Brendan Shaffer

Technology Manager

Sustainable Energy and Transportation

IEPR Transportation Workshop No. 2

Advanced Power and Energy ProgramUniversity of California, Irvine

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology: Status and Opportunities

2/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Air quality issues and climate change require ZEVs FCEVs, BEVs

• Electrification of LDVs provides opportunities for grid support

• Grid will require NG and BG resources to support operation Fuel CellsTIGER Stations

• Grid will require storage to avoid excessive curtailment at high penetrationBatteryHydroHydrogen

3/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

HYDROGEN SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700

Hydrogen from central wind/solar ‐ pipeline delivery

Hydrogen from central wind/solar ‐ liquid truck delivery

On‐site Hydrogen from photovoltaic electrolysis

Hydrogen from Tri‐Generation* ‐ Biogas

Hydrogen from Tri‐Generation* ‐ Natural Gas

Hydrogen from natural gas ‐ gas truck delivery

Hydrogen from natural gas ‐ liquid truck delivery

BEV ‐ CA grid

Plug‐in Hybrid with 40‐mile electric range ‐ CA Grid

Gasoline hybrid

Compressed natural gas vehicle

Gasoline ICE (40 mpg ave)

Gasoline ICE (25 mpg ave)

kg GHG per mile (CO2 eq.)

WTW GHG emissions

Feedstock & refining

Fuel production & treatment

Vehicle manufacturing

Vehicle Tailpipe

http://www.apep.uci.edu/3/research/pdf/SustainableTransportation/WTW_vehicle_greenhouse_gases_Public.pdf

4/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

FCEVs provide large potential for GHG reduction

FCEV GHG Reduction Potential

Central Dispatch of Electrolysis Can Reduce Curtailment

• H2 Fueling Infrastructure portends large storage potential

To support grid balancing operations at high renewable penetrations

• 60% FCEV penetration at 60% Renewable penetration

Dual Sector Analysis – Transportation and Electric Systems

enables 60% reduction in GHG

5/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Fuel Cell System Shipments – North America

Source: US DOE, 2012 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report, October 2013.

6/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

REFORMERFUEL

POWER CONDITIONER AC

DCH2

EXHAUST

FUEL CELL STACK

H2O, N2

NATURALGAS

APPLICATION:  STATIONARY

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

HIGH QUALITY HEAT

HIGH EFFICIENCYNO POLLUTANT EMISSIONACOUSTICALLY BENIGN

NO WATER CONSUMPTIONRELIABLE, 24/7 OPERATION

POWER QUALITY

HOT • STEAM• HEAT• COOLING

CCHP

BIOGAS

DC

7/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

e

Fuel ( ) Air ( )

Anode CathodeElectrolyte(ION CONDUCTOR)

H2 O2, N2

Product ( )

ee

MCFCH2

CO2H2O

CO3CO2

O2650°C

SOFCH2

H2OO O2 1000°C

Product ( )H2 H2O, N2 (O2, N2)(H2O)APPLICATION:  STATIONARY

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

PAFC H2H2OO2H+

200°C

8/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

SOURCE:  SGIP

• NATURAL GAS 38

• RENEWABLE 43

TOTAL =   81 MW

STATIONARY FC DEPLOYMENTS

STATIONARY FC MARKETS• WASTEWATER PLANTS  • HOTELS

• FOOD PROCESSING • BREWERIES

• GOVERNMENT • UNIVERSITIES

• HOSPITALS • INDUSTRIES

• COMMUNICATIONS • UTILITIES

• GROCERY STORES • MANUFACTURING

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

APPLICATION:  STATIONARY

9/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

SOURCE:  SGIP

• NATURAL GAS 38

• RENEWABLE 43

TOTAL =   81 MW

STATIONARY FC DEPLOYMENTS

STATIONARY FC MARKETS• WASTEWATER PLANTS  • HOTELS

• FOOD PROCESSING • BREWERIES

• GOVERNMENT • UNIVERSITIES

• HOSPITALS • INDUSTRIES

• COMMUNICATIONS • UTILITIES

• GROCERY STORES • MANUFACTURING

Albertson’sSan Diego

St. Helena HospitalSt. Helena

Inland Empire Utilities AgencyOntario

CalTechPasadena

RENEWABLE

2003

2009

1990

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

APPLICATION:  STATIONARYCalifornia State UniversityNorthridge

10/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

STATIONARY FUEL CELL SHIPMENTS

• US, South Korea, and Japan major markets

• Japan many small units

• South Korea a few large units

Source: US DOE, 2012 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report, October 2013.

11/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

NUCLEAR

HYDRO

RENEWABLE

CENTRAL GENERATIONDISTRIBUTED GENERATION

RENEWABLE

TIGER STATION(Transmission Integrated Grid Energy Resource)

Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

12/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Bridgeport 15 MW

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

13/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

59 MWSouth Korea

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

14/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Annual Electricity CO2 Emissions 

In MMT

54.3

51.0

47.4

Base Case TIGER TIGER‐adv

‐6%,‐13%

CA Grid Modeling CO2 Emissions

TIGERs to Support GHG Reduction Targets

• Base Case: 33% Renewable Penetration, No Coal

• 5GW Deployment of TIGER stations (NG fueled)

15/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Brendan Shaffer

Technology Manager

Sustainable Energy and Transportation

IEPR Transportation Workshop No. 2

Advanced Power and Energy ProgramUniversity of California, Irvine

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology: Status and Opportunities