Hybrid Imaging of Parathyroid...
Transcript of Hybrid Imaging of Parathyroid...
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Hybrid Imaging of
Parathyroid Tumors
Rodolfo Núñez Miller, M.D.
Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging Section
Division of Human Health
International Atomic Energy Agency
Vienna, Austria
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Embriology
Branchial arches and Pharyngeal
pouches from the 4th week
Superior Parathyroids – the 4th
Pharyngeal pouch w/thyroid
Inferior Parathyroids – 3rd
Pharyngeal pouch w/thymus.
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HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Complex clinical condition characterized by increased secretion of
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
Inappropriate PTH secretion causing hypercalcemia • Adenoma (85%- 96%) • Hyperplasia (15%,
MEN 1-2) • Carcinoma (1%)
Increased PTH secretion in response to chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure, malabsorption, etc.) Compensatory hyperplasia
Functional autonomy following prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism Persists after correcting hypocalcemia
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Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Epidemiology
Incidence of 1 per 1000 people
In the US there are 25-30 new cases per 100,000
per year.
F>M
Incidence increases with age
Most in > 50 years old
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Therapy of Primary and Tertiary
Hyperparathyroidism
Identification and surgical removal
of hyperfunctioning /hyperplastic
gland/s
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Who should have surgery?
All symptomatic
If assymptomatic
Markedly elevated serum Ca.
H/of episode of life-threatening hypercalcemia
Reduced renal function
Kidney stone on radiograph
Markedly elevated urinary Ca excretion
Substancialy reduced bone mass
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Conventional surgical approach
in use since 1925: bilateral
exploration of the neck
“In my opinion the only localizing study
indicated in a patient with
untreated primary hyperparathyroidism
is to localize an experienced parathyroid surgeon”
(JL Doppmann. Invest Radiol 1986)
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Minimally Invasive
Parathyroidectomy versus Open
Surgery
Small surgical incision with favourable cosmetic
outcome.
Reduced surgical time and length of hospital
admission
Reduced overall cost
Possible also under local anesthesia
Fewer surgical complications
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Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy
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Coakley AJ et al. 99mTc-Sestamibi – A new agent for parathyroid imaging. Nucl Med Commun 1989
PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION
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Dual-Phase 99mTc-Sestamibi Scintigraphy
15 min post-injection 2.5 h post-injection
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Dual tracer protocol
Mariani G et al. JNM 2003
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B31 algorithm for “Soft tissue” “Lung reconstruction” with B70 algorithm
CT images from Thyroid Cancer SPECT/CT
SPECT/CT - Evolution
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What are the advantages of
SPECT/CT ?
Better AC.
Allows an accurate and precise localization of scintigraphic findings, through better coregistration /fusion of SPECT and CT images.
Diagnostic characterization (specificity) of scintigraphic findings.
Detection of additional (unsuspected) lesions by the CT images of the SPECT/CT.
Potential for better dosimetry and quantification.
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What are the limitations of
SPECT/CT?
Higher cost of equipment, shielding of room, need for more space, energy consumption and air conditioning.
Additional radiation emitted by the CT (1-4 mSv).
Movement of patient and artifacts that could be introduced by the CT.
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Parathyroid Imaging with
SPECT/CT
Early and delayed planar imaging of the neck
and chest.
Between the planar imaging we do SPECT/CT
of the same area.
CT done in 2.5 mm cuts.
SPECT images AC and N-AC processed with
iterative reconstruction.
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Case 1 56 year old woman Primary hyperparathyroidism Ca= 10.4 mg/dl PTH= 95 pg/dl (normal Ca= 8.4-10.2 mgr/dl PTH intact= 10-65 pg/ml)
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Case 1
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Case 1
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Case 1
Surgical Pathology: Left superior parathyroid adenoma 0.6 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm. 0.092 g
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Case 2 49 year old woman Primary Hyperparathyroidism Ca= 10.8 mgr/dl and PTH 183 pg/ml
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Case 2
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Case 2
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Case 2
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Added Value of SPECT/CT versus SPECT for
Parathyroid Surgery
Large body of evidence indicating improved preoperative
localization of parathyroid adenomas.
Sensitivity of SPECT/CT versus SPECT for localizing
hyperfunctioning adenomas reported to be from
moderately to markedly increased (in up to 40% of patients).
Better specificity of SPECT/CT versus SPECT, even in
patients with concomitant multinodular goiter and/or
distorted anatomy because of prior surgery.
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SPECT/CT in Parathyroid Scintigraphy
Correct localization:
SPECT 61%
SPECT/CT 100%
Significant surgical impact in 39%
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Case 3 51 year old woman Primary hyperparathyroidism Ca= 10.6 mg/dl PTH= 163 pg/dl
30 mn 1.5 HR 3 HR
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Case 3
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Case 3
Right lower pole parathyroid adenoma
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Case 3
Left thyroid lobe nodule
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Case 3
Thyroid nodule on the left and Parathyroid adenoma on the right lower pole. Surgical Pathology: Right inferior parathyroid adenoma, 0.6 cm, 0.2 gr.
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Review of the literature on SPECT/CT in parathyroid scintigraphy.
Understanding of parathyroid and neck anatomy is important for accurate
reporting of the scans, because of their impact on the surgical approach.
The contribution of SPECT/CT over and above SPECT alone is greatest in
terms of localization, particularly for ectopic tumours.
Controversial role of SPECT/CT for normotopic tumours, considering
imaging time and the additional radiation dose.
Dasgupta DJ, et al. The role of SPECT/CT in
localizing parathyroidadenoma. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34:621-6. (Review)
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Case 4 40 year old woman Primary Hyperparathyroidism Ca= 12.7 mg/dl PTH= 450 pg/ml
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Case 4
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Case 4
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Case 4
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Case 4
Enlarged parathyroid adenoma, descending posteriorly into the posterior mediastinum. Surgical Pathology: 6 x 3 x 1 cm parathyroid adenoma 7.68 gm
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Bural GG, et al. Improved benefit of SPECT/CT compared to
SPECT alone for the accurate localization of endocrine and
neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2012.
32 patients with hyperparathyroidism.
Accurate localization by SPECT alone: 22/32.
Accurate localization by SPECT/CT: 31/32.
Adenomas not detected by SPECT alone: <10 mm.
SPECT/CT is superior to SPECT alone in the assessment of
parathyroid tumors.
It performs better in lesion localization and characterization, leading to
fewer equivocal findings.
SPECT/CT should be included in the clinical work up of all patients
with diagnosis/suspicion of parathyroid tumors.
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Case 5 66 year old woman Primary hyperparathyroidism Ca= 10.8 mg/dl PTH= 272 pr/ml
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Case 5
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Case 5
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Case 5
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Case 5
Surgery: Right inferior parathyroid adenoma. Surgical Pathology: parathyroid adenoma 1 cm and 0.38 g
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Taïeb D, et al. Parathyroid scintigraphy in renal
hyperparathyroidism: the added diagnostic value of SPECT and
SPECT/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2013;38:630-5. (Review)
Frequent surgical failure for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients
with end-stage renal disease on long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal
dialysis.
5% - 10% persistent disease
20% - 30% recurrent disease at 5 yr.
Significant incremental value of SPECT/CT in 30% - 40% of patients.
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Case 6 72 year old woman Persistent Primary hyperparathyroidism Ca= 12.7 mg/dl PTH= 257 pr/ml
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Case 6
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Case 6
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Case 6
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Zhen L, et al. The application of SPECT/CT for preoperative
planning in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34:439-44.
• 90 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, on hemodialysis.
PLANAR SPECT/CT
Sensitivity 55.6% 78.9%
Specificity 100.0% 100.0%
Accuracy 55.6% 78.9%
• Not only does SPECT/CT detect a larger number of hyperfunctioning
parathyroid glands, but also depicts their precise location
more accurately than planar scintigraphy.
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SPECT/CT Paratiroides 3D
SPECT/CT Paratiroides
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+ ceCT
Parathyroid SPECT/CT
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Rahbar K, et al. Intraoperative 3-D mapping of parathyroid
adenoma using freehand SPECT. EJNMMI Res. 2012 Sep 27;2(1):51. doi: 10.1186/2191-219X-2-51.
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SPECT/CT in Parathyroid Imaging
Better localization of parathyroid adenoma.
Aids in the differentiation of parathyroid
adenomas versus thyroid adenomas.
Better definition of adjacent anatomical
structures and true extension of the parathyroid
adenoma surgical planning.
Characterization of unexpected findings in the
99mTc MIBI scan.
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IAEA Headquarters, Vienna (Austria)
Thank You