PREFACE

Praise be to Allah SWT who has given grace, ease, and guidance so that the author has completed the task of the English language with a discussion of hydroelectric power in the form of paper.In preparing this assignment or material, not a few obstacles that the author faced. But the authors recognize that fluency in the preparation of this material is none other than the help, encouragement and guidance, so that the constraints that face the writer persists. Therefore, the authors thank:- Mother Lecturer as a lecturer in the English language.- Families who have given their support.- Friends of Water Resources Engineering in 2010, and- All parties who have helped solved this task.Hopefully, this material can be useful, with humble compiler always expect criticism and suggestions that are positive for the preparation of our next tasks can be better.

Malang, September 2010

Author

TABLE OF CONTENS

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Man can not be separated from the water to meet daily needs, for example for hydroelectric power.Hydropower has contributed much to the development of human welfare since a few dozen centuries ago. At times between those times until the industrial revolution, the flow of water and wind is the source of mechanical energy that can be used in addition to energy generated from animal power.Development of energy use of water flowing then developed in a sustainable manner as exemplified by the stunning design of water power in the 1600s for the outer Versailles Paris, France.The system has a capacity equivalent to 56 kW of electrical energy.Hydroelectric power is a system of generating electrical energy by utilizing the flow of water which was then converted into electrical energy through a turbine and generator rotation.The amount of power can be generated at a hydroelectric center depending on the height where the water falls and water flow rates.Hydroelectric generating large scale has well-developed and widely used.In the estimate that 20% to 25% of large-scale water potential in the world has developed.Hydroelectric generating large scale is most desirable source of energy based on availability and flexibility of energy sources.In Indonesia there are a lot of water potential is still untapped.Like the rivers large and small in the various regions.This is a good opportunity for the development of electric energy in the region, especially areas not reached by electricity.Therefore, the writer tries to write a paper on "Hydroelectric Power."

1.2 FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Problems which can be summarized as follows :1. How general description of Hydroelectric Power?2. What the function of Hydroelectric Power?3. What components in Hydroelectric Power?4. How much electricity can be generated by hydropower?5. How the Hydroelectric working?6. What advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?

1.3 BENEFITS AND GOALS

Purpose of writing this paper are as follows :1. To know how the general description of Hydroelectric Power.2. To know the function of the hydroelectric Power.3. To know the components in the Hydroelectric Power.4. To know the amount of Hydroelectric Power generated electricity.5. To know how to work Hydroelectric.6. To know the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower.

CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION

2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe general form of hydroelectric power involves placing a dam on the river, which creates a large reservoir where the water is released through turbines to generate electricity.This system creates a large amount of power that will be able to support the cities, and smaller systems used to power a single residence and other buildings. Hydropower has contributed much to the development of human welfare since a few dozen centuries ago.Hydroelectric power is a system of generating electrical energy by utilizing the flow of water which was then converted into electrical energy through a turbine and generator rotation.The amount of power can be generated at a hydroelectric center depending on the height where the water falls and water flow rates.Hydro systems convert energy from flowing water into mechanical energy and then usually into electrical energy.Water flowing through the channel (penstock) past the waterwheel or turbine where the water will hit the blade-vane which causes the water wheel or turbine to spin.When used to generate electrical power, the velocity of rotation of the turbine causes the generator rotor shaft.The energy generated can be used directly, stored in batteries or used to improve the quality of electricity on the network.The amount of power can be generated at a hydroelectric center depending on the height where the water falls and water flow rates.Altitude determines the amount of potential energy at the center of power.

2.2 HYDROELECTRIC POWER FUNCTION

Hydroelectric Power function which is to meet the supply or meet demand for electricity.Especially the construction of hydropower in rural areas is to be able to assist village communities in terms of electricity, lighting, and to be able to relieve the local villagers can do the job for later in the evening.

2.3 COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER

The most conventional hydropower plant has four main components as follows :1. Dam, the river serves to increase the water surface to create a high-falling water.Besides saving water, the dam was also built with the aim to save energy.2. Turbine, the water fall style that encourages the propeller causing the turbine to spin.Water turbine windmills mostly like, by replacing the function of the wind push to play a propeller replaced the water to turn turbines.Furthermore turbine energy change caused by the force fell kenetik water into mechanical energy.3. Generator, connected to the turbine through the teeth of the play so that when the propeller rotates the turbine generator also rotates.The next generator changes mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.Hydroelectric Power Generator at work as well as other generators.4. Transmission lines, works to distribute electrical energy from hydropower to homes and industrial center.

2.4 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATED

The amount of hydroelectric power generated depends on two factors as follows :1. How much water falls. The higher the water falls, the greater the power output. Usually, depending on the height of high water falls from a dam. Scientists say that the high of falling water is proportional to the distance fallen.2. The amount of water that falls. The more water that falls cause the turbine will generate more power. The amount of water available depends on the amount of water flowing in rivers. Power is also proportional to the flow of rivers.

2.5 HYDROELECTRIC POWER WORKINGSThe flow of the river with a total discharge of such water is collected in large reservoirs which are supported by building the dam.Water is channeled through the filter and into the Power Intake Pipe Pesat (Penstock) to transform potential energy into kinetic energy.At the end of the pipe is installed rapidly Main Valve (Main Inlet Valve) to drain the water into the turbine.The main valve will close automatically in case of disturbances or stopped or performed the repair or maintenance of turbines.Water that has high pressure and velocity (kinetic energy) is converted to mechanical energy flowed through the steering fins (fixed blade) will encourage the blade the road or mounted on a turbine runner.Energy received by the turbine wheel then used to drive a generator which then produces electricity.Water discharged from the turbine through the Tail Race subsequently returned to the stream.Electric power generated by the generator, its voltage is low.Therefore, the stress is first increased in a Main Transformer for efficient distribution of energy from generators to load centers..High voltage is then arranged or divided in the sub station and subsequently transmitted to the power system.

2.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER2.6.1 Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Economy

The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increase in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed.Where a dam serves multiple purpose, a hydroelectric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the cost of dam operation.

Use reservoir

Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sport, and become tourist attraction themselves. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.2.6.2 Disavantages of Hydroelectric Power Ecosystem damage and loss of land

Hydroelectric project can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems both upstream and downstream of the plant site. For instance, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have reduced salmon populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream, even though most dams in salmon habitat have fish ladders installed. Salmon spawn are also harmed on their migration to sea when they must pass through turbines. In some cases dams, such as the Marmot Dam, have been demolished due to the high impact on fish. Turbine and power-plant design that are easier on aquatic life are an active area of research.Some hydroelectric project also use canals to divert a river at a shallower gradient to increase the head of the scheme. In some cases, the entire river may be diverted leaving a dry riverbed. Example include the Tekapo and Pukaki Rivers in New Zealand.

Flow shortage

Changes in the amount of river flow will correlate with the amount of energy produced by a dam. Lower river flows because of drought, climate change or upstream dams and diversions will reduce the amount of live storage in a reservoir therefore reducing the amount of water that can be used for hydroelectricity. The result of diminished river flow can be power shortages in areas that depend heavily on hydroelectric power.

Relocation

Another disadvantages of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocated the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In many cases, no amount of compensation can replace ancestral and cultural attachments to places that have spiritual value to the displaced population. Additionally, historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost.

Failure Hazard

Because large conventional dammed-hydro facilities hold back large volumes of water, a failure due to poor construction, terrorism, or other causes can be catastrophic to downriver settlements and infrastructure. Dam failures have been some of the largest man-made disasters in history. Also, good design and construction are not an adequate guarantee of safety.Smaller dams and micro hydro facilities create less risk, but can form continuing hazards even after they have been decommissioned.

CHAPTER IIICLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSIONHydroelectric Power

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://konversi.wordpress.com/2010/05/01/sekilas-mengenai-pembangkit-listrik-tenaga-air-plta/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity