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Pressure Loss in Schedule 40 Steel Pipes

The tables below indicates friction loss for water flow throughASME/ANSI B36.10/19 schedule 40 steel pipe.The pressure drop calculations are made with theD'Arcy-Weisbach Equation. Fluid : Water Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Temperature:20.0oC (68.0oF) Density:998.3 kg/m3(62.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity:1.004 10-6m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08 10-5ft2/s) Pipe Roughness Coefficient:4.5 10-5Nominal Pipe Size:3/8" Inside Diameter:0.0125 m (0.49 inches)FlowVelocityPressure Drop

(m3/s)(liter/s)(US gpm)(m/s)(ft/s)(Pa/100m)(mmH2O/100m)(psi/100ft)(ftH2O/100ft)

3.0E-50.030.480.240.81145511680.511.17

4.0E-50.040.630.331.071909119470.841.95

5.0E-50.050.790.411.342850429071.262.9

6.0E-50.060.950.491.63913739911.734.0

7.0E-50.071.110.571.875197152992.35.3

8.0E-50.081.270.652.16618367492.96.8

9.0E-50.091.430.732.48161583223.68.3

1.0E-40.11.590.812.798108100044.310.0

1.1E-40.111.740.92.9118710121055.212.1

1.2E-40.121.90.983.2137457140166.114.0

1.3E-40.132.11.063.5161321164507.116.5

1.4E-40.142.21.143.7181897185488.018.6

Nominal Pipe Size:1/2" Inside Diameter:0.0158 m (0.62 inches)FlowVelocityPressure Drop


3.0E-50.030.480.1530.536983770.1630.38

4.0E-50.040.630.20.6761806300.270.63

5.0E-50.050.790.260.8490409220.40.92

6.0E-50.060.950.311.01242612670.551.27

7.0E-50.071.110.361.171651016840.731.69

8.0E-50.081.270.411.342103821450.932.1

9.0E-50.091.430.461.512596126471.152.6

1.0E-40.11.590.511.673122831841.383.2

1.1E-40.111.740.561.843679237521.633.8

1.2E-40.121.90.612.04378544651.944.5

1.3E-40.132.10.662.24999850982.25.1

1.4E-40.142.20.712.35798659132.65.9

1.5E-40.152.40.772.56471765992.96.6

1.6E-40.162.50.822.77363375083.37.5

1.7E-40.172.70.872.88312584763.78.5

1.8E-40.182.90.923.09052992314.09.2

1.9E-40.193.00.973.2100868102854.510.3

2.0E-40.23.21.023.3111765113974.911.4

Nominal Pipe Size:3/4" Inside Diameter:0.021 m (0.82 inches)FlowVelocityPressure Drop


4.0E-50.040.630.1150.3815851620.070.162

5.0E-50.050.790.1440.4723282370.1030.24

6.0E-50.060.950.1730.5732103270.1420.33

7.0E-50.071.110.20.6641754260.1850.43

8.0E-50.081.270.230.7653265430.240.54

9.0E-50.091.430.260.8564196550.280.66

1.0E-40.11.590.290.9577277880.340.79

1.1E-40.111.740.321.0493509530.410.95

1.2E-40.121.90.351.141084211060.481.11

1.3E-40.132.10.381.231238912630.551.26

1.4E-40.142.20.41.331436914650.641.47

1.5E-40.152.40.431.421604916360.711.64

1.6E-40.162.50.461.521826018620.811.86

1.7E-40.172.70.491.612004120440.892.0

1.8E-40.182.90.521.72246822910.992.3

1.9E-40.193.00.551.82503425531.112.6

2.0E-40.23.20.581.892694627481.192.8

3.0E-40.34.80.872.85706258192.55.8

4.0E-40.46.31.153.898274100214.310.0

5.0E-40.57.91.444.7148599151536.615.2

Nominal Pipe Size:1" Inside Diameter:0.027 m (1.05 inches)FlowVelocityPressure Drop


7.0E-50.071.110.1220.412431270.0550.127

8.0E-50.081.270.140.4615881620.070.162

9.0E-50.091.430.1570.5219191960.0850.196

1.0E-40.11.590.1750.5723122360.1020.24

1.1E-40.111.740.1920.6327292780.1210.28

1.2E-40.121.90.210.6932483310.1440.33

1.3E-40.132.10.230.7437173790.1640.38

1.4E-40.142.20.240.842004280.1860.43

1.5E-40.152.40.260.8648224920.210.49

1.6E-40.162.50.280.9253425450.240.55

1.7E-40.172.70.30.9760306150.270.62

1.8E-40.182.90.311.0365786710.290.67

1.9E-40.193.00.331.0973297470.320.75

2.0E-40.23.20.351.1578958050.350.81

3.0E-40.34.80.521.721674917080.741.71

4.0E-40.46.30.72.32797128521.242.9

5.0E-40.57.90.872.94229543131.874.3

6.0E-40.69.51.053.45887560042.66.0

7.0E-40.711.11.224.08013681713.58.2

8.0E-40.812.71.44.6101058103054.510.3

9.0E-40.914.31.575.2127901130425.713.1

0.00101.015.91.755.7152264155266.715.5

0.00111.117.41.926.3184239187878.118.8

Nominal Pipe Size:1 1/4" Inside Diameter:0.032 m (1.28 inches)FlowVelocityPressure Drop


1.0E-40.11.590.1240.4110371060.0460.106

1.1E-40.111.740.1370.4512261250.0540.125

1.2E-40.121.90.1490.4914241450.0630.145

1.3E-40.132.10.1620.5316301660.0720.166

1.4E-40.142.20.1740.5718431880.0810.188

1.5E-40.152.40.1870.6121162160.0940.22

1.6E-40.162.50.1990.6523462390.1040.24

1.7E-40.172.70.210.6926482700.1170.27

1.8E-40.182.90.220.7328912950.1280.3

1.9E-40.193.00.240.7832213280.1420.33

2.0E-40.23.20.250.8234733540.1530.35

3.0E-40.34.80.371.2271627300.320.73

4.0E-40.46.30.51.631196112200.531.22

5.0E-40.57.90.622.01808718440.81.85

6.0E-40.69.50.752.42517725671.112.6

7.0E-40.711.10.872.93426934941.513.5

8.0E-40.812.70.993.34321544071.914.4

9.0E-40.914.31.123.75469555772.45.6

0.00101.015.91.244.16511366402.96.6

0.00111.117.41.374.57878680343.58.0

0.00121.219.01.494.99376295614.19.6

0.00131.3211.625.3105965108054.710.8

0.00141.4221.745.7122894125325.412.5

0.00151.5241.876.1141077143866.214.4

0.00161.6251.996.5160515163687.116.4

0.00171.7272.16.9181206184788.018.5



2.0E-40.23.20.1510.510621080.0470.108

3.0E-40.34.80.230.7522002240.0970.22

4.0E-40.46.30.30.9936883760.1630.38

5.0E-40.57.90.381.2454135520.240.55

6.0E-40.69.50.451.4975437690.330.77

7.0E-40.711.10.531.74992510120.441.01

8.0E-40.812.70.611.991296313220.571.32

9.0E-40.914.30.682.21584116150.71.62

0.00101.015.90.762.51955619940.862.0

0.00111.117.40.832.72281823271.012.3

0.00121.219.00.913.02715627691.22.8

0.00131.3210.983.23187032501.413.3

0.00141.4221.063.53559336291.573.6

0.00151.5241.143.74085941661.814.2

0.00161.6251.214.04648847402.14.7

0.00171.7271.294.25248153522.35.4

0.00181.8291.364.55657457692.55.8

0.00191.9301.444.76303564282.86.4

0.00202.0321.515.06984471223.17.1

0.00303.0482.37.5150864153846.715.4



4.0E-40.46.30.1810.5910531070.0470.107

5.0E-40.57.90.230.7415481580.0680.158

6.0E-40.69.50.270.8921592200.0950.22

7.0E-40.711.10.321.0428442900.1260.29

8.0E-40.812.70.361.1935913660.1590.37

9.0E-40.914.30.411.3445454630.20.46

0.00101.015.90.451.4954185520.240.55

0.00111.117.40.51.6465566680.290.67

0.00121.219.00.541.7875237670.330.77

0.00131.3210.591.9388299000.390.9

0.00141.4220.632.11024010440.451.05

0.00151.5240.682.21132011540.51.16

0.00161.6250.732.41287913130.571.31

0.00171.7270.772.51453914830.641.48

0.00181.8290.822.71630016620.721.66

0.00191.9300.862.81746317810.771.78

0.00202.0320.913.01935019730.861.98

0.00303.0481.364.54179542621.854.3

0.00404.0631.815.97120772613.17.3

0.00505.0792.37.4111260113454.911.4

0.00606.0952.78.9153249156276.815.6



7.0E-40.711.10.220.7412391260.0550.126

8.0E-40.812.70.260.8415651600.0690.16

9.0E-40.914.30.290.9519151950.0850.195

0.00101.015.90.321.0523652410.1050.24

0.00111.117.40.351.1627622820.1220.28

0.00121.219.00.381.2632883350.1450.34

0.00131.3210.421.3737203790.1640.38

0.00141.4220.451.4743154400.1910.44

0.00151.5240.481.5849535050.220.51

0.00161.6250.511.6854275530.240.55

0.00171.7270.551.7961276250.270.63

0.00181.8290.581.8968697000.30.7

0.00191.9300.612.076537800.340.78

0.00202.0320.642.184808650.370.87

0.00303.0480.963.21761217960.781.8

0.00404.0631.284.23000530601.333.1

0.00505.0791.65.34688347812.14.8

0.00606.0951.926.36457665852.96.6

0.00707.01112.27.48789689633.99.0

0.00808.01272.68.4114802117065.111.7

0.00909.01432.99.5138692141426.114.2

0.0110.01593.210.5171225174607.617.5



0.00121.219.00.250.8211701190.0520.119

0.00131.3210.270.8913261350.0590.135

0.00141.4220.290.9615381570.0680.157

0.00151.5240.311.0317661800.0780.18

0.00161.6250.331.119371980.0860.198

0.00171.7270.361.1721872230.0970.22

0.00181.8290.381.2424522500.1080.25

0.00191.9300.41.326312680.1160.27

0.00202.0320.421.3729152970.1290.3

0.00303.0480.632.160546170.270.62

0.00404.0630.842.71031410520.461.05

0.00505.0791.053.41611616430.711.64

0.00606.0951.264.12219722630.982.3

0.00707.01111.464.83021330811.343.1

0.00808.01271.675.53946240241.744.0

0.00909.01431.886.24767448612.14.9

0.0110.01592.16.95885760022.66.0

0.01111.01742.37.67121772623.17.3

0.01212.01902.58.28475486423.78.7

0.01313.02062.78.999468101434.410.2

0.01414.02222.99.6115360117635.111.8

0.01515.02383.110.3126122128615.612.9

0.01616.02543.311.0143499146336.314.6

0.01717.02693.611.7161997165197.216.5

0.01818.02853.812.4181616185198.018.5



0.00202.0320.280.9110721090.0470.109

0.00303.0480.411.3622332280.0990.23

0.00404.0630.551.8138113890.1680.39

0.00505.0790.692.357065820.250.58

0.00606.0950.832.778608010.350.8

0.00707.01110.973.21069810910.471.09

0.00808.01271.113.61397314250.621.43

0.00909.01431.244.11688117210.751.72

0.0110.01591.384.52084121250.922.1

0.01111.01741.525.02521725711.112.6

0.01212.01901.665.43001130601.333.1

0.01313.02061.85.93354434201.483.4

0.01414.02221.936.33890339671.724.0

0.01515.02382.16.84465945541.974.6

0.01616.02542.27.35081251812.25.2

0.01717.02692.37.75736258492.55.9

0.01818.02852.58.26430965582.86.6

0.01919.03012.68.67165373063.27.3

0.02203172.89.17939480963.58.1

0.03304764.113.6169704173057.517.3



0.00303.0480.371.216491680.0730.168

0.00404.0630.491.6128142870.1240.29

0.00505.0790.612.042144300.1860.43

0.00606.0950.732.458055920.260.59

0.00707.01110.862.879018060.350.81

0.00808.01270.983.21031910520.461.05

0.00909.01431.13.61246712710.551.27

0.0110.01591.224.01539115690.681.57

0.01111.01741.354.41862318990.821.9

0.01212.01901.474.82216322600.982.3

0.01313.02061.595.22477225261.092.5

0.01414.02221.715.62873029301.272.9

0.01515.02381.846.03298133631.463.4

0.01616.02541.966.43752538261.663.8

0.01717.02692.16.84236243201.874.3

0.01818.02852.27.24749348432.14.8

0.01919.03012.37.65291653962.35.4

0.02203172.48.05863359792.66.0

0.03304763.712.0125328127805.512.8



0.00505.0790.391.2714131440.0620.144

0.00606.0950.471.5319501990.0860.199

0.00707.01110.541.7825392590.1120.26

0.00808.01270.622.033163380.1470.34

0.00909.01430.72.341974280.1850.43

0.0110.01590.782.549465040.220.5

0.01111.01740.852.859846100.260.61

0.01212.01900.933.171227260.310.73

0.01313.02061.013.383588520.370.85

0.01414.02221.093.692329410.410.94

0.01515.02381.173.81059810810.471.08

0.01616.02541.244.11205812300.531.23

0.01717.02691.324.31361213880.61.39

0.01818.02851.44.61526115560.671.56

0.01919.03011.484.81700417340.751.74

0.02203171.555.11884019210.831.92

0.03304762.37.64027141061.784.1

0.04406343.110.26782669163.06.9

0.05507933.912.7105978108074.710.8

0.06609514.715.3152608155616.715.6



0.00707.01110.381.2310531070.0470.107

0.00808.01270.431.4113151340.0580.134

0.00909.01430.481.5916651700.0740.17

0.0110.01590.541.7620552100.0910.21

0.01111.01740.591.9423742420.1050.24

0.01212.01900.642.128252880.1250.29

0.01313.02060.72.333163380.1470.34

0.01414.02220.752.538453920.170.39

0.01515.02380.812.642044290.1860.43

0.01616.02540.862.847834880.210.49

0.01717.02690.913.054005510.240.55

0.01818.02850.973.260546170.270.62

0.01919.03011.023.367456880.30.69

0.02203171.073.574747620.330.76

0.03304761.615.31597516290.711.63

0.04406342.17.02690527441.192.7

0.05507932.78.84204042871.864.3

0.06609513.210.66053761732.76.2

0.077011103.812.38239884023.68.4

0.088012684.314.1101643103654.510.4

0.099014274.815.9128642131185.713.1

0.110015855.417.6158817161957.016.2

0.1111017445.919.4192168195958.519.6



0.01414.02220.451.4610411060.0460.106

0.01515.02380.481.5711951220.0530.122

0.01616.02540.511.6713591390.060.139

0.01717.02690.541.7814621490.0650.149

0.01818.02850.571.8816391670.0720.167

0.01919.03010.61.9818261860.0810.186

0.02203170.642.120232060.0890.21

0.03304760.953.143244410.1910.44

0.04406341.274.272837430.320.74

0.05507931.595.21137911600.51.16

0.06609511.916.31638616710.721.67

0.077011102.27.32106421480.932.2

0.088012682.58.42751328051.222.8

0.099014272.99.43482135511.543.6

0.110015853.210.44298843841.94.4

0.1111017443.511.55201653042.35.3

0.1212019023.812.56190363122.76.3

0.1313020614.113.67265074083.27.4

0.1414022194.514.68425785923.78.6

0.1515023784.815.79103492834.09.3

0.1616025365.116.7103577105624.610.6

0.1717026955.417.8116928119235.211.9

0.1818028535.718.8131089133675.813.4

0.1919030126.019.8146059148946.514.9

0.220031706.421161838165037.216.5

A diagram presentation of the tables above can be found in "Steel Pipe Schedule 40 - Friction loss and Velocity Diagram".Nominal Pipe Size:10" Inside Diameter:0.25 m (10.0 inches)FlowVelocityPressure Drop


0.01414.22250.280.91300310.010.03

0.01515.02380.300.97300310.010.03

0.01615.82510.311.0400410.020.04

0.01716.72640.331.1400410.020.04

0.01818.32910.361.2500510.020.05

0.02020.03170.391.3600610.030.06

0.02221.73440.431.4700710.030.07

0.02323.33690.461.5800820.040.08

0.02525.03960.491.6900920.040.09

0.02726.74230.521.710001020.040.10

0.02828.34490.561.811001120.050.11

0.03030.04760.591.912001220.050.12

0.03231.75020.622.014001430.060.14

0.03333.35280.662.115001530.070.15

0.03736.75810.722.418001840.080.18

0.04040.06340.792.621002140.090.21

0.04343.36870.852.824002450.110.25

0.04746.77400.923.028002860.120.29

0.05050.07930.983.232003260.140.33

0.05858.39241.13.842004280.190.43

0.06766.710571.34.354005510.240.55

0.07575.011891.54.868006930.300.69

0.08383.313201.65.483008460.370.85

0.1010015852.06.41170011930.521.2

0.1211718502.37.51570016010.691.6

0.1313321132.68.62030020700.902.1

0.1515023782.99.72550026001.12.6

0.1716726433.310.73120031811.43.2

0.2020031703.912.94440045272.04.5

0.2323336984.615.05990061082.66.1

0.2726742285.217.27760079133.47.9

0.3030047565.919.39760099524.310.0

0.3333352836.621.5119900122265.312.2

0.4241766068.226.9185600189268.219.0

0.5050079269.832.22655002707311.727.1

0.58583924611.537.63596003666815.936.7

0.676671056913.143.04679004771220.747.8

0.757501188914.748.35904006020326.160.3

0.838331320916.453.77270007413232.174.3



0.0220.03170.280.9120020.40.0090.02

0.0221.73440.300.9830030.60.010.03

0.0223.33700.321.130030.60.010.03

0.0325.03960.351.140040.80.020.04

0.0326.74230.371.240040.80.020.04

0.0328.34490.391.350051.00.020.05

0.0330.04760.421.450051.00.020.05

0.0331.75020.441.460061.20.030.06

0.0333.35280.461.560061.20.030.06

0.0436.75810.511.780081.60.040.08

0.0440.06340.551.890091.80.040.09

0.0443.36870.602.010001020.040.10

0.0546.77400.652.112001220.050.12

0.0550.07930.692.313001330.060.13

0.0658.39250.812.618001840.080.18

0.0766.710570.923.023002350.100.23

0.0875.011891.03.428002860.120.29

0.0883.313211.23.835003570.150.36

0.1010015851.44.549005000.220.50

0.1211718501.65.365006630.290.66

0.1313321081.86.184008570.370.86

0.1515023782.16.81050010710.461.1

0.1716726432.37.61290013150.571.3

0.2020031702.89.11830018660.811.9

0.2323336983.210.62460025081.12.5

0.2726742283.712.13180032431.43.2

0.3030047564.213.64000040791.84.1

0.3333352834.615.14900049972.25.0

0.4241766065.818.97570077193.37.7

0.5050079266.922.7108100110234.811.0

0.5858392468.126.5149200152146.615.2

0.67667105699.230.3190000193748.419.4

0.757501188910.434.02395002442210.624.5

0.838331320511.537.82947003005113.030.1

0.929171453212.741.63556003626115.736.3

1.0010001585213.845.44222004305218.743.1

1.0810831717215.049.24945005042421.950.5



0.0330.04760.341.1300310.0130.03

0.0331.75020.361.2400410.0180.04

0.0333.35280.381.3400410.0180.04

0.0436.75810.421.4500510.0220.05

0.0440.06340.461.5600610.0270.06

0.0443.36870.501.6600610.0270.06

0.0546.77400.541.8700710.0310.07

0.0550.07930.571.9800820.0350.08

0.0658.39250.672.211001120.0490.11

0.0766.710570.762.514001430.0620.14

0.0875.011890.862.818001840.0800.18

0.0883.313210.963.122002240.0970.22

0.1010015851.13.831003160.140.32

0.1211718501.34.441004180.180.42

0.1313321081.55.053005400.230.54

0.1515023781.75.666006730.290.67

0.1716726431.96.380008160.350.82

0.2020031702.37.51140011620.501.2

0.2323336982.78.81530015600.681.6

0.2726742283.110.01920019580.852.0

0.3030047563.411.32480025291.12.5

0.3333352833.812.53040031001.33.1

0.4241766064.815.74680047722.14.8

0.5050079265.718.86680068123.06.8

0.5858392466.721.99030092084.09.2

0.67667105697.625.1117200119515.212.0

0.75750118898.628.2147700150616.515.1

0.83833132059.631.3181600185188.018.5

0.929171453210.534.5219100223429.722.4

1.010001585211.537.62600002651211.526.6

1.110831717212.440.73044003104013.531.1

1.211671849513.443.93523003592415.636.0

1.312501981514.347.04037004116517.841.2

1.313332113515.350.14586004676320.346.8



0.0550.07930.441.4400410.0180.04

0.0658.39250.511.7600610.0270.06

0.0766.710570.591.9700710.0310.07

0.0875.011890.662.2900920.0400.09

0.0883.313210.732.411001120.0490.11

0.1010015850.92.916001630.070.16

0.1211718501.03.421002140.090.21

0.1313321081.23.827002750.120.28

0.1515023781.34.334003470.150.35

0.1716726431.54.841004180.180.42

0.2020031701.85.858005910.260.6

0.2323336982.06.778007950.340.8

0.2726742282.37.71010010300.451.0

0.3030047562.68.61260012850.61.3

0.3333352832.99.61540015700.71.6

0.4241766063.712.02380024271.12.4

0.5050079264.414.43380034471.53.5

0.5858392465.116.84560046502.04.7

0.67667105695.819.25920060372.66.0

0.75750118896.621.67450075973.37.6

0.83833132057.324.09160093404.09.4

0.92917145328.026.4110400112574.911.3

1.01000158528.828.8130900133485.813.4

1.11083171729.531.2153200156226.815.6

1.211671849510.233.6177300180797.818.1

1.312501981511.035.9203000207009.020.7

1.313332113511.738.32306002351410.223.6



0.1010015850.72.3900920.040.09

0.1211718500.82.712001220.050.12

0.1313321080.93.015001530.070.15

0.1515023781.03.415001530.070.15

0.1716726431.23.823002350.100.23

0.2020031701.44.532003260.140.3

0.2323336981.65.343004380.190.4

0.2726742281.86.156005710.250.6

0.3030047562.16.870007140.30.7

0.3333352832.37.685008670.40.9

0.4241766062.99.51310013360.61.3

0.5050079263.511.41860018970.81.9

0.5858392464.013.32510025591.12.6

0.67667105694.615.13250033141.43.3

0.75750118895.217.04090041711.84.2

0.83833132055.818.95020051192.25.1

0.92917145326.420.86040061592.76.2

1.001000158526.922.77160073013.27.3

1.081083171727.524.68380085453.78.6

1.171167184958.126.59690098814.39.9

1.251250198158.728.4110900113084.911.3

1.331333211359.230.3125900128385.612.9



0.1716726430.93.113001330.060.13

0.2020031701.13.719001940.080.2

0.2323336981.34.325002550.110.3

0.2726742281.54.932003260.140.3

0.3030047561.75.541004180.20.4

0.3333352831.96.150005100.20.5

0.4241766062.37.676007750.30.8

0.5050079262.89.11080011010.51.1

0.5858392463.310.71450014790.61.5

0.67667105693.712.21870019070.81.9

0.75750118894.213.72360024061.02.4

0.83833132054.615.22890029471.33.0

0.92917145325.116.83480035491.53.6

1.001000158525.618.34120042011.84.2

1.081083171726.019.84820049152.14.9

1.171167184956.521.35570056802.55.7

1.251250198157.022.96370064952.86.5

1.331333211357.424.47230073723.27.4



0.3030047561.13.716001630.10.2

0.3333352831.34.220002040.10.2

0.4241766061.65.330003060.10.3

0.5050079261.96.343004380.20.4

0.5858392462.27.457005810.30.6

0.67667105692.68.474007550.30.8

0.75750118892.99.593009480.40.9

0.83833132053.210.51140011620.51.2

0.92917145323.511.61370013970.61.4

1.001000158523.912.61620016520.71.7

1.081083171724.213.71890019270.81.9

1.171167184954.514.82180022231.02.2

1.251250198154.815.82490025391.12.5

1.331333211355.116.92830028861.32.9



0.5050079261.13.5900920.00.1

0.5858392461.24.013001330.10.1

0.67667105691.44.616001630.10.2

0.75750118891.65.220002040.10.2

0.83833132051.85.825002550.10.3

0.92917145321.96.330003060.10.3

1.001000158522.16.935003570.20.4

1.081083171722.37.541004180.20.4

1.171167184952.58.147004790.20.5

1.251250198152.68.654005510.20.6

1.331333211352.89.261006220.30.6



0.75750118891.24.111001120.00.1

0.83833132051.44.514001430.10.1

0.92917145321.55.016001630.10.2

1.001000158521.75.419001940.10.2

1.081083171721.85.923002350.10.2

1.171167184951.96.326002650.10.3

1.251250198152.16.830003060.10.3

1.331333211352.27.334003470.20.3

Main Pipes - maximum allowable flow, velocity and pressure dropPipe Size(in)FlowVelocityPressure Drop

(US gpm)(liter/s)(ft/s)(m/s)(ftH2O/100 feet)(Pa/100 m)

414093.51.12.221827

6380244.21.31.918877

8650414.21.31.413371

101100694.21.31.211700

1218001144.51.41.212093

1422001395.11.61.111208

1633002085.91.81.211405

1845002846.21.91.211503

2060003796.72.01.211503

24110006947.82.41.211700

301900011998.72.61.110913

37043.00.92.322712

Lateral Pipes - maximum allowable flow, velocity and pressure dropPipe Size(in)FlowVelocityPressure Drop

(US gpm)(liter/s)(ft/s)(m/s)(ftH2O/100 feet)(Pa/100 m)

4200135.11.54.342179

6500325.61.73.231364

8900575.81.82.524383

101500956.11.92.120745

1224001516.82.12.120647

1431001967.22.22.120647

1645002847.92.42.120549

1860003798.32.52.019565

310064.31.34.543949

Cooling Tower TonsA cooling tower ton is defined as:1 cooling tower ton = 1 TONSevap=1 TONScondx 1.25 =15000Btu/h = 3782 kCalories/h = 15826 kJ/hThe equivalent ton on the cooling tower side actually rejects about15,000 Btu/hdue to the heat-equivalent of the energy needed to drive the chiller's compressor. This equivalent ton is defined as the heat rejection in cooling 3 U.S. gallons/minute (1500 pound/hour) of water 10F, which amounts to 15000 Btu/hour, or a chiller coefficient-of-performance (COP) of 4.0 - a COP equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 13.65.

Cooling towers use the evaporative cooling principle to cool the circulated water, and they can achieve water temperatures below thedry bulb temperature-tdb-of the air cooling air they are in general smaller and cheaper for the same cooling loads than other cooling systems

Cooling towers are rated in terms ofapproachandrange,where theapproachis the difference in temperature between the cooled-water temperature and the entering-airwet bulb - twb-temperature therangeis the temperature difference between the water inlet and exit statesSince a cooling tower is based on evaporative cooling the maximum cooling towerefficiencyis limited by thewet bulb temperature-twb-of the cooling air.Cooling Tower EfficiencyThe cooling tower efficiency can be expressed as = (ti- to) 100 / (ti-twb) (1)where= cooling tower efficiency - common range between 70 - 75%ti= inlet temperature of water to the tower (oC,oF)to= outlet temperature of water from the tower (oC,oF)twb= wet bulb temperature of air (oC,oF)The temperature difference between inlet and outlet water(ti- to)is normally in the range10 - 15oF.The water consumption - themake upwater - of a cooling tower is about0.2-0.3 liter per minuteandton of refrigeration.Compared with the use and waste of city water the water consumption can be reduced with about90 - 95%.There are two main types of cooling towers forced draught (using fans) natural draughtBoth types are based on evaporative cooling. Natural draught cooling towers are more dependent on temperature gradients between air and water and the wind forces than forced draught cooling towers. The efficiency of natural draught towers are more variable over time and in general lower.Note!Be aware that medium temperature systems like cooling towers are known sources ofLegionella! Good cleaning and maintenance systems are important to minimize the potential damage.

Recommended Relative Humidity - RH - in production and process environments like libraries, breweries, storages and moreTo avoid damage of products, or to achieve proper process conditions, it is often important to keep the environment and the indoor climate within certain temperature and humidity limits.Low relative humidity may dry up the product, or high relative humidity may increase the water activity growing mould in the production process lines.The table below can be used as a guidance to recommendedRelative Humidity-RH- in some common production and process environments.Production and Process EnvironmentRecommendedRelative Humidity-RH -(%)

Sugar Storage20 - 35%

Breweries35 - 45%

Coffee Powder30 - 40%

Milk Powder Storage20 - 35%

Seed Storage35 - 45%

Unpacked Medicine20 - 35%

Transformer Winding15 - 30%

Semiconductors30 - 50%

Books and Paper Archive40 - 55%

Paper Storage35 - 45%

Preventing Rust and Corrosionbelow 55%,< 40% for no rust generation

Library50 - 55%

Spray Paint30 - 50%

Laboratory electronics45 - 60%

Plastic Pallets5 - 30%

Computer Peripherals50 - 60%

Rust ResistanceBelow 40%

Medical Syrups30 - 40%

Capsule Storage30 - 45%

Powder Storage30 - 45%

Wood Drying25 - 35%

Explosives35 - 50%Note!low RH may generate static electricity and spark ignitions

Normal Storage50 - 55%

Musical Instrument45 - 55%

Leather Product40 - 55%

Cable Wrapping15 - 25%

Chemical Laboratory30 - 45%

CLOSED SYSTEMS

Design Criteria: 3' Frictional Pressure Drop per 100' Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/secFigure - 1 Friction Loss for CLOSED Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel Source: Carrier Systems DesignOPEN SYSTEMS

Design Criteria: 3' Frictional Pressure Drop per 100' Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/secFigure - 2 Friction Loss for OPEN Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel Source: Carrier Systems DesignCOPPERPhysical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria (ASPE Data Book)

PLASTICPhysical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria(ASPE Data Book)

Copper Pipe Sizing Chart

Design Criteria: 3' Frictional Pressure Drop per 100' Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/secFigure - 3 Friction Loss for Copper Piping Systems: Types K, L, & M Source: Carrier Systems Design

CAST IRONPhysical DataHydraulic HandbookColt Industries

ALUMINUM , BRASSHandbook for Mechanical Engineers : Baumeister & Marks

PIPE DESIGN BASED ON HAZEN WILLIAMS FORM(UfL=A0.2083 x (100/C)^1.85 x Q^1.85/D^4.8635 )Source: Cameron Hydraulic Data, 1926-62

Dynamic Pressure Losses through FittingsEL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length. L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter)Velocity Pressure Factor (K) forWater : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) = K*VP

Dynamic Pressure Losses through ValvesEL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length. L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter)Velocity Pressure Factor (K) forWater : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) = K*VP

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

STEAM PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION AND PIPE SIZING DESIGN CRITERIA

LOW PRESSURE STEAMPIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr)

MEDIUM PRESSURE STEAM PIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr)

HIGH PRESSURE STEAMPIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr)

Pressure Drop (psi/100') sizing criteria for open gravity (sloped pipe) condensate returnCONDENSATE FLOWRATE (lbs/hr)Condensate Return Pressure = 0 psig

PROPERTIES OF STEAM

Example: 6800 lbs per hour of steam flow in a 21/2inch pipe at 100 psig pressure.What is the pressure (psi) drop per 100 ft length of pipe and the flow velocity?Answer: psi/100' = 11 velocity = 32,000 fpmFigure - 17 Steam Flow Rates at Various Pressures and Velocities for Schedule 40 PipeSource: ASHRAE

Figure - 18

Steam flow at 30 psigSource: ASHRAE

Design Criteria:0.75 psi per 100 ft pipeMax Vel = 6,000 fpm

Figure - 19



Figure - 20



Figure - 21



Natural Gas Pipe Sizing Tables and ChartsSteel Pipe - Schedule 40Downstream Pressure

inlet upstream pressure is more than 5 psig (35 kPa) fittings factor 1.2 - equivalent pipe length = pipe length + 20%For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In general it is common to set 1 Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs 1 CFH 1 MBH 1 Btu/h = 0.293 WSteel Pipe - Schedule 40

pressure less than 11/2 psigpressure drop 0.5inches watercolumn specific gravity of natural gas energy content in natural gas 10 1 Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs 1 CFH = 1 MBH common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe lengthin table above = pipe length + 50%For natural gas the nominalBTU/cfvaries from about900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In general it is common to set

pressure less than 11/2 psig common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe lenghtin table above = pipe length + 50% pressure drop 0.5inches water column specific gravity of natural gas 0.6 energy content in natural gas1000 Btu/lb One MBH is equivalent to1000 BTU's per hour pressure less than 11/2 psig common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe lengthin table above = pipe length + 50% pressure drop 0.5inches water column specific gravity of natural gas 0.6 energy content in natural gas1000 Btu/lb One MBH is equivalent to1000 BTU's per hour

1 Btu/h = 0.293 W 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m 1 in water = 248.8 N/m2(Pa) = 0.0361 lb/in2(psi) = 25.4 kg/m2= 0.0739 in mercury 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2)

The capacity of a low pressure natural gas (less than 1 psi) pipe line can be calculated with the Spitzglass formula likeq = 3550 k ( h / l SG)1/2(1)whereq = natural gas flow capacity (cfh)h = pressure drop (inWater Column)

l = length of pipe (ft)k = [d5/(1 + 3.6/d + 0.03 d)]1/2

d = inside diameter pipe (in)SG = specific gravity

For natural gas the nominalBTU/cfvaries from about900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In general it is common to set1 Cubic Foot (CF) = approx 1,000 BTUs1 CFH = 1 MBHThe specific gravity of natural gas varies from0.55 to 1.0.The downstream pressure in a houseline after the meter/regulator is in general in therange of 7 to 11 inches Water Column, or about 1/4 psi.Example - Natural Gas Pipe CapacityThe capacity of a100 ftnatural gas pipe with a nominal diameter0.5 inches(actual ID0.622 in)and 0.5 inches WC pressure drop can be calculated ask = [(0.622 in )5 /(1 + 3.6 / (0.622 in) + 0.03 (0.622 in))]0.117q = 3550 0.117 ( (0.5 in) / (100 ft) 0.60 ) 1/2 = 37.9 cfhSpecific gravity of natural gas is set to0.60.

Horizontal Fixture Branches and StacksBuilding Drains and Sewers

ROOF DRAIN AND LEADER SIZING

HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZINGHORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING

HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING

Example of Primary-Secondary Piping Network System

If you want something to take in the field with you, this is the most cost-effective, portable, and robust pipe sizing tool we can find:

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