Hydro Tasmania - Appendix D - Air Quality Report

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Vipac Engineers & Scientists

Hydro Tasmania

Catagunya Hydro Power Station Diesel Gen Set Installation

Air Quality Assessment

70Q-16-0038-TRP-519587-0

29 Feb 2016

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29 Feb 2016

70Q-16-0038-TRP-519587-0 Commercial-In-Confidence of 34

NOTE: This is a controlled document within the document control system. If revised, it must be marked SUPERSEDED and returned to the Vipac QA Representative. This document contains commercial, conceptual and engineering information that is proprietary to Vipac Engineers & Scientists Ltd. We specifically state that inclusion of this information does not grant the Client any license to use the information without Vipac’s written permission. We further require that the information not be divulged to a third party without our written consent

Air Quality Assessment Catagunya Hydro Power Station Diesel Gen Set Installation

DOCUMENT NO: 70Q-16-0038-TRP-519587-0 REPORT CODE: TRP

PREPARED FOR: PREPARED BY:

Hydro Tasmania Vipac Engineers & Scientists Ltd.

Level 8, 4 Elizabeth Street Level 2, 146 Leichhardt Street,

Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia Spring Hill, QLD 4000,

Australia

CONTACT: Kennedy Clarke

Tel: +61 3 6230 5009 Tel: +61 7 3377 0400

Fax: Fax: +61 7 3377 0499

PREPARED BY:

Author: Date: 29 Feb 2016

Michelle Clifton

Consulting Scientist

REVIEWED BY:

Reviewer: Date: 29 Feb 2016

Alex McLeod

Senior Consultant (Vipac Tasmania)

AUTHORISED BY:

Date: 29 Feb 2016

Virginia Short

Senior Administration Officer

REVISION HISTORY

Revision No. Date Issued Reason/Comments

0 29 Feb 2016 Initial Issue

1

2

DISTRIBUTION

Copy No. 2 Location

1 Project

2 Client (PDF Format) Uncontrolled Copy

3

KEYWORDS:

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Vipac Engineers and Scientists Ltd. (Vipac) were commissioned by Hydro Tasmania to undertake an air quality assessment of the proposed emergency power generators to be located at Catagunya Hydro Power Station, Tasmania. The purpose of this assessment is to evaluate the air quality impacts due to the operation of the generators in accordance with Tasmania EPA Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004 (referred to as EPP).

The overall approach to the assessment follows the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines with supplementary guidance from Approved Methods for the Modelling and Assessment of Air Pollutants in New South Wales and the CALPUFF modelling guidance for NSW as recommended in the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines.

This assessment has used a combination of stack testing data, where available and manufacturer’s datasets to estimate the pollutant emissions and the prediction results have showed all of the predicted pollutant concentrations are below the criteria for the proposed units at all prediction locations.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................5

2 PROJECT CONTEXT.......................................................................................................................5

2.1 Site Location .....................................................................................................................................5

2.2 Proposed Site Layout........................................................................................................................6

2.3 Sensitive Receptors ..........................................................................................................................6

2.4 Terrain...............................................................................................................................................6

3 AIR EMISSIONS OF CONCERN .....................................................................................................8

4 AIR QUALITY CRITERIA.................................................................................................................9

4.1 Air Emission Standards.....................................................................................................................9

4.2 Ambient Air Quality Criteria ..............................................................................................................9

5 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 11

5.1 TAPM ............................................................................................................................................. 12

5.2 CALMET ........................................................................................................................................ 12

5.3 CALPUFF....................................................................................................................................... 12

5.4 NOX to NO2 Conversion ................................................................................................................. 13

6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................... 14

7 METEOROLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 15

7.1 Stability Class Analysis .................................................................................................................. 16

7.2 Mixing Height ................................................................................................................................. 16

8 EMISSION QUANTIFICATION ..................................................................................................... 17

9 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 19

9.1 Nitrogen Dioxide ............................................................................................................................ 19

9.2 Sulfur Dioxide................................................................................................................................. 21

9.3 Carbon Monoxide........................................................................................................................... 22

9.4 Particulate Matter ........................................................................................................................... 23

10 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 24

11 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 24

Manufacturer’s Datasheets (QSK50-G4) ............................................................................ 25Appendix A

Manufacturer’s Datasheets (QST30-G4)............................................................................. 27Appendix B

Stack Testing Results (KTA50G3) with Supplementary Manufacturer’s Data .................... 28Appendix C

Prediction Contours at Site Boundary ................................................................................. 32Appendix D

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1 INTRODUCTION

Vipac Engineers and Scientists Ltd. (Vipac) were commissioned by Hydro Tasmania to undertake an air quality assessment of the proposed emergency power generators to be located at Catagunya Power Station, Tasmania.

The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate the air quality impacts due to the operation of the generators in accordance with Tasmania EPA Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004 (referred to as EPP).

2 PROJECT CONTEXT

The proposed project is to install and operate 24 diesel powered generators comprising:

15x Cummins KTA50G3;

6x Cummins KTA50G12; and

3x Cummins QST30G4.

2.1 SITE LOCATION

The location of the Catagunya Power Station is outlined in red as shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1: Site Location

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2.2 PROPOSED SITE LAYOUT

The proposed location for the units is within the carpark of the power station. The proposed site layout is shown in Figure 2-2. It should be noted that the layout in the figure shows 30 units, however only 24 units will be installed.

Figure 2-2: Proposed Site Layout [Aggreko, 2016]

2.3 SENSITIVE RECEPTORS

Three sensitive receptors were identified in the surrounding area. These receptors are identified in Table 2-1. Figure 2-3 shows the prediction locations in relation to the site boundary.

Table 2-1: Prediction Locations

Receptor ReferenceDistance from Sources (km)

Base Elevation (m)

Location (UTM)Easting Northing

R_1 3.6 NE 558 470513 5300985R_2 3.5 NE 242 470252 5301300R_3 4.4 NNW 261 465800 5304138

2.4 TERRAIN

The terrain as modelled is shown in Figure 2-4.

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Figure 2-3: Sensitive Receptor Locations and Site Boundary

Figure 2-4: Surrounding Terrain in CALPUFF Model

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3 AIR EMISSIONS OF CONCERN

The pollutants investigated from the proposed project those referred to as common air pollutants:

Carbon monoxide (CO) - Produced from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. In the body, COcombines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin that can deprive the body of oxygen. Short-term effects of CO include headaches and nausea.

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) - Emitted by motor vehicles are comprised mainly of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen oxide is produced by the high temperature combustion in the presence of nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen oxide is converted to nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. Exposure to NO2 can result in decreased lung function and increases in respiratory illness.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) - Released during the combustion process of fuels and in relation to transport related emissions the release is relatively small when compared to other gases. Sulfur dioxide can affect the respiratory system, the functions of the lungs and irritate our eyes.

Particulate matter - In the atmosphere, particles range in size from 0.1 to 50 μm. Particulate matter in the atmosphere can have an adverse effect on health and amenity. The impact that particles have upon health is largely related to the extent to which they can penetrate the respiratory tract. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter greater than 10 μm, are generally screened out in the upper respiratory tract by adhering to mucus in the nose, mouth, pharynx and larger bronchi and from there are removed by either swallowing or expectorating. Very fine particles less than 2.5 µm can be deposited in the pulmonary region. It is these particles that are of greatest concern to health.

Hydrocarbons (HC) are emitted from vehicles through the incomplete combustion of fuel. They collectively cover a wide range of pollutants. While hydrocarbons alone do not generally pose a problem at the concentrations commonly experienced, they do play a significant role in photochemical smog formation. Specific components such as benzene are known to have an adverse effect on human health.

The proposed project will be burning diesel fuel at the same grade available at local service station and will therefore comply with the Australian National Fuels Quality Standards Act 2000.

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4 AIR QUALITY CRITERIA

Air quality impacts from industry are regulated by means of air emission standards which specify stack discharge limits and ambient air quality criteria that provide goals for assessing air quality within the receiving environment.

In Tasmania, the Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004 (EPP), provides a regulatory framework for managing air quality impacts from industrial activities.

4.1 AIR EMISSION STANDARDS

With respect to stack discharge limits Schedule 1 of EPP specifies in-stack concentrations that would normally be expected to be achievable using accepted modern industrial technology.

The guidelines are intended to apply to new stationary sources and facility upgrades. Existing industrial facilities that are not able to meet the guidelines currently, may need to progressively improve emissions performance according to a negotiated schedule with due regard to environmental risk, economic cost and practicability.

The in-stack concentrations contained in Schedule 1 refer to routine operations of the activity. It should be noted that the Schedule does not provide a separate in-stack emission limit for gas turbines operating on liquid fuel (e.g., diesel) and additionally, there are no in-stack concentrations for emergency power generation situations. It should also be noted that the proposed generators comply with US EPA New Source Performance Standards for Stationary Emergency Tier 2 Limits.

4.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY CRITERIA

Schedule 2 of the EPP specifies the design criteria for air pollutants emitted from stationary sources.

The Schedule sets out that where air pollutants are causing or are likely to cause an environmental nuisance or material environmental harm, a plume dispersion calculation should be performed to establish whether the predicted maximum ground level concentration (as defined below) exceeds the design criteria specified in the Schedule at relevant receptor locations.

For the purpose of the Schedule, the maximum predicted ground level concentration at each receptor location is defined as the 99.9th percentile peak concentration for averaging periods of one hour or less and the 100th

percentile peak concentrations otherwise. The Schedule states that using the 99.9th percentile concentration overcomes the need to place reliance on a single predicted hourly value calculated using an extreme set of meteorological conditions, which may produce an aberrant prediction.

Table 4-1 provides the design criteria adopted by EPA Tasmania, which needs to be applied to relevant air pollutants for this Project.

Table 4-1 Tasmanian Air EPP (2004) Design Criteria

Pollutant Pollutant Averaging period

Maximum ConcentrationVolume Mixing Ratio Mass Concentration

Carbon Monoxide 8 hours 9.0 ppm 11,250 µg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide 1 hour 0.16 ppm 328 µg/m3

Sulfur Dioxide 1 hour 0.20 ppm 572 µg/m3

Particles (as PM10) 1 day n/a 50 µg/m3

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The EPP also refers to air quality criteria set out in the National Environment Protection Measure for Ambient Air Quality (NEPM). The criteria are included in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2 NEPM (Ambient Air Quality) Standards and Goals

Pollutant Averaging

Period

Maximum Concentration

Pollutant Volume Mixing Ratio

Mass Concentration

Carbon Monoxide 8 hours 9.0 ppm 11,250 µg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide1 hour1 year

0.12 ppm0.03 ppm

246 µg/m3

61.5 µg/m3

Photochemical Oxidants (as Ozone)

1 hour4 hours

0.10 ppm0.08 ppm

214 µg/m3

171.2 µg/m3

Sulfur Dioxide1 hour1 day1 year

0.20 ppm0.08 ppm0.02 ppm

572 µg/m3

228.8 µg/m3

57.2 µg/m3

Particles as PM10 1 day N/A 50 µg/m3

Particles as PM2.5

(reporting standard only)1 day1 year

N/A 25 µg/m3

8 µg/m3

It should be noted that the NEPM applies to residential areas or areas where there are sensitive receivers. It follows therefore, that in some cases the NEPM provides more stringent criteria than the EPP. A case in point is nitrogen dioxide (NO2): the EPP criterion is 328 µg/m3 and the NEPM standard is 246 µg/m3.

It is proposed that for the assessment of air quality impacts associated with this project, the criteria set out in the NEPM would be applied at individual sensitive receiver locations surrounding the project site and the EPP criteria to be reviewed at the boundary of the project site.

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5 METHODOLOGY

The overall approach to the assessment follows the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines(Environmental Protection Authority Tasmania, 2014) with supplementary guidance from Approved Methods for the Modelling and Assessment of Air Pollutants in New South Wales (Department of Environment & Conservation, 2005) and the CALPUFF modelling guidance for NSW (Barclay & Scire, 2011) as recommended in the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines.

Computational modelling of air dispersion is used to predict the maximum levels of air pollutants based on the local topography, weather conditions and emission rates for the various sources of pollutants. The predicted concentration levels are compared with criteria provided in Table 4-2.

The air dispersion modelling conducted for this assessment is based on an advanced modelling system using the models TAPM and CALMET/CALPUFF. A flow chart outlining the modelling process is shown in Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-1: Overview of Modelling Process

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5.1 TAPM

To generate the meteorological inputs to run CALPUFF, this study has used the model The Air Pollution Model (TAPM), which is a 3-dimensional prognostic model developed and verified for air pollution studies by the CSIRO. TAPM was configured as follows:

Centre coordinates – 42° 27.000 S, 146° 36.000 E;

Dates modelled – 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2011;

Four nested grid domains of 30 km, 10 km, 3 km and 1 km;

31 x 31 grid points for all modelling domains;

30 vertical levels from 10 m to an altitude of 8,000 m above sea level; and

The default TAPM databases for terrain, land use and meteorology were used in the model. The vegetation file at 250 m for Tasmania was also used in the model.

5.2 CALMET

CALMET is an advanced non-steady-state diagnostic three-dimensional meteorological model with micro-meteorological modules for overwater and overland boundary layers. The model is the meteorological pre-processor for the CALPUFF modelling system.

The CALMET simulation was run as No-Obs simulation with the gridded TAPM three-dimensional wind field data from the innermost grid. CALMET then adjusts the prognostic data for the kinematic effects of terrain, slope flows, blocking effects and three-dimensional divergence minimisation.

The CALMET parameters used:

South west grid coordinates (UTM): 55G 495002, 5291967;

Overall grid size: 16 km x 16 km;

Grid cells: 64 x 64 at 250 m spacing; and

Vertical grid heights: default 10 levels.

The CALMET input file was provided to EPA Tasmania for review on 23rd February 2016.

5.3 CALPUFF

CALPUFF is a non-steady-state Lagrangian Gaussian puff model. CALPUFF employs the three-dimensional meteorological fields generated from the CALMET model by simulating the effects of time and space varying meteorological conditions on pollutant transport, transformation and removal.

The radius of influence of terrain features was set at 5 km while the minimum radius of influence was set as 0.1 km. The terrain data had a resolution of 1 arc-second (approximately 30 m). Most CALPUFF options remained at their default recommended values.

Building wake affects have been taken into consideration within the model by running the US Building Profile Input Programme (BPIP). The CALPUFF input file was provided to EPA Tasmania on 25th February 2016.The only change between the CALPUFF input file provided to the EPA Tasmania and the CALPUFF run for the final report is the inclusion of rain caps on all stacks once it had been confirmed that rain caps were to be installed.

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5.4 NOX TO NO2 CONVERSION

One of the most common atmospheric chemistry issues regulatory modellers are required to address is estimating NO2 from modelled NOX concentrations.

The most appropriate conversion method is determined on a case-by-case basis. The first instance is the screening using the 100% conversion (method 1) as this is the most conservative approach, followed by the Ambient Ratio Method (method 2) which is also very conservative. Method 3 requires a level of understanding of the existing environment.

1. Total Conversion Method:

In this conservative screening approach, predicted ground-level concentrations of total NOX are assumed to exist as 100% NO2.

2. Ambient Ratio Method (ARM):

If there is at least one year of monitoring data available for NOX and NO2 within the airshed, an empirical NOX/NO2 relationship can be derived and used as an alternative to the ozone limiting method (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2005).

A literature review has identified that ratios have been developed in Central Queensland and Bahrain:

Measurements around power stations in Central Queensland show, under worst possible cases, a conversion of 25-40% of the NO to NO2 occurs within the first 10 km of plume travel (Bofinger, Best, Cliff, & Stumer, 1986).

Measurements in Bahrain identified the highest NO2/NOX conversion ratio is 0.4 (Scire & Borissova, 2011).

For this assessment a ratio of 40% conversion of the oxides of nitrogen to NO2 will be assumed, which is very conservative considering the short travel time of the plume to the maximum ground-level concentrations.

3. Ozone limited method (OLM):

The OLM is based on the assumption that approximately 10% of the NOX emissions are generated as NO2. The following equation can be used:

The minimum of:

o 90% of predicted NOx; and

oB

3O48

46 , where O3

B is the background ozone concentration, and

The background hourly average NO2 concentration.

This method assumes instant conversion of NO to NO2 in the plume, which overestimates concentrations close to the source since conversion usually occurs over periods of hours (NSW DEC, 2005). The existing environment is discussed in Section 6.

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6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

To determine the total effect of emissions within the local area, background concentrations of pollutants should be considered. A review of the EPA Tasmania Air Monitoring Network was undertaken, however there are no air monitoring locations are near the Project site, due to its remote location and that there are no industrial activities in the area.

Discussions with EPA identified a comprehensive Air Quality Assessment was undertaken for the Wayatinah Power Station in 2003 (Hydro Tasmania, 2003). A review of the Air Quality Assessment has identified the following background concentrations of pollutants:

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – 0 ppb (or 0 µg/m3);

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) – 0 ppb (or 0 µg/m3);

Ozone (O3) – 25 ppb (or 53.5 µg/m3);

PM10 – 10 µg/m3; and

PM2.5 – 5 µg/m3;

The Wayatinah Power Station is located approximately 5.8 km north west from Catagunya Power Station (i.e. project site), as shown in Figure 6-1.

Figure 6-1: Location of the Wayatinah and Catagunya Power Stations

Since this assessment was undertaken, there are no new pollutant sources in the area and therefore the background concentrations identified in the Wayatinah Power Station Assessment are considered to be representative of the surrounding project area.

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7 METEOROLOGY

The local meteorology at the site will affect pollutant transport and dispersion. Wind roses are a means of presenting a summary of wind speed and directional data for a particular time and location. The wind roses presented in Figure 7-1 have been extracted from CALMET at Catagunya Power Station site and show that winds blowing from the north west are dominant throughout the year due to the topography.

Annual

Spring Summer

Autumn Winter

Figure 7-1: Site-Specific Wind Roses by Season for 2011

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7.1 STABILITY CLASS ANALYSIS

Atmospheric stability refers to the tendency of the atmosphere to resist or enhance vertical motion. The Pasquill-Turner assignment scheme identifies six Stability Classes (Stability Classes A to F), to categorise the degree of atmospheric stability. These classes indicate the characteristics of the prevailing meteorological conditions and are used as input into various air dispersion models. Table 7-1 shows that stability class D is most common occurring for 51.2% of the annual hours.

Table 7-1: Stability Classes [TAPM, 2011]

Stability Class

DescriptionFrequency of

Occurrence (%)Average Wind Speed (m/s)

A Very unstable low wind, clear skies, hot daytime conditions 1.1% 1.8B Unstable clear skies, daytime conditions 4.9% 3.3

CModerately unstable moderate wind, slightly overcast daytime

conditions12.7% 4.9

D Neutral high winds or cloudy days and nights 51.2% 5.0E Stable moderate wind, slightly overcast night-time conditions 15.9% 3.7F Very stable low winds, clear skies, cold night-time conditions 14.3% 2.6

7.2 MIXING HEIGHT

Mixing height refers to the height above ground within which pollutants released at or near ground can mix with ambient air. During stable atmospheric conditions, the mixing height is often quite low and pollutant dispersion is limited to within this layer. Diurnal variations in mixing depths are illustrated in Figure 7-2. As would be expected, an increase in the mixing depth during the morning is apparent, arising from the onset of vertical mixing following sunrise. Maximum mixing heights occur in the mid to late afternoon, due to the dissipation of ground-based temperature inversions and the growth of a convective mixing layer.

Figure 7-2: Mixing Height Data [TAPM, 2011]

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8 EMISSION QUANTIFICATION

The proposed project is to install and operate 24 diesel powered generators comprising:

6x Cummins KTA50G12/QSK50G4;

3x Cummins QST30G4; and

15x Cummins KTA50G3.

Stack testing data and manufacturer’s specification datasheets were provided and a summary of stack parameters and emission rates resulting are presented in Table 8-1 to Table 8-3. The manufacture’s datasheets are presented in Appendix A and the stack testing data is presented in Appendix B.

The following issues and assumptions were identified from the emissions data:

Cummins KTA50G3 – the stack testing data identifies that a rain cap was installed on the tested unit. Rain caps have been modelled in this report as it has been confirmed that rain caps will be installed on the proposed equipment.

Cummins KTA50G12/QSK50G4 – it has been have assumed the concentration data is presented at dry STP but this is not stated. The data presented is at 5 % O2 and this was corrected to 7 %. No moisture information was provided therefore a correction for temperature but not moisture was made for the volumetric flowrate prior to the calculation of the emission rate; and

Cummins QST30G4 – emission rates in g/horse power hour and flow rate and temperature conditions.

It should be noted that the proposed generators do not comply with the in-stack concentrations as detailed in Schedule 1 of the EPP.

Table 8-1: Stack Details for KTA50G3

Parameter KTA50G3 (Stack Testing Data)Description Diesel engine under continuous operations

Number of Generators 15Stack diameter 325 mm

Stack Height 5.1 mFlow Rate at STP Conditions (dry) 1.07 Nm3/sec

Velocity 36.77 m/sAverage Temperature 742 K

Carbon monoxide concentration per unit 543 mg/Nm3 0.69 g/secNOX concentration per unit (9% O2) 2,889 mg/Nm3 3.09 g/sec

Total PM concentration per unit1 28 mg/Nm3 0.04 g/secSO2 concentration per unit2 0.12 g/BHP-Hour 1.04 g/sec

Total Hydrocarbon concentration per unit 78 mg/Nm3 0.10 g/secNotes:1 Total PM concentration has been assumed to be PM102SO2 values appear to be the limit of testing

Table 8-2: Stack Details for KTA50G12

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Parameter KTA50G12 (Manufacturer’s Data)

Description Diesel engine under continuous operationsNumber of Generators 6

Stack diameter 325 mmStack Height 5.1 m

Flow Rate at STP Conditions (dry) 1.62 Nm3/sec


Carbon monoxide concentration per unit1 340 mg/Nm3 0.55 g/secNOX concentration per unit 1,563 mg/Nm3 2.54 g/sec

Total PM concentration per unit2 14 mg/Nm3 0.02 g/secSO2 concentration per unit3 42 mg/Nm3 0.6 g/sec

Total Hydrocarbon concentration per unit 59 mg/Nm3 0.10 g/secNotes:1 Concentrations published by Cummins 2 Total PM concentration has been assumed to be PM103SO2 values appear to be the limit of testing

Table 8-3: Stack Details for QSK30G4

Parameter QSK30G4 (Manufacturer’s Data)Description Diesel engine under prime operations

Number of Generators 3Stack diameter 325 mm

Stack Height 5.1 mFlow Rate at STP Conditions 0.89 Nm3/sec


Carbon monoxide concentration per unit1 1.2 g/HP-Hour 0.39 g/secNOX concentration per unit 6.6 g/HP-Hour 2.16 g/sec

Total PM concentration per unit2 0.11 g/HP-Hour 0.04 g/secSO2 concentration per unit3 0.13 g/BHP-Hour 0.04 g/sec

Total Hydrocarbon concentration per unit 0.35 g/HP-Hour 0.12 g/secNotes:1 Concentrations published by Cummins 2 Total PM concentration has been assumed to be PM103SO2 values appear to be the limit of testing

It should be noted that hydrocarbon data published by the manufacturer’s contain methane which is not considered to be pollutant but greenhouse gas and therefore is not comparable to any criteria. For this reason hydrocarbons have been modelled but the results have not been reported. The results of the modelling are available upon request.

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9 RESULTS

9.1 NITROGEN DIOXIDE

9.1.1 METHOD 1: NO2 AS 100% NOX

As discussed in Section 5.4, the most conservative assessment for NO2 is 100% conversion of NOX. The results do not include background concentrations as discussed in Section 6. The results are presented in Table 9-1 and Figure 9-1.

Table 9-1: NO2 as 100% NOX Prediction Results

ReceptorNO2 as 100% NOX Compliance

1 Hour (µg/m3) Annual (µg/m3) 1 Hour (246 µg/m3) Annual (62 µg/m3)R_1 162.8 1.81 R_2 175.1 1.50 R_3 167.0 0.71

Note: The 1 hour concentrations are presented as 99.9th percentile and the annual concentrations are maximum values.

It can be seen from Table 9-1 that all the NO2 as 100% NOX pollutant concentrations are below the criteria at all receptors.

Figure 9-1: 1 Hour NO2 as 100% NOX Concentrations (99.9th Percentile)

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9.1.2 METHOD 2: ARM

As discussed in Section 5.4, the ARM ratio of 40% conversion of the oxides of nitrogen to NO2 has been applied. The results do not include background concentrations as discussed in Section 6. The results are presented in Table 9-5 and Figure 9-2.

Table 9-2: NO2 Prediction Results using ARM Method

ReceptorNO2 using ARM Method Compliance

1 Hour (µg/m3) Annual (µg/m3) 1 Hour (246 µg/m3) Annual (62 µg/m3)R_1 65.1 0.73 R_2 70.0 0.60 R_3 66.8 0.28


It can be seen from Table 9-5 that all the NO2 pollutant concentrations are below the criteria at all receptors.

Figure 9-2: 1 Hour NO2 Concentrations as per the ARM Method (99.9th Percentile)

The results have demonstrated that compliance is achieved at all sensitive receptors using conservative NOX

to NO2 conversion methodologies, therefore additional analysis using the OLM method is not considered necessary.

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9.2 SULFUR DIOXIDE

The results do not include background concentrations as discussed in Section 6. The results are presented inTable 9-3 and Figure 9-3.

Table 9-3: SO2 Prediction Results

ReceptorSO2 Predictions Compliance

1 Hour (µg/m3)

24 Hour (µg/m3)

Annual (µg/m3)

1 Hour (572 µg/m3)

24 Hour (228 µg/m3)

Annual (57 µg/m3)

R_1 46.2 6.4 0.5 R_2 49.7 9.0 0.4 R_3 47.4 18.4 0.2


It can be seen from Table 9-3 that all the SO2 pollutant concentrations are below the criteria at all receptors.

Figure 9-3: 1 Hour SO2 Concentrations (99.9th Percentile)

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9.3 CARBON MONOXIDE

The results do not include background concentrations as discussed in Section 6. The results are presented in Table 9-4 and Figure 9-4.

Table 9-4: CO Prediction Results (100th Percentile)

ReceptorCarbon Monoxide

8 Hour (µg/m3) Compliance (11,250 µg/m3)

R_1 12.7 R_2 20.8 R_3 37.5

It can be seen from Table 9-4 that all the CO pollutant concentrations are below the criteria at all receptors.

Figure 9-4: 8 Hour CO Concentrations (100th Percentile)

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9.4 PARTICULATE MATTER

As discussed in Section 8, the particulate matter concentrations are presented for total particulate. For the purposes of this study the total particulate has been modelled as PM10 in order to present a conservative assessment. The results are presented in Table 9-5 and Figure 9-5.

Table 9-5: 24-Hour PM10 Concentrations (Including Background Concentrations)

ReceptorPM10 Concentrations Compliance

Source(µg/m3)

Background (µg/m3)

Total(µg/m3)

24 Hour (50 µg/m3)

R_1 0.28 10 10.28 R_2 0.40 10 10.38 R_3 0.82 10 10.80

It can be seen from Table 9-5 that all the PM10 pollutant concentrations are below the criteria at all receptors.

Figure 9-5: 24 Hour PM10 Concentrations (100th Percentile) (Excluding Background Concentrations)

Due to the very low PM10 concentrations, PM2.5 levels will be negligible.

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10 CONCLUSIONS

Vipac Engineers and Scientists Ltd. (Vipac) were commissioned by Hydro Tasmania to undertake an air quality assessment of the proposed emergency power generators to be located at Catagunya Power Station, Tasmania. The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate the air quality impacts due to the operation of the generators in accordance with Tasmania EPA Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004 (referred to as EPP).

The overall approach to the assessment follows the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines with supplementary guidance from Approved Methods for the Modelling and Assessment of Air Pollutants in New South Wales and the CALPUFF modelling guidance for NSW as recommended in the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines.

This assessment has used a combination of stack testing data, where available and manufacturer’s datasets to estimate the pollutant emissions and the prediction results have showed all of the predicted pollutant concentrations are below the criteria for the proposed units at all prediction locations.

11 REFERENCES

Barclay, J., & Scire, J. (2011). Generic Guidance and Optimum Model Settings for the CALPUFF Modelling System for Inclusion into the 'Approved Methods for the Modelling and Assessments of Air Pollutants in NSW, Australia'. Sydney: NSW Office of Environment & Heritage.

Bofinger, N. D., Best, P. R., Cliff, D. I., & Stumer, L. J. (1986). The Oxidation of Nitric Oxide to Nitrogen. Proceedings of the Seventh World Clean Air Congress, (pp. 384-392). Sydney.

Department of Environment & Conservation. (2005). Approved Methods for the Modelling and Assessment of Air Pllutants in New South Wales. Sydney: Department of Environment & Conservation (NSW).

Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment. (2004, December 13). Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004. Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment.

Environmental Protection Authority Tasmania. (2014, March 26). Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Guidelines - Version 0.93d. Tasmania, Hobart: Environmental Protection Authority Tasmania.

Hydro Tasmania. (2003, October 1). Wayatinah Power Station Supplementary Generation Project -Development Proposal & Environmental Management Plan. Hydro Tasmania.

Scire, J., & Borissova, M. (2011, February 1). An Empirical Method for Modeling Short-Term and Annual NO2 Concentrations in Regulatory Models. Phoenix, Arizona: TRC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Revision to the Guidance on Air Quality Models: Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose Dispersion Model and Other Revisions; Final Rule.Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

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MANUFACTURER’S DATASHEETS (QSK50-G4)Appendix A

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MANUFACTURER’S DATASHEETS (QST30-G4)Appendix B

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STACK TESTING RESULTS (KTA50G3) WITH SUPPLEMENTARY Appendix CMANUFACTURER’S DATA

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PREDICTION CONTOURS AT SITE BOUNDARYAppendix D

At the request of EPA, the prediction contours for the site boundary have been provided.

Figure 11-1: 1 Hour NO2 as 100% NOX Concentrations (99.9th Percentile)

Figure 11-2: 1 Hour NO2 Concentrations as per the ARM Method (99.9th Percentile)

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Figure 11-3: 8 Hour CO Concentrations (100th Percentile)

Figure 11-4: 24 Hour PM10 Concentrations (100th Percentile)

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Figure 11-5: 1 Hour SO2 Concentrations (99.9th Percentile)

Hydro Tasmania - Appendix D - Air Quality Report

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Transcript of Hydro Tasmania - Appendix D - Air Quality Report