Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)• Fracturing fluid pumped into the wellbore

• The pressure causes the formation to crack allowing the fracturing fluid to enter and extend the crack further into the formation

• To keep this fracture open after the injection stops, a solid proppant (sand) is added to the fracture fluid

• The propped hydraulic fracture then becomes a high permeability conduit through which the formation fluids can flow to the well.

• As estimated 90% of the natural gas wells in the US use hydraulic fracturing to produce gas at economic rates.

10 inches

4.5 inches

1500 psi

4-5% sand

super fracking: Schlumberger

HIWAY

add fibers to the mix of hard small grains used to hold open the cracks.

fiber is major production improver.

more flow for a longer period

Super fracking: Halliburton

RapidFrac: 2 types of specialized pipe fittings one type in a row used to work a section to specifications learned

from the drilling results and geophysics.

second type then is an isolator to keep the work specific to the set before moving on to the next set.

sending balls down the pipe that stop where the diameter is too small

require about half the water

and much less time.

super fracking: Baker Hughes

disintegrating frack balls solves the need to have a drilling rig return to the well, and spend

several days drilling and fishing out the perhaps as many as 20 or even 30 balls dropped in to do the frack in stages.

DirectConnect a method of blasting deeper into dense rock to create wider

channels in order to funnel more oil and gas.

to concentrate fracking to target oil or gas buried deeper in the formation.

Drill Bits

Rotary Bit

Steerable Bits

Tricone Bit

Directional Drill Bits

Directional Drilling

Deflecting a Wellbore

Not as simple as it looks…

Rescue team 'just hours away' from reaching trapped Chilean miners

By Daily Mail ReporterLast updated at 10:48 AM on 9th October 2010http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1319069/

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Marcellus Shale Gas

Extent of other Devonian shales (green) with Marcellus shale (gray) and thickness isopachs (in feet)

Field history

Start of production: 2000’s

Production

Estimated gas in place (billion cubic feet):*

168×1012 cu ft -516×1012 cu ft

Producing formations: Marcellus Formation

*Alan Bailey. ""Appalachia to the rescue: Could Devonian shales deep under the Appalachians supply trillions of cubic feet of much needed natural gas for the U.S.?"". Petroleum News. http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/246893563.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-05.

Horizontal drilling rig for natural gas in the Marcellus formation in eastern Pennsylvania.

Marcellus shale outcrop in PA

Sometimes you get oil, sometimes gas, and sometimes both

US 2015 shale gas production 15.7 billion ft3 (445 billion m3)!!!

Fracing Regulations Clean Water Act

Applies primarily to surface waters (lakes, rivers, etc.) must obtain permits if they intend to discharge shale gas wastewater or any of its by-products into a

surface water body

Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 regulates underground injection of wastewater

Fracing exempted, reaffirmed by EPA in early 2000’s injection of fluids for the actual hydraulic fracturing process itself is exempted if shale gas wastewater is managed or treated for the sole purpose of reuse for further hydraulic

fracturing, it is not subject to federal regulation

2005 Energy Policy Act changed US energy policy by providing tax incentives and loan guarantees for energy

production Fracing exempted from requirements in Underground Injection Control (UIC) program

a.k.a. "Halliburton Loophole"

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 RCRA-Covers disposal and use of hazardous substances

Fracing exempted

Proposed Federal Regulations Air pollutants

capture fumes that escape in the production and processing of natural gas Methane, VOC’s and ozone

Condensate tanks Reduce VOC’s

CO2 emissions Minimize methane leakage

Diesel fuel Fracking and public lands

require companies to disclose the chemicals used limited exemptions on chemical disclosure for “legitimate trade secrets

strengthen well-bore integrity

Typical Bakken well 18,000 ft horizontal well (10,000 ft vertical + 8,000 ft lateral)

after you buy your acreage,$4-6 million to drill, $4-6 million to complete (frac + drill out + artificial lift) $500K for surface facilities (tanks, treaters, etc).? acreage

Roughly $8-12 million per well

.

What does is cost?

How long does it take?

Vertical drilling and casing to 10,000 ft. 7-10 daysDrill and case bend section 1-2 daysHorizontal drilling and casing 4,000 to 10,000 ft.

insert 4 inch metal pipe in cased hole 7-10 daysFracking through horizontal metal pipe 2-3 days

Total time per well 2-3 weeks

Fracing videos

https://youtu.be/VY34PQUiwOQ

https://youtu.be/6_j7UkuzJTUTime lapse video

Animation

Troll A

Constructed 1991-19951087 ‘ tall

994’ tall legsTowed 124 miles

7 days trip

Petronius

Chevron-Texaco2001’ tall

1800’ legs14 operating wells

Active Gulf Wells

Hurricane GustavLandfall: 8 a.m., Tue, Sept 2, 2008

Hurricane Approaching

Comparing Natural Gas and Coal

Fuel Delivered to Utilities

Fuel2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016

Natural Gas $/MMBtu

9.39 5.79 5.80 4.72 4.38 4.98 3.65 3.93

Coal$/MMBtu

2.06 2.27 2.28 2.39 2.34 2.36 2.27 2.27

NG/Coal Ratio

4.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.7

How is Natural Gas Used?

Electricity Production with Natural Gas

Simple Cycle

Simple gas turbine produces power only

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Simple cycle turbine with heat recovery from turbine exhaust

Produce steam from recovered heat

Combined Cycle

Same as CHP

Produces high pressure steam to power steam turbine

Combined Cycle Theory

Source: www.nebb.info

Gas Turbine

Source: www.powergeneration.siemens.com

A gas turbine (also called a combustion turbine) is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gas.

Natural Gas Simple Cycle

Jet Engine

Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust

Gas flowing through a typical gas temp 2300 oF (1260 oC)

• Some of the critical metals in the turbine can withstand temperatures only as hot as 1500-1700 oF (815-927 0C)

• Therefore, air from the compressor isused for cooling key turbine components, reduces overall thermal efficiency.

USDoE’s advanced turbine program produced technology limiting turbine temperatures,

• Uses innovative cooling technologies and advanced materials.

• Advanced turbines are able to boost turbine inlet temperatures to as high as 2600 oF (1427 oC)

achieve efficiencies as high as 60 percent.

Turbine Blade Microstructure

www.ccj-online.com

Natural Gas Combined Cycle

www.power-technology.com

BraytonCycle

RankinCycle

Electricity from Natural Gas

G as Turb ine

G as Ste am or

G as Com bined C yc le

Gas Turbine Peaking Unit

EW BrownBurgin, KYNatural Gas Peaking Turbines (7)895 MW

Combined Cycle Plant

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

Cane Run NGCC

Kentucky’s first NGCC Power Plant640 MW

Replaces bulk of LG&E/KU 800MW coal retirementsOperational July 2015

Buck Power Plant, Central NCDuke Energy

Coal Plant265 MW113 MW retired 2011-2013

NGCC620 MWAvailable 2013

US Largest Natural Gas PlantMartin County, FL

3075 MW Natural Gas Combined Cycle

Martin Next Generation Solar500 acre parabolic trough array

to heat water for steam75MW peaking

Emissions Comparison, 2009

Units CoalNatural

Gas

Number of Plants

--- 547 1347

Nameplate Capacity

MW (Average) 687 333

Capacity Factor Average 0.47 0.24

NOx Emissions lb/MWhr 3.50 2.14

SO2 Emissions lb/MWhr 11.19 0.19

CO2 Emissions lb/MWhr 2198 1273

Source: EPA eGrid 2012

Natural gas plants are…

more abundant

smaller

used much less often

emit 39% less NOx

hardly any SO2

43% less CO2