Hungary Academy of Science Stefanov Sonja.ppt

8/14/2019 Hungary Academy of Science Stefanov Sonja.ppt

1/23

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WELL-KNOWN ACCIDENTS CONTAMINATED BY PCB

AND DIOXIN IN THE WORLD AND BALKANCOUNTRIES

S.Stefanov, HIP-Petrohemija, PancevoPh.D. M.Vojinovic-Miloradov, FTN Novi Sad

Ph.D. .Bai, FTN Novi Sad .Banov, MunicipalityPancevo Ph.D. V.Bogdanovic, HIP-Petrohemija, Pancevo

V.Pajevi, HIP-Petrohemija, PancevoT.Obradovi, Expert, Sabac

Seged, Hungary, 27.9.2004 .


2/23

CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS

Accident (EU) presents a sudden appearance ofconsiderable emission, fire or explosion as a resultof not planned events within a certain industrial

activity, occurring within or out of industry,including one or more chemicals.

ILO statistics show that the highest percentage ofaccidents occurs in the production units (40%), intransport of hazardous substances (35%) and instorage (25%).


3/23

CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS

Approximately 70% of the accidents described by USEPA took place in the plants, while the remaining30% occurred during the transport of toxic

chemicals.

National legal document that defines the riskassessing methodology is Regulations for theMethodology of Chemical Accident andEnvironmental Pollution Risk Assessment, byMeasures of Preparation and Measures ofConsequence Elimination, Offic ial Gazette of theRepu bl ic o f Serbia , No. 60/1994, 63/1994.


4/23

Consequences ofchemical accidents

discharge of hazardous pollutants into the air, wateror soil (toxic gases, flammable or explosivesubstances),

explosion of matter that creates destructive waveblow (significant input of great quantities of toxic,flammable and explosive matter is discharged intothe atmosphere)

fires creating heat radiation that might burn peopleand material property (cloud of hazardous and non-hazardous gases, particles and other combustionproducts is formed)

combination of the previously mentionedconsequences


5/23

Schematic presentation of theknown accidents with

post effect

ACCIDENTS WITH POST

EFFECTS

YUSHO 1968

SEVESO 1976

YU-CHENG 1979

PANCEVO 1999

SEMI 1978

MISURI 1971


6/23

The first reported accident related to the toxicity of polychloratedbiphenyls took place in Japan in 1968 (Yusho), where thesecompounds were used as the cooling fluid in the rice oil production.This contamination caused in the consumers diseases with

hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membrane, liverdiseases, headache, nausea, edema and birth of children withdefects.Laboratory analyses showed that PCB caused hepatocellular cancerin experimental animals. Exposure to polychlorated biphenyls ispractically universal in industrial countries. Due to chemical stabilityand liposolubility, polychlorated biphenyls are bioaccumulated andbiomagnified through food chain. High level of concentration wasfound in fish, because of the discharge of transformer oil into theriver.The total number of contaminated patients in Yushu was 1862, andabout 149 people died.

YUSHO (1968)


7/23

MISURI 1971)

Shenandoah Stables was a big horse ranch in the state ofMissouri.Their problems started in 1971. In order to reduce the

quantities of dust, they covered several acres with 1000gallons of waste automobile oil.tens of dead sparrows to be found. Cats and dogs on thefarm got sick. Of 85 horses, 43 died in the course of oneyear. Most of the horses had miscarriages. Animals born atthe time would die after only a few months. The owner andhis two daughters also got sick.Upon testing of the oil that had been sprinkled over the farm,a high level of dioxins and polychlorated biphenyls wasestablished.


8/23

SEVESO 1976)

Accident in Seveso happened in 1976 in the chemicalplant for the production of pesticides and herbicides.Toxic cloud contained tetrachlorodibenzoparadioxin

(TCDD) that had been released from the reactor for theproduction of trichlorophenol. Dioxins were formed asby-products of uncontrolled exothermic reactions.

At that time, there were more than 600 people

evacuated from their houses and more than 2000people were contaminated with dioxins. As a responseto this heavy accident, SEVESO I and SEVESO IIDirectives ensued.


9/23

SEMIC 1978)

On the territory of former Yugoslavia in Semi (Slovenia), an accident occurred in 1978. PCB wasdischarged from the condenser producing factory into

the river. The study analysing the effect of PCB onhuman population established that there was a morerapid growth of teeth in children.


10/23

THAILAND 1979)

1979 in ThailandAn unused transformer in a slaughterhouse had accidentallybeen punctured. Polychlorated biphenyls were released andthey entered the fat and meat waste recycling system. Theobtained product was sold as chicken feed to a big farm. Inthe following few months, eggs were sold and used by bakersand mayonnaise producers.When contamination wasdiscovered, food all over the country, worth millions ofdollars, was withdrawn from the market and destroyed.Later research showed that Yu-chang consequences were

serious changes in the development of mobility and memoryin children.There were 2008 contaminated people registered in Taiwan.Further research showed that the consequences of theaccident inTaiwan were more serious than those of Sevesoaccident.


11/23

PANCEVO 1999)

In 1999 , there was a war accident in Panevo . Namely, there was a big explosion of vinyl chloridemonomer and consequently a cloud was formed of

unreacted vinyl chloride monomer, phosgene andother chlorine products.According to some research, by analysing thecombustion product samples taken directly abovethe flame of vinyl chloride monomer burning in the

air, the presence of following was discovered:HCl (2,7%), CO 2 (5,8%), CO (0,95%) and phosgene


12/23


13/23

PCB


14/23

DIOXIN FORMATIONMECHANISM


15/23

SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS

COOPERATION WITH THE ITALIANENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MINISTRY

MONITORING SYSTEM FOR AIR QUALITYCONTROL SELECTION OF RISK ASSESSMENTMETHODOLOGY

NATIONAL METHODOLOGY CURRENT WORLD METHODOLOGIES


16/23

CURRENT WORLD METHODOLOGIES

REHRA Methodology was developed by theWorld Health Organisation (WHO)US EPA Methodology was developed by the

American Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)

APELL Methodology was developed by theUnited Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)


17/23

REHRA Rapid Environment andHealth Risk Assessment)

implemented in Italy , Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria . Legalacts used in the preparation of this methodology were asfollows: SEVESO II Directive, Helsinki Declaration from 1992

and Espoo Convention.Three basic parts of REHRA Methodology are as follows: risk assessment of big accidents continuous emissions risk territory hazardIndexes used in the risk assessment calculation according toREHRA Methodology are as follows: Installation Hazard Index(IHI), Accident Risk Index (ARI), Installation Risk Index (IRI),Equipment Risk Index (ERI).


18/23

US EPA United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency)

CAMEO (Computer-Aided Management ofEmergency Operation) is an accident-managementprogramme. It contains a library and chemical

substances base, examines accident situations,locations,ALOHA (Area Locations of HazardousAtmospheres) is a programme for harmful gasesdispersion modelling.

MARPLOT (Mapping Applications for Response,Planning and Operational Task) is a programme forelectronic presentation of a certain location


19/23

US EPA United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency)

Chemicals data base Hazard zone during transport


20/23

APELL Programme Awareness andPreparedness for Emergencies at a LocalLevel)

is implemented within UNEP. A significantcharacteristic of this programme is distribution ofresponsibility for planning and implementing the

chemical accident protection measures amongindustry, local management, professionalorganisations, state agencies and the public. In orderto ensure a direct and close cooperation, as well as

unique approach and trust among the participants inresponding to an accident, APELL anticipatesformation of local coordination groups, as a bridgebetween industry and local community.


21/23

ATTEMPTS AT PRESENTING RISKASSESSMENT IN SERBIA

Envirornmental Atlas of Belgrade


22/23

HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS INP N VO

As a part of Panevo environmentalproblem solution, preparation of theChemical Accident Protection Planis underway, which defines the

points of potential chemicalaccidents. The points of possibleaccidents are shown on the map ofPanevo

In 1991 Register of Pollutants wasprepared, identifying in detail thechemicals.

Local Environmental Action Plan(LEAP) for Panevo municipalitywas prepared and presented inFebruary 2004.


23/23

FINAL REMARKSUpon analysing the comparative models for the assessment of chemicalaccident risk, it can be concluded that the experiences from the accidents in

Yusho (Japan), YU-chang (Taiwan), Seveso (Italy), and in many other places,can be applied in the solution of environmental problems in Panevo Chemical accidents are particularly important in analysing the post-effectson people's health. Based on the experience from the stated accidents in theworld, it can be expected that in Panevo there would be a negative post-effect on the public health.Risk assessment preparation implies not only the prevention, but also asignificant analysis of the accident's post-effect. Analysis of consequencesis important because negative effects of chemical substances on publichealth can realistically be seen. As conclusion, it can be stated that there arecertain substances that at the time of the accident do not cause mortal

effects (acute affect), but their effects are manifested after a certain numberof years (chronic effect).The fact that such substances exist has caused the experts to include the so-called post-effects (proven in accidents, particularly in children) in thechemical accident risk assessments. Chromosome aberration, as a possibledirect consequence, changes permanently the genetic structure and mayresult in a great number of anomalies, as well as in serious diseases of thehuman population living and working in the area.

Hungary Academy of Science Stefanov Sonja.ppt

Documents

Transcript of Hungary Academy of Science Stefanov Sonja.ppt