Hybrid cars a seminar report

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INDEX 9 References 23 No Topic Page No. 1. Introduction 1 2. History 2 3. Definition and Introduction 3 3.1 What are Hybrid Cars 3 3.2 How hybrid works 4 3.3 Why hybrid car selected 4 4 Components of HEVs 5 4.1 Hybrid engine 5 4.2 Hybrid battery 6 4.3 Electric motor 7 4.4 Generator 8 4.5 Transmission and gearing 9 5 Advance Technology in HEVs 9 6 Type of hybrid car 11 6.1 Parallel hybrid car 11 6.2 Series hybrid car 13 6.3 Power-split or series-parallel hybrid 14 6.4 Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle 15 7 Advantage and Disadvantage 16 8 Conclusion 22

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Transcript of Hybrid cars a seminar report

Page 1: Hybrid cars   a seminar report

INDEX

9 References 23

No Topic Page No.

1. Introduction 1

2. History 2

3. Definition and Introduction 3

3.1 What are Hybrid Cars 3

3.2 How hybrid works 4

3.3 Why hybrid car selected 4

4 Components of HEVs 5

4.1 Hybrid engine 5

4.2 Hybrid battery 6

4.3 Electric motor 7

4.4 Generator 8

4.5 Transmission and gearing 9

5 Advance Technology in HEVs 9

6 Type of hybrid car 11

6.1 Parallel hybrid car 11

6.2 Series hybrid car 13

6.3 Power-split or series-parallel hybrid 14

6.4 Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle 15

7 Advantage and Disadvantage 16

8 Conclusion 22

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1. INTRODUCTION

Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power .In fact many people have probably owned a hybrids vehicle at some point. For example, a moped is type of hybrid because it combines the power or a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its raider. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel -electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel electric buses these can draw power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles some are nuclear -electric and some are diesel electric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of that power that can directly or indirectly provides propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline electric hybrid car is just that a cross between gasoline’s powered car and an electric car.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are powered by two energy sources An energy conversion unit such as a combustion engine or fuel cell. And energy storage device such as batteries so ultras capacitors, fly wheels. A gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels may power the energy conversion unit.

The nature of HEV configuration enables several important advantages over pure electric vehicles (EVs). Because the HEV engine shares the workload with the electric motor, it can be constructed smaller. This reduction in size engenders weight reductions, leading to greater fuel economy. Also, HEV engines can be optimized to operate within a specific speed range characterized by better fuel economy and reduced emissions. This allows HEV’s to eliminate the higher emissions and poor fuel economy associated with conventional ICE vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles have the potential to be two to three times more fuel-efficient than conventional vehicles .In general; hybrids capture energy lost during braking and return it to the on-board battery. This process is termed regenerative braking. HEV’s generally don't ever need to be plugged in and charged - they recharge them selves during operation. Hybrid-concept vehicles are achieving fuel economy ratings of 80 miles per gallon. General Motors' new Precept, for example, achieves a fuel efficiency rating of 108 miles per gallon. These are the most fuel-efficient and non-polluting vehicles the emissions that are released by these are almost zero that’s why several countries prefer these to reduce the environmental pollution and the global warming which is the main problem of this generation. Emissions from the vehicles constitute the major part of the pollution so to reduce this several measures are being take HEV’s are best suited for this.

The hybrid electric vehicle operates the alternative power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to recharge the batteries, and to power accessories like the air conditioner and heater. Hybrid electric cars can exceed the limited 100-mile (160 km) range-per-charge of most electric vehicles and have the potential to limit emissions to near zero. A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of conventional vehicles with the low-noise, low-exhaust emissions, and energy in dependence benefits of electric vehicles .In the coming years, hybrids can play a significant role in addressing several of the major problems faced by the world today: climate change, air pollution, and oil dependence. This new technology delivers on its promise hinges on the choices automakers, consumers, and policymakers make over the coming years.

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2. HISTORY OF HYBRID VEHICLES

The history of hybrid cars dates back to the late 1800s and 1900s.

In 1905, Mr. H Piper filed a patent for a gasoline engine-electric motor power train. According to him, the electric motor would augment a gasoline engine, allowing a vehicle to accelerate from zero to 25 miles an hour in 10 seconds, much faster than the gasoline engines of that time. Ironically, when finally Mr.H Piper was granted the patent a few years later, normal engines were capable of producing the same kind of acceleration.

Due to rapid advancements in the gasoline engine, the popularity of a hybrid car slowly diminished until again in the early to mid 1970s, the time of oil crisis. Many companies poured funds to build experimental Hybrid Electric Vehicles. But as the oil became available again, the surge for HEVs died down immediately.

Hybrid technology actually originated with diesel electric submarines. Both operate in essentially the same manner as hybrid electric cars.

The first successful hybrid electric car was engineered by Ferdinand Porsche in 1928. Since then, hobbyists have continued to build such cars but none was put into production by a major manufacturer until the waning years of the twentieth century.

Automotive hybrid technology became commercially successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. Prototypes of plug-in hybrid cars, with larger battery packs that can be re-charged from the power grid, have been built in the U.S., notably at Prof. Andy Frank's Hybrid Center at UC Davis and one production(parallel hybrid electric vehicles) PHEV, the Renault Kangoo, went on sale in France in 2003. DaimlerChrysler is currently building a small number of PHEVs based on the Sprinter van. The California Cars Initiative has converted a 2004 Prius to become a prototype of what it calls PRIUS+(figure given blow)

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3. DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION

Hybrid is a combination of the two or more source of power is use in to run the car is known as hybrid car.

A hybrid car uses more than one power source, almost always an internal- combustion engine and an electric motor. In the hybrid design, the combustion engine is the final source of the energy used to power the car, though an alternative motor assists when more power is demanded using stored energy. This contrasts with all-electric cars which use batteries charged by an external source. Benefits of the hybrid design include the following.

What are Hybrid Cars?

Hybrid cars are the cars, which run on at-least one alternate source of energy and gasoline. Most of the time that other alternate source of energy for hybrid cars is electricity (rechargeable batteries) hence those are called electric hybrid cars. These new hybrid cars are innovative, efficient and affordable.

How Hybrid Cars Work

Hybrid Cars integrate the power of the conventional gasoline engine with that of an electric motor. A high powered battery pack provides energy to the motor which itself gets recharged when the car is decelerating. This is called as regenerative braking. The gas engine can also assist the battery in recharging. This kills the need to plug the car to an external source of energy.

As of now, there are two types of hybrid vehicles.

In one type, the electric motor acts as a side-kick to the gas engine, assisting it whenever surplus power is needed. The electric motor alone is incapable of independently operating the vehicle. Honda's Power Assist technology in its hybrids, Civic and Insight is an example. Such vehicles are termed as Mild Hybrids. In mild hybrids, the gasoline engine provides the main source of power, and the electric motor provides additional power whenever needed.

The second type of hybrid can be termed as a Full Hybrid, where the gasoline engine and the electric motor can operate the vehicle separately. In this type, the electric motor can drive the vehicle at lower speeds. In need of more speed, the gasoline engine kicks in. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape implement the same technology.

Be it mild hybrids or full hybrids, both are capable of providing lower emissions and better fuel efficiency.

The Internal-Combustion Engines (both gasoline and diesel) installed in Hybrid cars are often smaller than those in normal cars for a simple reason that Hybrids have the electric motor for assistance.

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The motor can take care of city travel which poses stop and go conditions as well as power-consuming add-ons such as the A/C or power-windows and power-steering. At high speeds, the gasoline engine supplies power. This switching of power sources is computer controlled and nothing needs to be manually done.

Power to the electric motor comes from the battery-pack. Recharging of the battery is automatic and need not be done by external sources. When the car is in uniform motion or when it is decelerating, it generates power which charges the batteries which utilizes the valuable kinetic energy.

As with any other battery, the Hybrid car battery also has a limited life span. Auto makers however, put the battery life at around 200,000 miles which roughly comes around to 7-8 years, depending on the kind of travel it endures. Thus, It pays to take extra care of your vehicle and travel when necessary.

Why hybrid car selected

1. A Hybrid car is environment friendly. It can reduce pollution by 90 percent.2. Hybrid cars are economical in medium and long run than normal gasoline cars.3. Hybrid cars are more reliable than electric cars, as they have gasoline as an alternate fuel.4. A hybrid car makes you less dependent on fossil fuels (gasoline).5. Hybrid cars are more efficient, as they have smaller engines.6. Hybrid cars help in "Greenhouse Effect", as they lower the fuel emission.7. Hybrid cars improve mileage to a great extent.

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4. COMPONENTS OF HEVS

Hybrid engine Hybrid battery Electric motor Generator Transmission

Hybrid engine

The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency

A number of types of engines could be use in hybrid vehicles. A detailed review of engines for hybrid vehicle application is given in reference 30 that study was done in 1984. Summarizes the results of the study in terms of minimum bsfc (kg/KWh), specific weight (Kg/KW),and specific volume (liters/KW) for the various engine types. The engine results have been updated using information from 31-34. based on their relatively small size and weight, the following engine (1) the rotary engine (2) the direct-injected two-stroke engine and (3) the gas

turbine engine use for the application and requirements . The weight is lees then the actual car.

ZR 1 engine sport car

Engine

MR 479q gasoline engine

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Hybrid battery

The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.

The batteries perform 2 functions: they send energy to the electric motor and store energy that is being captured by the generator.

specific energy is a key parameter to assess the suitability of a battery for the desired driving range specific power is a key parameter to assess the suitability of battery desired gradeability and acceleration. State of Charge (SOC) refers to a battery's residual charge capacity on a scale from 0 (empty) to 1 (full). SOC is not directly measurable on an actual battery, but for some battery technologies, including Lead Acid and Lithium Ion, there is a correlation between the SOC of a battery and the battery voltage. When the battery is discharged, the battery’s SOC is depleted. When the battery is charged, the battery’s SOC increases. In order to account for energy that the battery has remaining, one must also consider the voltage and time during which that charge is delivered.\

In this figure 1. is battery 2.is fitted in battery in car

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Electric motor

The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.

Electric motors are mechanically very simple.

Electric motors often achieve 90% energy conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output and can be precisely controlled. They can also be combined with regenerative braking systems that have the ability to convert movement energy back into stored electricity. This can be used to reduce the wear on brake systems (and consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the total energy requirement of a trip. Regenerative braking is especially effective for start-and-stop city use.

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Generator

The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids (see below).

An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current.

Combined with the engine shaft generate the electric current and this current is use for charging the battery.

Alternators generate electricity using the same principle as DC generators, namely, when the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF(Electro-Magnetic Field), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.

Transmission and gearing

Most state of the art electric drivelines do not use a multi speed Transmission. Gearing is used only to reduce the speed of the motor, which now have a maximum rpm of 10 -15 thousands, before input into the differential. Hence in a series hybrid there would be no need for a multi-speed Transmission. In the parallel hybrid there is a for a multi-speed Transmission between the engine and the main differential and clutches to decouple the engine and electric motor from the driveshaft when their torque is not needed to propel the vehicle.

The technology is referred to as "two-mode" hybrid transmission due to the ability to extend the abilities of both electrical and mechanical paths of power.[5] The two modes of operation are:

1. Input-split mode — At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motor/generators, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed. In this mode, one of the motor/generators (M/G 1) acts as a generator, while the other operates as a motor (M/G 2). This mode is operational for the two continuously variable ranges (input split and compound split) of the transmission.

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2. Compound-split mode —At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like Active Fuel Management and late intake valve closing to optimize engine and fuelefficiency.

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5. ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY IN HEVS

Regenerative braking Automatic start and shut off Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag

Regenerative braking

A regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed. This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted to heat by friction in the brake linings and therefore wasted.

The most common form of regenerative brake involves using an electric motor as an electric generator. In electric railways the generated electricity is fed back into the supply system, whereas in battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles, the energy is stored in a battery or bank of capacitors for later use. Energy may also be stored via pneumatics, hydraulics or the kinetic

Automatic start and shut off

In automobiles, a start-stop system or stop-start system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling, thereby improving fuel economy and reducing emissions. This is most advantageous for vehicles which spend significant amounts of time waiting at traffic lights or frequently come to a stop in traffic jams. This feature is present in hybrid electric vehicles, but has also appeared in vehicles which lack a hybrid electric power train. For non-electric vehicles (called micro-hybrids, fuel economy gains from this technology are typically in the range of 5 to 10 percent.

Since automobile accessories like air conditioners and water pumps have typically been designed to run off a serpentine belt on the engine, those systems must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off. Typically, an electric motor is used to power these devices instead.

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Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag

When you are driving on the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. This drag force can be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure way is to reduce the frontal area of the car (Figure 5). Think of how a big SUV has to push a much greater area through the air than a tiny sports car. Reducing disturbances around objects that stick out from the car or eliminating them altogether can also help to improve the aerodynamics. For example, covers over the wheel housings smooth the airflow and reduce drag. And sometimes, mirrors are replaced with small cameras. Use low-rolling resistance tires - The tires on most cars are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and provide good traction in a variety of weather conditions. But they are rarely optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires cause a surprising amount of drag while you are driving. Hybrid cars use special tires that are both stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure than conventional tires. The result is that they cause about half the drag of regular tires.

Use lightweight materials - Reducing the overall weight of a car is one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle uses less energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill. Composite materials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals like aluminum and magnesium can be used to reduce weight.

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6. TYPE OF HYBRID CAR

Parallel hybrid car Series hybrid car Power-split or series-parallel hybrid Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle

Parallel hybrid car

Parallel hybrid systems, which are most commonly produced at present, have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor connected to a mechanical transmission. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit, often located between the combustion engine and the transmission, replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. To store power, a hybrid uses a large battery pack with a higher voltage than the normal automotive 12 volts. Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running

Parallel hybrids can be categorized by the way the two sources of power are mechanically coupled. If they are joined at some axis truly in parallel, the speeds at this axis must be identical and the supplied torques adds together. Most electric bicycles are in effect of this type. When only one of the two sources is being used, the other must either also rotate in an idling manner or be connected by a one-way clutch or freewheel. With cars it is more usual to join the two sources through a differential gear. Thus the torques supplied must be the same and the speeds add up, the exact ratio depending on the differential characteristics. When only one of the two sources is being used, the other must still supply a large part of the torque or be fitted with a reverse one-way clutch or automatic clamp.

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Parallel hybrids can be further categorized depending upon how balanced the different portions are at providing motive power. In some cases, the combustion engine is the dominant portion (the electric motor turns on only when a boost is needed) and vice versa. Others can run with just the electric system operating. But because current parallel hybrids are unable to provide all-electric (ICE=OFF) propulsion, they are often categorized at mild hybrids (see below).

Because parallel hybrids can use a smaller battery pack as they rely more on regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging, they are more efficient on highway driving compared to urban stop-and-go conditions or city driving. Honda's Insight, Civic, and Accord hybrids are examples of production parallel hybrids. General Motors Parallel Hybrid Truck (PHT) and BAS Hybrids such as the Saturn VUE and Aura Green line and Chevrolet Malibu hybrids are also considered as utilizing a parallel architecture.

Series hybrid car

Structure of a series-hybrid vehicle. The grey square represents a differential gear. An alternative arrangement (not shown) is to have electric motors at two or four wheels.

Series hybrids have also been referred to as range-extended electric vehicles (REEV) in order to emphasize that they are electric vehicles with a combustion engine assist. However, range extension can be accomplished with either series or parallel hybrid layouts.

Series-hybrid vehicles are driven only by electric traction. Unlike piston internal combustion engines, electric motors are efficient with exceptionally high power to weight ratios providing adequate torque over a wide speed range. Unlike combustion engines electric motors matched to the vehicle do not require a transmission between the engine and wheels shifting torque ratios. Transmissions add weight, bulk and sap power from the engine. Mechanical automatic shifting transmissions can be very complex. In a series-hybrid system, the combustion engine drives an electric generator instead of directly driving the wheels. The generator provides power for the driving electric motors. In short, a series-hybrid is simple, the vehicle is driven by electric motors with a generator set providing the electric power.

This arrangement is common in diesel-electric locomotives and ships. Ferdinand Porsche used this setup in the early 20th century in racing cars, effectively inventing the series-hybrid

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arrangement. Porsche named the system, System Mixt. A wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels was used, setting speed records. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running.

Power-split or series-parallel hybrid

Structure of a combined hybrid electric vehicle

Power-split hybrid or series-parallel hybrids are parallel hybrids. They incorporate power-split devices allowing for power paths from the engine to the wheels that can be either mechanical or electrical. The main principle behind this system is the decoupling of the power supplied by the engine (or other primary source) from the power demanded by the driver.

A combustion engine's torque output is minimal at lower RPMs and, in a conventional vehicle, a larger engine is necessary for acceptable acceleration from standstill. The larger engine, however, has more power than needed for steady speed cruising. An electric motor, on the other hand, exhibits maximum torque at standstill and is well-suited to complement the engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs. In a power-split hybrid, a smaller, less flexible, and highly efficient engine can be used. The conventional Otto cycle (higher power density, more low-rpm torque, and lower fuel efficiency) is often also modified to a Miller cycle or Atkinson cycle (lower power density, less low-rpm torque, higher fuel efficiency). The smaller engine, using a more efficient cycle and often operating in the favorable region of the brake specific fuel consumption map, contributes significantly to the higher overall efficiency of the vehicle.

Addition of a fixed gear second planetary gearset as used in the Lexus RX400h and Toyota Highlander Hybrid. This allows for a motor with less torque but higher power (and higher maximum rotary speed), i.e. higher power density

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Addition of a Ravigneaux-type planetary gear (planetary gear with 4 shafts instead of 3) and two clutches as used in the Lexus GS450h. By switching the clutches, the gear ratio from MG2 (the "drive" motor) to the wheel shaft is switched, either for higher torque or higher speed (up to 250 km/h / 155

Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) has two defining characteristics: 1) it can be plugged in to an electrical outlet to be charged and (2) has some range that can be traveled on the energy it stored while plugged in. They are full hybrid, able to run in electric-only mode, with larger batteries and the ability to recharge from the electric power grid. And can be parallel or series hybrid designs. They are also called gas-optional, or griddable hybrids. Their main benefit is that they can be gasoline-independent for daily commuting, but also have the extended range of a hybrid for long trips. They can also be multi-fuel, with the electric power supplemented by diesel, biodiesel, or hydrogen. The Electric Power Research Institute's research indicates a lower total cost of ownership for PHEVs due to reduced service costs and gradually improving batteries. The "well-to-wheel" efficiency and emissions of PHEVs compared to gasoline hybrids depends on the energy sources of the grid (the US grid is 50% coal; California's grid is primarily natural gas, hydroelectric power, and wind power). Particular interest in PHEVs is in California where a "million solar homes" initiative is under way, and global warming legislation has been enacted.

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Future Hybrid Cars

When the entire world is facing the scarcity of petrol and the gasoline prices are touching the sky, Hybrid Cars have come up as a promising and a feasible option to cope with the situation. These are indeed the cars of future. An exceptionally fuel efficient car equipped with the electric motor as well as the gasoline one, the hybrid car proves extremely economical in the long run.

The leading car manufacturers in the world are launching the hybrid versions of many of their popular makes and the use of hybrids is being encouraged by many governments in the world. I felt it necessary to give some vital information regarding the future hybrid c

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7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Mechanical Environmental

oFuel consumptionoPollution oNoise

Energy resilience Energy efficiency Cost of recharge is very low Use less fuel Lighter batteries Mobility System Integration Value Added Features Regenerative braking system stores electrical energy in Batteries Uses less fuel to recharge batteries

Hybrid Car significantly reduced the emissions of C02 into environment. A fewer and cleaner emission is a major reason why hybrid cars are popularly known as 'green' cars. Reduced emission ensures lower pollution levels, something which is highly necessary in today's times. Another way in which hybrid cars benefit the environment is that they help in lowering noise pollution levels. Hybrid car engines go about churning the required amount of horsepower without any excessive roaring. When switched onto electric power mode, these cars are virtually silent when in operation.

Disadvantages Of Hybrid Cars High cost: hybrids cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 more their non-Hybrid versions. More weight due to battery packs. Some states charge additional fees for registration. In the event of an unfortunate accident, there is a risk of exposure to high voltage wires. Long time batteries charging They have a complicated system which needs to be taken care of by experienced mechanics only. Spare parts maybe hard to find and may be costly. Usually, hybrids have a lower acceleration than that their normal counterparts More expensive than conventional Vehicles . HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) – they produce zero emissions only when engine is not running

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8. CONCLUSION

Though at present the concept has been put in to maximum utilization by Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle it is indeed an important research avenue for other car manufacturing units as well.One can surely conclude that this concept, and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in today’s energy deficit world.

A technology exists to build a future with a significant lower dependence on oil and a cleaner, cooler atmosphere. With sufficient political will and automaker participation, this future can arrive in time to address these significant and growing problems. Hybrids can play an important role in realizing this future, filling the gap between immediate improvements through conventional technology; hybrids can help drive passengers vehicle oil consumption and global warming emulsions from cars and trucks below 1990 levels.

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9. REFERENCE

1 http://www.hybridcars.com2 Http//HowStuffWorks3 Hybricars.com4 hybrid car\Are YOU Looking for HYBRID TECHNOLOGY Hybrid Cars.mht5 http://myskillweb.blogspot.com/6 \hybrid car\Hybrid And Electric Vehicles Hybrid Cars.mht