Humanity 2a

8/6/2019 Humanity 2a

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NOMINAL DEFINITIONPhilosophy comes from thegreek word Philo, meaning friend

and Sophia, meaning wisdom.Itmeans the love of wisdom,or afriend of wisdom.


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.Philosophy is a science of allthat exist (of beings) in theirultimate cause through the

aid of the human intellectalone.


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ELEMENTS IN THEDEFINITION OF

Philosophy


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1. It is a science, a systematic

body of knowledge which isnot only based onopinion,hypothesis and

theories,but on idealknowledge.


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2.of beings,i.e, of all,everythingthat exist,or may exist, ofeverything knowable.It is the

highest synthesis of all sciencesbecause of its very vast and

subject matter.


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3. in their ultimate cause becauseit asks and answers not only facks

and proximate causts but also thedeepest causes of things.its taskis to give answers not only to the

question what but most

importantly to the question why.


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4. through the aid of humanintellect alone because it uses

natural reason and not DivineRevelation of the recourse tothe Bible;it is the product of

ones own thinking and not ofimagination or fantasy.


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LANGUAGE ANDFUNCTION


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Three Distinct Use ofLanguage


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INFORMATIVE- Involves aneffort to communicate somecontent. This kind of use

presumes that the content ofwhat is being communicatedis actually true


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EXPRESSIVE-intendsonly to vent somefeelings, or perhaps to

evoke some feelings fromother people


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DIRECTIVE- aim tocause or to prevent

some overt action by ahuman agent


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LOGIC


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NOMINAL DEFINITIONLOGIC comes from the greekword logos,which means

thought,word,speech,orscience.


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REAL DEFINITIONLOGIC is order and consistency.It isthe science of those principles, laws

and methods which the mind of man

must follow in its thinking for thesecure and accurate attainment of

truth


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ELEMENTS IN THEDEFINITION OF logic


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It is a science because it is abody of organized methodsof tried and true knowledge

which is concerned with therectitude of reasoning.


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It is an art because argumentin logic is done beautifullywith habitual validity, ease,

clarity, correctness, objectivityand certainty.


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Of correct thinking because itconforms to the rules ofcorrectness; in an argument,

premises have sufficient groundsas basis for conclusion.


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METHODS OFREASONING


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INDUCTIVE METHOD -It is where we can obtain universal

knowledge by considering a particular..i.e., repeated experience of seeing

falling bodies towards the ground. Ourexperience tells us that we always see

things repeatedly, it give us thecommon knowledge of the thing. Thus,

it shows our common or universalknowledge of the thing comes from our

experience of the particular.


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DEDUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE-

when we proceed from universalknowledge to particular cases. Because

we all know bodies tend to fall, wededuce that when we throw somethingupward it will fall on the ground..To beprecise we know that the man is mortal

because we know he dies so when a mandies we can speak of the mortality of a

man..


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Logic is the study of mental

process and both the inductivemethod and deductiveknowledge are needed to arrive

at the correctness of ourjudgement.Both method alwayshave that tendency to the truth.


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THREE BASIC

OPERATION OFKNOWLEDGE


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SIMPLE APPREHENSION-it is thebasic operation of the mind or the

mental process by which we grasp thegeneral meaning of the thing without

affirming or denying anything aboutit...It is the basic operation of themind that leads to a concept..


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JUDGING-it the act of the mindby which we compare two

concepts, either they agree or not.If we put the concept together it is

called judgment or proposition.I.e.Man laughs


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REASONING-is the act of mind

by which we derive new truthsfrom previous judgement;it is

called the syllogism

E.g.,

All men are walking

Cyrus is a man

.*.Cyrus is walking.


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DIVISION OF LOGIC


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MATERIAL Logic-

this focuses on the study of mainphilosophical problems taken up in logic

such as problems of the universals,abstraction ,or inductions. Therefore, it isalso called Philosophical Logic, because it

is concerned with the subject matter or thecontent or the truth of the topic.

Example: Peter is a man.


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Formal logic-

this is centered on the operation of themind from the point of view of correct

thinking. It is concerned with the

aspects of form which has to follow therules. It is all about Logic rules and thetheory of syllogism.

Example: Peter is a student.


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DEFINITION OF TERMS

When we express concepts,

we now call them terms.Concepts are just ideas of the

things. The term are what weuse to express our concepts.


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Humanity 2a

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