Hydrogen: transport, distribution, and end use
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Hydrogen: transport, distribution, and end use
Annie Brandjord Bevan Flansburg Stephanie Hyde Cristen McLean
Megan Sparks
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Is it possible…?
…to wholly transform our fossil fuel reliance?
…to make hydrogen available and usable to consumers?
... to change the currently inadequate energy infrastructure regardless of which energy we rely on?
…to take a SMART approach to our nation’s energy future?
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Hydrogen is the answer
How is hydrogen transported?
What are hydrogen’s end uses?
How is hydrogen used as an energy source? QuickTime™ and a
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Transporting Hydrogen
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Primarily, hydrogen is a CARRIER not a source of energy
http://nanopedia.case.edu/NWPage.php?page=hydrogen.transport
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Hydrogen Pipelines
H2 safely transported through pipelines for decades, w/o optimal system
GH2 pipeline important synergies substantial added value
Pipelining GH2 will cost ~1.5 to 2 times NG, per unit energy-distance
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http://infotools.hfpeurope.org/energyinfos__e/hydrogen/main10.html
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NG/GH2 Comparison
NG pipeline systems typically cost $US 1 per mm diameter per meter length (with compressors, meters, controls) Minimum ~30 cm diameter. NG pipeline 50 km long would
be ~ $US 15 million.
GH2 pipeline may cost 2-3 times as much ($US 40 million)
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http://www.pttplc.com/th/ptt_core.asp?page=ap_ov_ng
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Wind and H2, an example
H2 gathered from wind energy can be transported via pipelines
Example: Great Plains wind energy delivers wind energy as
compressed H2 gas through 400 new GH2 pipelines
requires 900 of the largest, practical new electric transmissions lines
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http://www.clever-ideas.com/news.asp?id=3
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Technical challenges
pressure intensity varies seasonally
exacerbates H2 attack on pipeline steel
hydrogen-induced crackinghydrogen corrosionhydrogen embrittlementvalves, meters, compressors similarly
affected
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Distribution Standards
Mixtures of NG and GH2 up to 100%
High pressure (>14 MPa), high-capacity (>5 GW), long-distance capabilities (>500km)
Buried terrestrial or subsea
>100 pressure cycles per year to 50% of design operating pressure.
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two types of hydrogen usage for power: combustion fuel-cell conversion (most
efficient method)
NASA uses of hydrogen: lift space shuttles fuel cells to power ship
electrical systems crew drinks H2O byproduct
Replacing Gasoline
www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/IntermediateHydrogen.html#UsesOfHydrogen; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications
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Hydrogen in the mix
5% hydrogen in gasoline = reduces nitrogen oxide
can be added to ethanol, methanol, and natural gas to increase performance and reduce pollution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications; http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html?page=2
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Hydrogen on a timeline
• Today: 9 million tons produced in
US today, could power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes
NASA Around the world 500
hydrogen powered cars in use (Nov. 2006)
Honda to release hydrogen fueled vehicle in 2008
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications; http://www.bmwworld.com/pics/7er/7350_1024.jpg
• Future: GOAL: U.S. Department
of Energy’s Hydrogen Program intends to use Hydrogen to produce 10% of our total energy demand by 2030
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Hydrogen Fuel Cells
99.999% reliability no moving parts no combustion
suggested applications:
laptops, motor vehicles, baseload
power plants, off-grid power supply for rural locations, auxiliary power
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/IntermediateHydrogen.html#UsesOfHydrogen
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Comparison of Fuel Cell Applications
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D.O.E. Research and Development
High temp/ low humidity PEMs for vehicles
High temperature solid oxide technologies Low cost/high
efficiency Co-production Small systems to
refueling stations
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/past_program_solicitations.html#oxide; http://www.ird.dk/index.php?id=75,0,0,1,0,0
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Specific D.O.E. Solicited Projects
Methanol fuel cell power supply for all-day wireless mobile computing.
Powering refrigeration units for trucks.
Advanced buildings PEM for hotels.
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Using Hydrogen to Generate Electricity and Heat for Buildings
Stationary fuel cell units used for backup
power power for remote
locations distributed
generation for buildings
co-generation
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http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/tech_validation/generation_proj.html
~ 600 systems of 10 kW built and operated to date
> 1,000 smaller units estimated built
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Hydrogen at Work
Hydrogen fuel cells already Replacing batteries
TV cameras and forklifts
providing power at remote locations
Eg.- cellphone towers Powering the police
station in NY Central Park.
Plug Power Inc. Awarded a contract w/
Detroit Edison’s Saint Clair power plant.
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http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html?page=3; http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/newsletter/ad101_plugPower.asp
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Safety and savings
Converting to vehicles that use hydrogen fuel-cells generated by wind
Would save 3,000 to 6,000 lives in the United States annually
These savings would make it cost-competitive with gas
http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/july13/hydrogen-071305.html
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Hydrogen’s vast potential
“Eventually hydrogen will join electricity as the major energy carrier, supplying every end-use energy need in the economy, including transportation, central and distributed electric
power, portable power, and combined heat and power for buildings and industrial processes.”
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/enduse.html
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(http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/)
Hydrogen: The Energy Future
Transportation Distribution End Uses Infrastructure Needs Replacement of
Gasoline
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Why Hydrogen?
Because it is …
Scalable, Safe and Clean!