO2

Outfitting a gas station with a machine

to reform natural gas would cost$400,000 (building a conventional gas

station costs $1,500,000)


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Getting H2 from Coal

Coal-fired utilitiescan power

electrolysis

The currentadministration is

attempting to build a

coal-fired plant that

emits no CO2


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Underground CO2 Sequestration Proposed plant would

remove CO2, sequester it ,and turn coal into a gas

from which H2 is made

The prototype plant is the

size of a large coal-burning

plant

In 1986, CO2 escaped from

Cameroons Lake Nyos and

killed 1,700 villagers


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H2 Production from Bacteria

Some anaerobic bacteria can produce

H2 at 20 times their volume per

minute

When starved of sulfur,

Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii makes

H2, one of ten most important

discoveries in 2000

(popular science magazine)


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Power

Output

of HICEs

Challenges facing HICEs:Challenges facing HICEs:

Backfiring common - prematureignition near the fuel intake valve

To reduce Nox, the air/fuel ratiocan be increased, reducing poweroutput to half a gasoline engines

To compensate for lost power,HICE engines are usually larger orhave superchargers

Ford claims that superchargersprovide near-zero emissions andpower equal to a gas engine


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Are HICEs unsafe at any speed?

H2 is volatile and is 10x more explosivethan gasoline

H leaks and static present risks Special sensors and ducts that pull in fresh

air may be necessary whenever HICEs are

parked indoors Stringent, universal safety regulations are

needed for storage, handling, and disposal

of H2


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BMW Tests indicate

HICEs are Safe

94 BMW: safety valves ofdouble-walled LH2 tanks wereblocked, cooked, shaken,rammed with pole; slow LH2leak, no explosion

H2 escaped after 10 minutes inopen fire; burned with no effect

on tank OTHER TESTS: some tanks

burst under extreme pressurebuildup


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Fords 2000 H2,

LH2 vehicles Model U concept car: 3 millimeter aluminum barrier

tank, carbon-fiber structural casing, rated to a pressureof 10,000 psi

P2000 FUEL system - redundancy for safety:

fueling system under trunk

Triple redundant system based on natural gas,designed to use H2 natural dispersion

H2 ventilators

Sensors in engine, passenger and trunk compartments

Alarms triggered at concentrations belowflammability

H2 detected = fuel system/engine starter disable, roof

opens, ventilation fans activate


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H2 Safety & the Hindenburg The Public perception of H2?

1997, Addison Bain, former NASA H2

program manager presented findings:

Static and flame accelerants(painted on the skin), not H2, were

causes

Based on Analysis of survivingHindenburg remnants


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Is Hydrogen Fuel Safer?Former Lockheed Manager: maintains

air crashes involving kerosene fuelwould have resulted in fewer deaths if

H2 were the fuel:

H2 volatile/ burns

quickly

H2 vaporizes/disperses quickly

Less fire area

Radiated fire heat is less

with H2

No smoke from H2 fires

LH2 safer upon impact

than kerosene


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H2 vs. CONVENTIONAL

FUELS1976 Stanford Research Institute: no

clear answers; physical/ chemical

properties of H2 differ, comparisons

are misleading

1974 NASA study: road transport of

LH2 presents fewer ignition risksFirst H2 pipeline: ships H2 to chemical

plants, has operated safely for years,

but the H2 is only 95% pure, at low psi,

1993 G H2 d


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1993 German H2 study

H2 SAFER:Vaporization

Cloud formation

Fire, thermalemissivity

H2 RISKIER:

In enclosed roomsCustomer handlingof H2 demands

technical safetymeasures (self-adjusting gas sensorslinked to ventilation

systems)UNRESOLVED:Questions remain about pipelineembrittlement, feasibility of highpressure H2 pipeline


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HICEs & POLLUTIONADVANTAGES:

Emissions are afraction of conventionICE emissions

Ford HICEs emitalmost no pollutantsand are 25% morefuel efficient than gas

ICEs H2/ CH4 mixed fuel

emits extremely lowNOx

DISADVANTAGES:

High temperature H2

combustion makes Nox

NOx emissions = that of

gas, can be lessened with

additional control

equipment

Even without after-

treatment, NOx emissionsare low

Fossil fuel electrolysis

lessens pollution gains


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Barriers to Commercial

Availability H2/ LH2infrastructure

needed

Low cost H2

production needed

Economics of H2

cars are ill-defined

ICE-HICE conversion

availability

Like current vehicles,

H2/LH2 vehicle

designs will likely var

Lack of uniform

regulations of H2


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Commercial HICE Availability Shell: marathon, not a sprint, and the race has

just begun,H2 fuel network by 2030-2050.Others estimate 10-50 years to the H2 economy

BMWs HICE cars are available today

John C. Anderson, Pres. & CEO of AFS says:(1) the existing ICE infrastructure

(2) the demand for clean emissions; &

(3) H2s flammability characteristicsmake H2 the ultimate low cost fuel which,

when widely available, can be adapted to

conventional autos and diesel engine vehicles


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What if FCs are the future? BMWs future could be adversely affected

Unlikely soon:

FC engines 3x as heavy as ICEs

No transport FC mass production

Most H2 vehicles produced are HICEs

HICEs offer a good opportunity to

improve the H2 infrastructure as HICEs

are comparatively easy to produce HICEs can bridge the gap to H2-fueled

transport that eventually incorporates fuel

cells


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ARE FUEL CELLS BETTER? Fuel cells are more

efficient than HICEsbut less efficient whenoperated on methane

Barriers exist to FCs asdual fuel vehicles, andthus may be less

feasible than HICEs inthe near future unlessH2 onboard conversionmaterializes

FCs cars are the

best for zero

emissions

FC cars average 60more mpg than

BMWs HICEs

FCs cars are far

more costly than

HICE vehicles


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THE EU IS DOING MORE

March 2003 DOE-EU joint effort

EU: 20% alternate energy fuelsources by 2020, plans to develop

H2 tech while sharply tighteningfuel efficiency standards

C lif i F l C ll P t hi


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California Fuel Cell Partnership Corporate members have 6 H2

stations; at least 8 H2 fillingstations in southern California

12 more planned

The partnership has cut thenumber of H2 vehicles it plansto require car companies toproduce


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Centrally Fueled Fleet Program (CFFP)

H2 is a CAA CleanFuel

The CFFP applies tostates with serious or

worse O3 non-attainment

Requires fleets to use a

% of clean fuel vehicles

Not vigorouslyenforced; voluntary

as of 1995

EPA of 1992: CFVpurchase incentives

for public/private

fleets & incentives for

fuel suppliers


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CAA California Pilot Program (CPP) Increases CFV availability

(requires 300,000 yearly)

Credit program (excess

CFVs or buy credits)

SIP mandates sufficientclean fuels be produced,

distributed by fuel

suppliers (profit incentive)

CARBs LEV programdiffers clean fuels must be

available, not produced

Serious/ worse O3 non-

attainment states may

opt in

Opt-in states cannotmandate CFV sales or

alternate fuel production

and availability

(incentives instead)


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H2/LH2 INFRASTRUCTURE

Centralized or

decentralized?

Assuming a centralized

infrastructure, oil

companies estimate

that consumer interest

depends on a new fuel

being available at 30%of gas stations

180,000 gas station in

the U.S

C t li d Di t ib ti


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Centralized Distribution Infrastructure cost: $100 billion+

H2 storage (or stainless steel tanks for convertiblemethanol), manufacturing tankers

Exxon-Mobil: the verdict is still out on whether H2 willever become a mainstream fuel

Predicted route of development: Centrally fueled fleets

Dispersed locations

Gas stations conversion

Rate regulation? Local variation by

optimal source


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REPAIR INFRASTRUCTURE

HICEs have the advantage over FCvehicles

Developed economies already haveready access to HICE repair

Adequately trained technicians andequipment still are needed for HICEs;ICE-HICE conversion not readily

available

D t li d H2 I f t t


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Decentralized H2 Infrastructure Retrofitting CH4 pipelines favors

centralization; long term localizedproduction will favor decentralization

Honda & GM are discussing bypassing

gas stations in favor of letting consumersbuy/ lease home H2-fueling machines

For consumers, the ability to refuel at

home may justify higher fuel costs Some advocate onboard stripping of H2

from carbon fuel to avoid H2 transitiondifficulties


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Conclusions Regulatory mandates;

CFFP, CPP nationally?

Tax incentives,

subsidies for HICE

R&D,investment Incentives and

regulatory

mandates to

develop a fuelinginfrastructure

Standardization of

H2 f d

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