Solar battery manufacturing engineering

Hur In Eun

2007. 04. 12.

Water in a high reservoir has potential Water in a high reservoir has potential energyenergy

The water is allowed to fall under The water is allowed to fall under gravitygravity

The water gains kinetic energyThe water gains kinetic energy The kinetic energy drives the turbinesThe kinetic energy drives the turbines The turbines drives the generatorsThe turbines drives the generators The kinetic energy of the shafts of the The kinetic energy of the shafts of the

generators is converted into electrical generators is converted into electrical energyenergy

Summary of Typical Hydroelecric Dam Summary of Typical Hydroelecric Dam

Gravitational Mechanical Electrical

The two basic types of hydroelectric The two basic types of hydroelectric systems are those based on falling water systems are those based on falling water and natural river current. and natural river current.

First system , water accumulates in reservoirs First system , water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams.created by the use of dams.

Second system, called a run-of-the-river systemSecond system, called a run-of-the-river system Another kind of hydroelectric power generation Another kind of hydroelectric power generation

is the pumped storage hydroelectric system.is the pumped storage hydroelectric system.

First system , water First system , water accumulates in accumulates in reservoirs created by reservoirs created by the use of dams. This the use of dams. This water then falls through water then falls through conduits (penstocks) conduits (penstocks) and applies pressure and applies pressure against the turbine against the turbine blades to drive the blades to drive the generator to produce generator to produce electricity.electricity.

Second system, called a run-of-the-Second system, called a run-of-the-river system, the force of the river river system, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity. Since blades to produce electricity. Since run-of-the-river systems do not run-of-the-river systems do not usually have reservoirs and cannot usually have reservoirs and cannot store substantial quantities of water, store substantial quantities of water, power production from this type of power production from this type of system depends on seasonal changes system depends on seasonal changes and stream flow. These conventional and stream flow. These conventional hydroelectric generating units range hydroelectric generating units range in size from less than 1 megawatt to in size from less than 1 megawatt to 700 megawatts. Because of their 700 megawatts. Because of their ability to start quickly and make ability to start quickly and make rapid changes in power output, rapid changes in power output, hydroelectric generating units are hydroelectric generating units are suitable for serving peak loads and suitable for serving peak loads and providing spinning reserve power, as providing spinning reserve power, as well as serving baseload well as serving baseload requirements.requirements.

Another kind of hydroelectric Another kind of hydroelectric power generation is the pumped power generation is the pumped storage hydroelectric system. storage hydroelectric system. Pumped storage hydroelectric Pumped storage hydroelectric plants use the same principle for plants use the same principle for generation of power as the generation of power as the conventional hydroelectric conventional hydroelectric operations based on falling water operations based on falling water and river current. However, in a and river current. However, in a pumped storage operation, low-pumped storage operation, low-cost off-peak energy is used to cost off-peak energy is used to pump water to an upper pump water to an upper reservoir where it is stored as reservoir where it is stored as potential energy. The water is potential energy. The water is then released to flow back down then released to flow back down through the turbine generator to through the turbine generator to produce electricity during produce electricity during periods of high demand for periods of high demand for electricity.electricity.

1) They use up valuable 1) They use up valuable and limited natural and limited natural resources.resources.

2) They can produce a lot 2) They can produce a lot of pollution.of pollution.

3) Companies have to dig 3) Companies have to dig up the earth or drill up the earth or drill wells to get coal, oil, or wells to get coal, oil, or gas.gas.

4) For nuclear power 4) For nuclear power plants, there are waste plants, there are waste disposal problems.disposal problems.

No pollution and no consumption of resources.No pollution and no consumption of resources. Hydrogen is Hydrogen is produced from water and oxidized back into water. There are no produced from water and oxidized back into water. There are no byproducts, toxic or otherwise, produced by the process. byproducts, toxic or otherwise, produced by the process.

Safety.Safety. Hydrogen systems have an enviable safety record; in many Hydrogen systems have an enviable safety record; in many cases, hydrogen is safer than the fossil fuel it replaces. In addition to cases, hydrogen is safer than the fossil fuel it replaces. In addition to dissipating quickly into the upper atmosphere if it leaks, hydrogen is dissipating quickly into the upper atmosphere if it leaks, hydrogen is completely non-toxic, unlike fossil fuels. completely non-toxic, unlike fossil fuels.

High Efficiency.High Efficiency. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electricity with greater efficiency than any other current power system. electricity with greater efficiency than any other current power system.

Quiet operation.Quiet operation. In normal operation, a fuel cell is nearly silent. In normal operation, a fuel cell is nearly silent.

Long life and minimal maintenance.Long life and minimal maintenance. Though fuel cells have not been Though fuel cells have not been in use long enough to give a definite lifespan, fuel cells may have in use long enough to give a definite lifespan, fuel cells may have significantly longer lifetimes than the machines they replace. significantly longer lifetimes than the machines they replace.

Modularity.Modularity. Fuel cells may be any size: small enough to fit in a suitcase Fuel cells may be any size: small enough to fit in a suitcase or large enough to generate power for an entire community. This or large enough to generate power for an entire community. This modularity allows power systems to be upgraded as demand increases, modularity allows power systems to be upgraded as demand increases, reducing up front capital costs. reducing up front capital costs.

Can convert as much as Can convert as much as 90% of the available 90% of the available energy into electricity.energy into electricity.

Best fossil fuel plant is Best fossil fuel plant is only about 50% only about 50% efficient.efficient.

The use of hydropower The use of hydropower prevents the burning of prevents the burning of 22 billion gallons of oil 22 billion gallons of oil or 120 million tons of or 120 million tons of coal each year.coal each year.

The carbon emissions The carbon emissions avoided is equivalent to avoided is equivalent to 67 million cars on the 67 million cars on the road.road.

You have to flood a You have to flood a valley to build a big valley to build a big damdam

there is a big there is a big impact on the impact on the environmentenvironment

possible loss of possible loss of habitat for some habitat for some speciesspecies

initial costs are high initial costs are high

1.1. Cragside, Rothbury, England completed 1870. Cragside, Rothbury, England completed 1870.

2.2. Appleton, Wisconsin, USA completed 1882, A waterwheel on the Fox river Appleton, Wisconsin, USA completed 1882, A waterwheel on the Fox river supplied the first commercial hydroelectric power for lighting to two paper supplied the first commercial hydroelectric power for lighting to two paper mills and a house, two years after Thomas Edison demonstrated incandescent mills and a house, two years after Thomas Edison demonstrated incandescent lighting to the public.lighting to the public.

3.3. Duck Reach, Launceston, Tasmania. Completed 1895. The first publicly owned Duck Reach, Launceston, Tasmania. Completed 1895. The first publicly owned hydro-electric plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplied power to the city of hydro-electric plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplied power to the city of Launceston for street lighting. Launceston for street lighting.

4.4. Decew Falls 1, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada completed 25 August 1898. Decew Falls 1, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada completed 25 August 1898. Owned by Ontario Power Generation. Four units are still operational. Owned by Ontario Power Generation. Four units are still operational.

5. It is believed that the oldest Hydro Power site in the United States is located on 5. It is believed that the oldest Hydro Power site in the United States is located on Claverack Creek, in Stottville, New York. The turbine, a Morgan Smith, was Claverack Creek, in Stottville, New York. The turbine, a Morgan Smith, was constructed in 1869 and installed 2 years later. It is one of the earliest water constructed in 1869 and installed 2 years later. It is one of the earliest water wheel installations in the United States and also generated electricity. It is wheel installations in the United States and also generated electricity. It is owned today by Edison Hydro[citation needed]. owned today by Edison Hydro[citation needed].

The La Grande Complex in Quebec, Canada, is The La Grande Complex in Quebec, Canada, is the world's largest hydroelectric generating the world's largest hydroelectric generating system. The eight generating stations of the system. The eight generating stations of the complex have a total generating capacity of complex have a total generating capacity of 16,021 MW. The Robert Bourassa station alone 16,021 MW. The Robert Bourassa station alone has a capacity of 5,616 MW. A ninth station has a capacity of 5,616 MW. A ninth station (Eastmain-1) is currently under construction (Eastmain-1) is currently under construction and will add 480 MW to the total. Construction and will add 480 MW to the total. Construction on an additional project on the Rupert River on an additional project on the Rupert River was started on January 11, 2007. It will add two was started on January 11, 2007. It will add two stations with a combined capacity of 888 MW.stations with a combined capacity of 888 MW.

NameName CountryCountry Year of Year of completioncompletion Total CapacityTotal Capacity Max annual Max annual

electricity productionelectricity production

Itaipú Brazil/Brazil/ParaguayParaguay

1984/1991/1984/1991/20032003 14,000 MW14,000 MW 93.4 TW-hours93.4 TW-hours

Guri VenezuelaVenezuela 19861986 10,200 MW10,200 MW 46 TW-hours46 TW-hours

Three Gorges Dam

ChinaChina 20042004** 9,800 MW(2006)22,400 9,800 MW(2006)22,400 MW(when complete)MW(when complete) 84,7 TW-hours84,7 TW-hours

Grand Coulee United United StatesStates 1942/19801942/1980 6,809 MW6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hours22.6 TW-hours

Sayano Shushenskaya RussiaRussia 19831983 6,721 MW6,721 MW 23.6 TW-hours23.6 TW-hours

Krasnoyarskaya RussiaRussia 19721972 6,000 MW6,000 MW 20.4 TW-hours20.4 TW-hours

Robert-Bourassa

CanadaCanada 19811981 5,616 MW5,616 MW   

Churchill Falls CanadaCanada 19711971 5,429 MW5,429 MW 35 TW-hours35 TW-hours

Bratskaya RussiaRussia 19671967 4,500 MW4,500 MW 22.6 TW-hours22.6 TW-hours

Ust Ilimskaya RussiaRussia 19801980 4,320 MW4,320 MW 21.7 TW-hours21.7 TW-hours

Yaciretá Argentina/Argentina/ParaguayParaguay 19981998 4,050 MW4,050 MW 19.1 TW-hours19.1 TW-hours

Ertan Dam ChinaChina 19991999 3,300 MW(550MW×6)3,300 MW(550MW×6) 17.0 TW-hours17.0 TW-hours

Gezhouba Dam ChinaChina 19881988 3,115 MW3,115 MW 17.01 TW-hours17.01 TW-hours

Itaipu DamItaipu Dam The name "Itaipu" was taken The name "Itaipu" was taken from an isle that existed near the from an isle that existed near the construction site. construction site. ItaipuItaipu, from the , from the Guarani language, means "singing Guarani language, means "singing stones". The American composer stones". The American composer Philip Glass has also written a has also written a symphonic symphonic cantata named named Itaipu in in honour of the structure.honour of the structure.

The amount of The amount of concrete used to used to build the Itaipu Power Plant would build the Itaipu Power Plant would be enough to build 210 be enough to build 210 football stadiums the size of stadiums the size of Maracanãs..

Annual Production of EnergyAnnual Production of Energy

20042004 1818 89,91189,911

20052005 1818 87,97187,971

20062006 1919 92,69092,690

The The Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam

The The Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam is a is a Chinese hydroelectric river dam which spans the which spans the Yangtze River in in Sandouping, , Yichang, , Hubei province, province, China. It is the largest . It is the largest hydroelectric river dam in the world, more in the world, more than five times the size of the than five times the size of the Hoover Dam also known as the Boulder Dam.also known as the Boulder Dam.

Grand Coulee DamGrand Coulee Dam

Grand Coulee DamGrand Coulee Dam is a is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the on the Columbia River in in Washington. It . It is the largest is the largest electric power producing facility in the United producing facility in the United States, and the largest concrete States, and the largest concrete structure in the U.S.structure in the U.S.

Bratsk hydroelectric plantBratsk hydroelectric plant

Bratsk hydroelectric plant Bratsk hydroelectric plant (named (named 50 years of Great 50 years of Great OctoberOctober) is a the second level ) is a the second level of the of the Angara River hydroelectric stations hydroelectric stations cascade in cascade in Irkutsk Oblast, , Russia. Located near . Located near Bratsk. Since its . Since its full commissioning in 1967, full commissioning in 1967, the station was the world’s the station was the world’s single biggest power single biggest power producer until Canada's producer until Canada's Churchill Falls in 1971. Churchill Falls in 1971. Annually the station produces Annually the station produces 22.6 billion kWt/h. Currently, 22.6 billion kWt/h. Currently, the Bratsk Power Station the Bratsk Power Station operates 18 hydro-turbines, operates 18 hydro-turbines, each with capacity of 250MW, each with capacity of 250MW, produced by the Leningrad produced by the Leningrad Metal Works.Metal Works.

Karun-3 damKarun-3 dam

The Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric The Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Karun river in the province dam on the Karun river in the province of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to meet of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to meet Iran's energy demands as well as to Iran's energy demands as well as to provide flood control. The Karun has provide flood control. The Karun has the highest discharge of Iran's rivers. the highest discharge of Iran's rivers. The objectives of the construction of The objectives of the construction of Karun III Dam & Hydro-electric Power Karun III Dam & Hydro-electric Power Plant are electric Power supply and Plant are electric Power supply and flood control. Karun III power flood control. Karun III power generators are connected to the generators are connected to the National Power network as the Peak National Power network as the Peak Power generation. With this power Power generation. With this power plant being operated, with the capacity plant being operated, with the capacity of 2000Mw , and an average electric of 2000Mw , and an average electric power generation of 4137GW.h/y , a power generation of 4137GW.h/y , a major portion of the electric power major portion of the electric power shortage in the country will be met.shortage in the country will be met.

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