What is hybrid car?

Hybrid Cars, Autonomous Cars and There Future Marketing Name : SYED KEYAN ALI TAHIR (124) USMAN BIN SAAD (118) SHAHID IQBAL (160) M.RAMZAN (074)SUBMITTED TO:Owais Bin Asif

What is hybrid car?

Hybrid car are becoming more popular and common.Hybrid car is one which uses 2 or more engines.The electric power engine works at lower speed and gasoline engine at higher speedHybrid engine automatically off while car is stopped and restart while you accelerate

History of hybrid cars In 1901 ferdinand porche developed the lohner porche mixte hybrid, the first gasoline hybrid motor in the world

Advantages of hybrid cars:-

1.Enviormental friendly:-most of time it runs on electric engine which is good for environment.2.Financial benefit:-when it moves on electric it saves fuel which means saves money.3.Less dependence of fossil fuel:-it requires less fuel to run which means less dependence of fossil fuel

4.Regenerating brakes:-in hybrid cars while you apply brakes automatically it gives power to your batteries.

5.High resale value:-now a days due to high fuel prices there is higher demand of hybrid cars in market.

6.Light weight body:-they are made of light material which means less energy required to run.

Disadvantage of hybrid cars:-1.Higher maintenance costs:-in dual engine difficult to maintain and difficult to find fault so mechanics takes higher prices.2.Presence of high voltage batteries:-in case if serious accident these batteries are very dangerous, if they burst it cause serious problems3.Poorer handling:-a lighter electric engine and pack of heavy batteries take extra space in car which cause poor handling.4.Can be expensive:-the prices of hybrid cars are much more than normal gasoline cars.

Top recommended hybrids 2015:-1.Ford c max hybrid2.Toyota prius c3.Ford fusion4.Honda accord hybrid5.Toyota high lander hybrid6.Lexus RX 450h7.BMW I8 hybrid 8.Lexus GS 450 H9.Porsche panamera E

Driverless car (Future Car)It is a vehicle that can drive itself from one point to another without assistance from a driver; in other words, with anautopilot system

How will the car detect the traffic lights ? A sensor actinometer is used to detect the intensity of radiationLight of different colors will radiate different -2-intensity of radiation Which will be detected by the sensor If the detected intensity is of red colour or yellow colour then controller will send a command to stop the vehicle .The command will be followed by robot(to convert the computer command into mechanical input)

Technologies making a system fully autonomousAnti-lock brakes(ABS) Electronic stability control (ESC) Cruise controlLane Departure Warning System Self Parking Automated Guided Vehicle Systems

Anti-lock brakes System (ABS)An ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers.

Parts of (ABS)Speed sensorsValvesPumpController

Automatic BrakingSenses an imminent distance with another vehicle or a velocity related danger.Responds by either precharging the brakes or by applying the brakes to slow the vehicle without any driver input. Detects by radar, video, infrared, ultrasonic, GPS sensors.Introduced by Toyota.

Electronic Stability Control (ESC)A computerized technology improves vehicle's stability by detecting and minimizing skids.Automatically applies the brakes.Helps to minimize a loss of control.ESC compares the driver's intended direction to the vehicle's actual direction

ComponentsWheel-speed sensorsSteering-angle sensorsRotational-speed sensor

Electronic Stability Control

Cruise control

Cruise control keeps the car at a constant speed by taking over the throttle of the car It also maintain a set distance between it and the car in front of it

Autonomous Cruise Control

Uses either a radar setup allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching another vehicle and accelerate again to the preset speed when traffic allows

Automotive Night Visionincreases a vehicle driver's perception and seeing distance in darkness or poor weather beyond the reach of the vehicle's headlights.

Cars currently using A.N.V. Active systems use an infrared light source2002-2007 Lexus LX 4702009 Lexus LS2006 Mercedes CL-class2009 Mercedes E-class2005 Mercedes S-class2009 Mercedes S-class2008 Toyota Crown Hybrid2002 Toyota Land cruiser Cignus

Lane Departure Warning System A mechanism designed to warn a driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its laneDesigned to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error, distraction and drowsiness.

Adaptive Highbeam

Automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming.New generation Mercedes-Benz e-class in spring 2009.

ContdThe range of the beam can vary between 65 and 300 meters, depending on traffic conditions.2011 Audi A82010 E-Class2010 S-Class

Self-parking CarsSystem uses sensors all around the car to guide it into a parallel parking spaceLexus LS 460 L with Advance Parking Guidance System The driver has to find a parking space, Position the car next to it, and use the in-cabin navigation screen to tell the car where it should go. The parking space needs to be 6 feet (1.8 meters) longer than the car

Backup Camera & Parking SensorsSpecial type of video camera attached to the rear of a vehicle to aid in backing up.Parking sensors are proximity detectors which can alert the driver to unseen obstacles during parking.

Control of vehicle

As automotive technology matures, more and more functions of the underlying engine, gearbox etc. are no longer directly controlled by the driver by mechanical means. It is controlled via a computer, which receives instructions from the driver as inputs and delivers the desired effect by means ofelectronic throttle control.Therefore, the technology for a computer to control all aspects of a vehicle is well understood.

Automated Guided Vehicle SystemsUses FROG (Free Ranging On Grid) technologyFROG vehicles are equipped with a computer that contains a map of the area

Advantages Managing traffic flow to increase road capacity.Relieving vehicle occupants from driving allowing them to concentrate on other tasks or to rest during their journeys.To avoid accidents .Increasing roadway capacity by reducing the distances between cars. The current location of vehicle can be determine using global positioning system (G.P.S) .

DisadvantagesIf the vehicle is using internet which is have less security then From the hackers point of view in some cases the vehicle can be switched off on the road(in rare cases)Hackers can change the rout which is plotted in the system(in rare cases)In case of failure of main sensor and backup sensors the vehicle can create a chance of accident