Humans Factor
Transcript of Humans Factor
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Human Factors
inthe
Design and Evaluation
of
Central Control Room
Operations
Neville A. Stanton
Paul Salmon
Daniel Jenkins
Guy W alker
CRC Press
Tay lo r F ranc is G rou p
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor Francis Gr ou p, an i n f o r m a business
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Conten ts
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xx iii
Preface xxvii
The Authors xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Hu ma n Factors and Ergono mics 1
Chapter 2 Com petencies
7
2.1 Ou tline 7
2.2 Key Issues 8
2.2.1 Individual Operator Com petencies 8
2.2.2 Team Com petencies 8
2.2.3 Competence Identification 8
2.2.4 Com petency-Based Training 9
2.2.5 Com petence Assessment 9
2.2.6 Com petence M anagem ent Systems 10
2.3 Standards and Guidelines 10
2.3.1 M anaging Competence for Safety-Related
Systems 10
2.3.2 Developing and M aintaining Staff Competence 10
2.3.3 Com petence Assessm ent for
the Haza rdous Industries 11
2.3.4 Control of Major Accident Haz ard Regu lations 11
2.4 Hum an Factors Literature 11
2.4.1 Com petence 11
2.4.2 Team Com petencies 16
2.4.3 Identifying Com petencies 22
2.4.4 Com petence Managem ent Systems 22
2.5 Guidance and Recom mendations 25
2.6 Assessment and Evaluation 26
2.6.1 Competence Identification 26
2.6.2 Com petence Assessment 27
2.6.2.1 Establish Com petence Performance
Standards and Assessm ent Criteria 30
2.6.2.2 Select Appropriate Com petence
Assessment M ethods 35
2.6.2.3 Select Rem edial M easures and
Und ertake Com petence Assessments 35
2.7 Exam ple 35
Bibliography 40
v
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vi Hum an Factors in the Design and Evaluation of C on trol Room Op erat ions
Chapter 3 Training 43
3.1 Ou tline 43
3.2 Key Issues 43
3.2.1 Training Needs Analysis 43
3.2.2 Training Preconditions 44
3.2.3 Training Design 44
3.2.4 Training Content 44
3.2.5 Training Delivery M ethods 44
3.2.6 Team Training 44
3.2.7 Transfer of Training 45
3.2.8 Training Evaluation 45
3.3 Standards and Guidelines 45
3.3.1 M anag ing Competence for
Safety-Related Systems 45
3.3.2 Developing and M aintaining Staff Com petence 46
3.3.3 Com petence Assessment
for Haz ardous Industries 46
3.3.4 Con trol of Major Accident Haz ard Regulations 47
3.4 Hum an Factors Literature 47
3.4.1 Definitions 47
3.4.2 Training Theory 47
3.4.3 Training Nee ds Analysis 50
3.4.3.1 Introduction 50
3.4.3.2 Training Needs 52
3.4.3.3 Training Needs Analysis M ethods 54
3.4.4 Training Design 56
3.4.5 Pretraining Conditions 58
3.4.6 Training Delivery M ethods 59
3.4.6.1 Introduction 59
3.4.6.2 Training M edia 60
3.4.7 Team Training 62
3.4.7.1 Crew Resource M anagement 64
3.4.8 Transfer of Train ing
and Post-Training Conditions 67
3.4.8.1 Transfer of Train ing 67
3.4.8.2 Post-Training Conditions 68
3.4.9 Training Evaluation 69
3.4.10 Sum mary 70
3.5 Guidelines and Recom mendations 70
3.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 71
3.6.1 Training Need s Analysis 71
3.6.1.1 Organ izational Analysis 75
3.6.1.2 Task Analysis 78
3.6.1.3 Person Analysis 78
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3.7 Example TN A 78
3.7.1 Training Need s Analysis 78
3 7 1 1
Orga nizational Analysis 78
3 7 1 2 Task Analysis 80
3 7 1 3
Person Analysis 80
Bibliography 85
Chapter 4 Procedures 89
4.1 Ou tline 89
4.2 Key Issues 89
4.2.1 Identification of Proce dure Requireme nts 89
4.2.2 Development of Proce dures 90
4.2.3 Training Staff in Procedures 90
4.2.4 Review, M aintenance, and Update of Proced ures 90
4.2.5 Form at of Proce dures 90
4.2.6 Com pliance with Proced ures 90
4.2.7 Efficacy of Procedu res 91
4.2.8 Proce dural Flaws 91
4.3 Standards and Guidelines 91
4.3.1 Revitalizing Procedures for Major Ha zards 91
4.3.2 Inspectors Toolkit: Hum an Factors in the
M anagement of Major Accident Haz ards 91
4.3.3 1999 Control of Major Accident Hazard
Regulations 91
4.3.4 Successful Health and Safety M anagem ent 92
4.4 Hum an Factors Literature 92
4.4.1 Defining Procedures 92
4.4.2 M odels of Proce dures 92
4.4.3 Developing Proced ures 93
4.4.4 W hen Procedures Fail 95
4.4.5 Procedural Noncom pliance 98
4.5 Guidance and Recom mendations 99
4.5.1 Identify Tasks Req uiring Procedures 99
4.5.2 De termine Level of Proce dural Aid
Required and Format of Proc edure 101
4.5.3 W rite and Review Proce dure 101
4.5.4 Approve Proce dure 102
4.5.5 Train Proce dure 102
4.5.6 Monitor Proce dure 102
4.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 103
4.7 Exam ple 103
4.7.1 Proced ure Development Process 103
4.7.2 Evaluation of Existing Proce dures 108
Bibliography 110
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C ha pte r 5 Co mm unication Proces s 113
5.1 Ou tline 113
5.2 Key Issues 113
5.3 Standards and Guidelines 114
5.4 Hu man Factors Literatu re 114
5.4.1 The Con trol Room as a Sociotechnical System 114
5.4.2 The Purp ose of Com mu nication:
Teamwork and Shared Aw areness 116
5.5 Gu idance and Reco mm endations 118
5.5.1 M inim um Requiremen ts 118
5.5.2 Human Factors Best Practice 119
5 5 2 1 Social Network Analysis 119
5 5 2 2
Com mun ications Usage Diagram 119
5 5 2 3 Team Comm unications 119
5.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 122
5.7 Exam ple 124
Bibliography 125
Chapter 6 M anning and W orkload
127
6.1 Ou tline 127
6.1.1 M ann ing 127
6.1.2 Workload 127
6.1.2.1 M ental Workload 128
6.1.2.2 Physical Workload 128
6.2 Key Issues 129
6.2.1 M ann ing 129
6.2.2 Workload 130
6.3 Standards and Guidelines 133
6.3.1 M ann ing 133
6.3.1.1 Control of Major Accident
Haza rds Regu lations 133
6.3.2 Workload 133
6.3.2.1 M ental Workload ISO Standards 133
6.3.2.2 Physical W orkload ISO Standards 134
6.4 Hum an Factors Literature 135
6.4.1 M ann ing 135
6.4.2 Workload 135
6.4.2.1 M ental W orkload 135
6.4.2.2 Phys ical W orkload 141
6.5 Gu idance and Recomm endations 141
6.5.1 M ann ing 141
6.5.2 M ental W orkload 141
6.5.2.1 Personnel Guidelines and
Recom men dations (ISO 9001:2008) 143
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6 5 2 2
Task Guidelines and Recom mendations
(ISO 9001:2008) 143
6 5 2 3 W orkspace and Environment
(ISO 9001:2000) 144
6 5 2 4
Social Factors (ISO 9001:2008) 144
6 5 2 5 Time Factors (ISO 9001:2008) 145
6 5 2 6 Orga nizational Factors
(Tsang and Vidulich, 2006) 145
6.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 145
6.6.1 M anning 145
6.6.2 W orkload 146
6 6 2 1
M ental W orkload 146
6.6.3 Exam ples 150
6 6 3 1 NASA-TLX Procedure and Advice 150
6 6 3 2
Physical W orkload 154
6.7 Exam ple 156
Bibliography 159
Chapter 7 Autom ation
163
7.1 Ou tline 163
7.2 Key Issues 163
7.3 Standards and Guidelines 164
7.4 Hum an Factors Literature 164
7.4.1 History of Automation 164
7.4.2 Ironies of Automation 165
7.4.3 Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem s 166
7.4.4 Sociotechnical Considerations 166
7.4.5 Dy nam ic Allocation of Function 168
7.5 Gu idance and Recomm endations 169
7.6 Assessment and Evalua tion 175
7.6.1 Functional Analysis 175
7.6.2 M andatory Assignm ents 176
7.6.3 Prelim inary Assignments 178
7.6.4 Allocation of Function 180
7.6.5 Fitts List 182
7.6.6 Core Job Characteristics 185
7.7 Example 185
7.7.1 M arsden and Kirby s Allocation
of Func tion Analysis 185
7.7.2 Constraints-Based Approach to
Functional Analysis 186
7.7.3 Dy nam ic Allocation of Function 187
Bibliography 190
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Chapter 8 Supervision 193
8.1 Outline 193
8.2 Key Issues 194
8.2.1 Supervision Type 194
8.2.2 Superv isor s Role, Responsibilities,
and Functions 194
8.2.3 Staff Roles and Resp onsibilities 195
8.2.4 Supervision Assessm ent 195
8.2.5 W eaknesses Assoc iated with
Supervisory Approach 195
8.2.6 Supervision W eakness Coun termeasu res 195
8.2.7 Supervisor Com petence 195
8.2.8 Sup ervisor Workload 196
8.2.9 Relationship between Supervisor
and Subordinates 196
8 2 1 Relationship between Management
and Supervisor 196
8 2 11 Com munication 196
8 2 12 Interaction between Team M embers
and M anagem ent 196
8.3 Stan dard s and Gu idelines 196
8.3.1 Successful Health and Safety M anagement 196
8.3.2 Different Types of Supervision and the Impact
on Safety in the Chem ical and Allied Industries:
Assessm ent M ethodology and User Guide 197
8.4 Hu man Factors Literature 197
8.4.1 Superv ision 197
8.4.2 Different Forms of Supervision 199
8.4.3 No te on Leadership Styles 201
8.4.4
Status uo
201
8.4.5 Teams and Teamwork 204
8.4.6 Study of Supervision 205
8.4.7 Consequ ences of Inadequ ate Supervision 206
8.5 Gu idance and Reco mm endations 210
8.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 216
8.7 Exam ple 218
Bibliography 221
Chapter 9 Shift Pattern s
225
9.1 Ou tline 225
9.2 Key Issues 226
9.3 Standa rds and Guidelines 227
9.3.1 W orking Time Regulations 227
9.3.2 Health and Safety Leg islation 227
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9.4 Human Factors Literature 228
9.4.1 The Body Clock 228
9.4.2 Sleep 229
9.4.2.1 Sleep Patte rns for the
Day Worker 230
9.4.2.2 Sleep Patte rns for the
Shift or Night Worker 230
9.4.2.3 Effects of Sleep Deprivation 230
9.4.3 Social Challenges 231
9.4.4 Health and Weil-Being 231
9.4.4.1 He art Problem s 231
9.4.4.2 M ental Well-Being 231
9.4.4.3 App etite and Digestion 232
9.4.5 Handover 232
9.4.6 Sum mary 232
9.5 Guidance and Recom mend ations 233
9.5.1 Employer s Che cklist 234
9.5.2 Health Qu estionnaire 234
9.5.3 Shift Handovers 235
9.6 Assessment and Evaluation 236
9.6.1 Strategies for the Em ployer 236
9.6.2 Strategies for the Em ployee 237
9.6.2.1 Cop ing with the Shift
and M anaging Fatigue 238
9.6.2.2 Traveling Hom e 238
9.6.2.3 Sleep 238
9.6.2.4 Lifestyle 238
9.6.3 Additional Assessm ent M aterials 239
9.6.3.1 Fatigue and Risk Index Tool 239
9.6.3.2 Epw orth Sleepiness Scale 241
9.6.3.3 The Standard Shiftwork Index 241
9.6.3.4 Shift Handover 242
9.7 Exam ple 242
9.7.1 Best Practice Guidelines 242
9.7.2 Risk Assessm ent 244
9.7.3 Fatigue Assessm ent 246
9.7.4 Handover 246
Bibliography 247
Chapter 10 Control Room Layout
249
10.1 Ou tline 249
10.2 Key Issues 249
10.3 Standards and Guidelines 251
10.3.1 Relevant Standards 251
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10.4 Hum an Factors Literature 253
10.4.1 Dim ensions of the W orkstation 254
10.4.1.1 Th e Seat 256
10.4.1.2 Seat Height 256
10.4.1.3 Seat Depth 256
10.4.1.4 Seat W idth 257
10.4.1.5 Lateral Clearan ce between Arm rests 257
10.4.2 W orkstation Desk Design 257
10.4.2.1 Desk Height 258
10.4.2.2 Leg Room 258
10.4.2.3 Size of the Work Surface 259
10.4.3 Display Screens 260
10.4.4 Nu mber of Displays 261
10.4.5 Other Aspects Affecting Room Layout 261
10.4.5.1 Layou t Analysis 261
10.4.5.2 Social Organ ization 262
10.4.5.3 Access 262
10.4.5.4 Au xiliary Functions 262
10.4.5.5 Safety Con siderations 262
10.4.5.6 Flex ibility 263
10.5 Guidance and Recom mendations 263
10.5.1 M ethods 263
10.5.1.1 Layout of the Room 263
10.5.1.2 Physical Layout
of the W orkstation 263
10.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 263
10.7 Exam ple 265
10.7.1 Th e Ch air 266
10.7.1.1 Calculating Sitting Pos tures
for Population Extrem ities 269
Bibliography 270
Chapter 11 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA)
273
11.1 Ou tline 273
11.2 Key Issues 273
11.3 Standards and Guidelines 274
11.4 Hum an Factors Literature 274
11.4.1 Con trol Task Categories 276
11.4.1.1 Category 1. Abn orma l
Situation Ha ndling 276
11.4.1.2 Category 2. No rma l Operation 276
11.4.1.3 Category 3. Op timization 276
11.4.2 Visu alization 278
11.4.3 Display Design 278
11.4.4 Elements 280
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11.4.5 Grouping of Data Elements 281
11.4.6 Information Density 281
11.5 Guidance and Recomm endations 281
11.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 282
11.6.1 HC l Check list 282
11.6.1.1 Visual Clarity 282
11.6.1.2 Consistency 282
11.6.1.3 Com patibility 283
11.6.1.4 Informative Feedback 284
11.6.1.5 Exp licitness 284
11.6.1.6 Appropriate Func tionality 284
11.6.1.7 Flexibility and Control 284
11.6.1.8 Error Prevention and Correction 285
11.6.1.9 User Guidan ce and Support 287
11.6.1.10 Overall System Usability 287
11.6.2 EEM UA User s Questionnaire 288
11.6.2.1 Physical Arrang ement 289
11.6.2.2 Access to Displayed Information 289
11.6.2.3 Navigation through Information
Hierarchy 289
11.7 Exam ple 290
Bibliography 292
Chapter 12 Alarm s
293
12.1 Ou tline 293
12.2 Key Issues 293
12.3 Standards and Guidelines 296
12.4 Hum an Factors Literature 296
12.5 Guidance and Recom mendations 299
12.6 Assessmen t and Evaluation 300
12.7 Exam ple 302
Bibliography 305
Chapter 13 Environm ent 307
13.1 Ou tline 307
13.1.1 Accepted Definition 307
13.1.2 Brief Description 307
13.2 Key Issues 307
13.3 Standards and Guidelines 308
13.3.1 Relevant Standards 308
13.4 Hum an Factors Literature 308
13.4.1 Objectively M easu rable States
vs.
Subjectively Felt States 308
13.4.2 Regu latory Processes 310
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13.4.3 Systems Perspective 312
13.4.4 Latest Th inkin g 312
13.5 Guidan ce and Recomm endations 313
13.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 315
13.6.1 Am bient Temperature 313
13.6.1.1 M inimum Requ irements 313
13.6.1.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 314
13.6.1.3 Am bient Temperature Exam ple 315
13.6.2 Air Quality 318
13.6.2.1 M inim um Requ irements 318
13.6.2.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 319
13.6.2.3 Air Quality Exam ple 319
13.6.3 Ligh ting 323
13.6.3.1 M inimum Requirements 323
13.6.3.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 324
13.6.3.3 Lighting Exam ple 324
13.6.4 Acoustics 326
13.6.4.1 M inimum Requirements 326
13.6.4.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 330
13.6.4.3 Acoustics Exam ple 332
13.6.5 Vibration 332
13.6.5.1 M inimum Requirements 332
13.6.5.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 332
13.6.5.3 Vibration Exam ple 333
13.6.6 Interio r Design and Aesthe tics 333
13.6.6.1 M inimum Requirements 333
13.6.6.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 333
13.6.6.3 Aesthetics Exam ple 334
13.7 Sum mary 334
Bibliography 335
Chapter 14 Hu m an Error
337
14.1 Outline 337
14.2 Key Issues 337
14.2.1 Slips and Lapses 338
14.2.2 M istakes 338
14.2.3 Violations 339
14.3 Huma n Factors Literature 340
14.3.1 Person Approach 340
14.3.2 Systems Approach 341
14.4 Guidance and Recom mendations 342
14.5 Assessm ent and Evaluation 345
14.5.1 SHER PA 346
14.6 Exam ple 348
Bibliography 367
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Contents
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Chapter 15 Safety Culture
369
15.1 Ou tline 369
15.2 Key Issues 369
15.3 Standards and Guidelines 370
15.3.1 Guide to Occupational Health
and Safety M anagem ent Systems 370
15.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Zone 370
15.4 Hum an Factors Literature 371
15.4.1 Defining Safety Cu lture 371
15.4.2 M odels of Safety Cu lture 372
15.4.3 Characte ristics of an Efficient Safety Culture 375
15.4.4 Building a Safety Cu lture 377
15.4.5 Co llecting Safety-Related Da ta 378
15.4.5.1 Accident Investigation and Analysis 379
15.4.5.2 Incident Reporting Systems 382
15.5 Guidelines and Reco mm endations 385
15.6 Assessment and Evaluation 386
15.7 Exam ple 386
Bibliography 392
Author Index 395
Subject Index
403