Hydroelectric Combined
Transcript of Hydroelectric Combined
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Hydroelectricity
Grand Coulee Dam photo: http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/
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What it is
Harnessing the power of moving water
The most utilized form of renewable
energy in the world
A virtually emission and waste free
method of generating electricity.
Limited by geography
Flexible
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History
Photo: www.silkroadandbeyond.co.uk
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figure: www.waterhistory.org
History
Water wheels have been used to do
work for about 2000 years. Most
notably in grist mills and sawmills Three main types: Norse, undershot, and
overshot.
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History In the late 1800's people started attaching
water wheels to generators to produceelectricity.
July 1880, First use of hydroelectricity in theUnited states
Hoover Dam
Grand Coulee Dam
TVA
1940's – peak of hydroelectricity use inUnited States, by percentage
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Technological
AspectsWater Wheels, Turbines, and Making Things Spin
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Falling Water
Must spin a
generator
Gravitationalpotential energy
Captured using a
turbine
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How Much Energy Can We Get?
mgh = (1/2)mv2
(1kg H2O/s)(9.8m/s)(100m) = 980 W
At 85% efficiency, that’s 833 W
Head height and water flow
Head heights range from 3 m to over
300 m
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Turbine Types
Reaction
Pressure Change
Fully Encased
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Impact
Velocity Change
Uses Water Jet
Pelton Wheel
Turgo Turbine
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Francis Turbine
Grand Coulee Dam
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Francis Turbine
Most common
Over 90% efficient
Best usage High Flow
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Kaplan Turbine
Bonneville Dam -- In
use for 61 years
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Kaplan Turbine
Pivoting blades
Over 90% efficient
Wide usage High Flow
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Pelton Turbine
Walchensee, Germany
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Pelton Turbine
Extremely efficient
Conservation of
kinetic energy Scaleable
Multiple nozzles
Low Flow High Head
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Turgo Turbine
Commercial Gilkes Turbine
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Turgo Turbine
Less expensive than
Pelton
Exiting water doesnot interfere
Higher Flow
Medium Head
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Crossflow/Banki Turbine
Extracts power
twice
Not as efficient Cheap and easily
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Copyright "Layman's Guidebook on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site"
Published by the European Small Hydropower Association
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Pumped-Storage Electricity
Turbines work in
reverse during off-
peak hours Reaction turbines
Only large
electricity storage
method
Low Energy Density
70-85% efficient
Evaporation Mechanical
inefficiencies
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Social Aspects
Cost: at about 0.85 cents per kWh,
hydroelectricity is relatively cheap.
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Recreation
Lakes created by dams create recreational
opportunities including: fishing, water
sports, boating, and water fowl hunting. Much land around reservoirs is open to the
public for activities including hunting,
hiking, skiing,camping, and picnicking
Some are also wildlife refuges
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Safety
People can be and are killed and injured
around dams.
Most of these accidents could have beenprevented by staying out of restricted zones
and obeying warning sings and signals.
There is a slight risk of a major dam failure
that could result in a major loss of life
1889 Johnstown flood: 2209 people were killed
when a dam broke
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photo: http://orion.fken.ise.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/
Relocation
When a new dam is built people and
structures may have to be relocated
Aswan High Dam, Egypt: Abu Simbel
Kinzua Dam, PA: Seneca Nation
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Hydropower and the
Environment
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The Effects of Creating a Large Lake
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Environmental Impacts
Greenhouse Gases
Fish Habitat
Wildlife Habitat Land Disturbance
Flooding
Mercury Release
Hoover Dam and Lake Mead
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Possible Solutions
Clear vegetation
Fish ladders Land studies
In-stream, run-off
generators
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John Day Dam, Colombia River
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Resources
http://www.wvic.com
http://www.canhydropower.org
http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/waterwheels
http://www.energy.gov/energysources/hydropower.htm
http://www.hydro.org/
http://www.usbr.gov/
http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/
http://www.nwcouncil.org/library/2003/2003-20/hydro.htm
http://www.centreforenergy.com/
http://www.solareco.com/articles/article.cfm/id/34
http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Spelton.htm
http://www.gilkes.com/hydro/turgo.htm
http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/turbine.htm
http://microhydropower.net/turbines.html
Images
www.silkroadandbeyond.co.uk
http://orion.fken.ise.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/
"Layman's Guidebook on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site”
http://www.unama-afg.org/news/_photos/Flood/_imgpages/Ghazni/Image1.htm