humanbio3ab sample exam solutions.doc

8/14/2019 humanbio3ab sample exam solutions.doc

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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Stage 3

Sample WACE Examination 2010

Maring !e"

2009/27858 Copyright Curriculum Council 2010

Marking keys are an explicit statement about what the examiner expects o can!i!ateswhen they respon! to a "uestion# $hey are essential to air assessment because theirproper construction un!erpins reliability an! %ali!ity#

&hen examiners !esign an examination' they !e%elop pro%isional marking keys that canbe re%iewe! at markers( meetings an! mo!iie! as necessary in the light o stu!entresponses#

$his marking key has been !e%elope! by examiners in con)unction with the sampleexamination paper an!' as is the case with any external examination !e%elope! by the

Curriculum Council' is a pro%isional !ocument that can be mo!iie! i necessary in thelight o stu!ent responses#


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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2 SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

Se'tion One( M)ltiple*'+oi'e ,0 Mar-

.)e-tion An-/er

1 b

2 a

* c

+ !

5 !

, a

7 !

8 b

9 c10 b

11 c

12 b

1* a

1+ c

15 b

1, a

17 c

18 !

19 b

20 c


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Se'tion &/o( S+ort an-/er 100 Mar-

.)e-tion 21 11 mar-

-a. escribe t/o 2structural !ierences between an! # -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

is !ouble stran!e! while is single stran!e! ny 2 points or1 mark each

-max 2. is !eoxyribose sugar while is ribose sugar

has nitrogen base thymine while has base uracil

&otal 2

-b. 3rotein synthesis in%ol%es two main stages' transcription an! translation# 4n the tablebelow outline the key points associate! with each stage# -, marks.

e-'ription Mar-

&ran-'ription &ran-lation

1 mark eachpoint

&here itoccurs in thecell

ucleus ibosome/Cytoplasm

Main e%ent thatoccurs !uringthe stage

m is ma!e

rom

mino aci!s are )oine! to

make protein base! onm co!e

$ype/s o in%ol%e! in thestage

m m an! t

&otal

-c. enes that are expresse! in an in!i%i!ual are sai! to be 6switche! on(# escribe whatthis means in relation to the process o protein synthesis# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar- enes are being use! to make m an! manuacture

proteins1

&otal 1


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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE , SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

-!. esi!es cellular control' en%ironmental actors can also aect the expression o a gene#escribe t/o 2examples o how the en%ironment can aect gene expression#

-2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

4ncrease! exposure to increases melanin pro!uction byskin cells

ny 2 examplesor 1 mark each

-max 2.

:ack o protein an! minerals in the !iet can result in a person

not achie%ing their genetic potential or height

;xcessi%e oo! intake can result in larger bo!y weight than

genetics !etermines

$raining/!iet/!rugs can result in better muscle

growth/itness/strength than genetics !etermines

3oor !iet/lack o stimulation !uring early chil!hoo! can result a

person not achie%ing their genetic potential or intelligence

Many possible answers < must outline en%ironmental actor an!

how it eects/alters genetic potential&otal 2

.)e-tion 22 4 mar-

-a. =tate the e%olutionary tren! in primates known as the olactory/optical shit# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

ecrease! sense o smell an! increase! eiciency o %ision 1

&otal 1

-b. ;xplain why the changes in the eatures o the olactory an! optical senses are linke!#-* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

ecrease! smell is associate! with a re!uce! snout 1

e!uce! snout allows or more orwar! acing eyes 1

etter stereoscopic %ision 1

&otal 3


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$he ollowing three "uestions -c.' -!.' an! -e. reer to the !iagram shown below#

-c. 4!entiy structure # -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

>oramen magnum 1

&otal 1

-!. escribe the e%olutionary tren! rom an ape?like ancestor to mo!ern humans instructure an! the signiicance o this eature to mo!ern humans# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

pes locate! more posterior to humans locate! centrally 1

llows or balance o the skull on top o the spine in bipe!al

locomotion1

&otal 2


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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

-e. &ith reerence to the !iagram' !escribe one other e%olutionary tren! e%i!ent rom anape?like ancestor to mo!ern humans an! the signiicance o this eature to mo!ernhumans# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

iagram shows a relati%e small )aw/maxilla' while apes ha%erelati%ely large )aw/maxilla ? cannot reer to man!ible as notshown in !iagram

@elp enable balance o the skull on top o the spine in bipe!al

locomotion

iagram shows non?protru!ing )aw' while apes ha%e a

prognathic )aw

@elps enable balance o the skull on top o the spine in bipe!al

locomotion

iagram shows small' e%en teeth' while apes ha%e large

canines an! molars

elects change in !iet' with less roughage an! more

meat/cooke! oo!

iagram shows parabolic shape! !ental arca!e' while apes

ha%e a ?shape! arca!e


meat/cooke! oo!

iagram shows gracile Aygomatic arch' while apes ha%e large

arch


meat/cooke! oo!

iagram shows e%en teeth space' while apes ha%e a !iastema


meat/cooke! oo!

$wo linke! pointsi6e6 an" 7eat)re

tren8 an8rea-on 7or 2

mar-

&otal 2


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.)e-tion 23 10 mar-

&hen an organ has lost its ability to unction properly' an organ transplant can help restoreunction# @owe%er' re)ection o the transplante! organ is a ma)or problem ace! by patients#Brgan re)ection is controlle! by a genetic trait known as the @uman :eukocyte ntigen -@:.'

which recognises an! re)ects oreign tissue# $his trait is inherite! by multiple alleles#

-a. eine multi?allelic inheritance# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

More than two %ariants o a gene/alleles are present or a gene

locus1

&otal 1

-b. 3ro%i!e an example o an organ which can be transplante! rom a li%ing !onor# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar- i!ney/bone marrow/part o the li%er/part o a lung/part o a

pancreas/skin1

&otal 1

-c. ;xplain why organ re)ection occurs# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

Brgan contains non?sel antigens

4nitiates an immune response by the bo!y against the

organ/4mmune system starts to !estroy organ tissue 4n%ol%es $ cells

ny two pointsor 1 mark each

-max 2.

&otal 2

-!. Butline how treatments ater transplantation can be use! to !ecrease the chance ore)ection an! the associate! !isa!%antage o these treatments# -* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

3atients take immunosuppressant !rugs

ecrease action o the immune system

4ncrease! risk o inections egati%e si!e eects o me!ication

11

ny one point or1 mark

&otal 3


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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE : SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

-e. ;xplain why it woul! be easier to in! a genetic match between an organ !onor an! anorgan recipient i the @: trait was inherite! by monogenic inheritance rather than multi?allelic inheritance# -* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

@: trait is un!er the inluence o many genes/has %ery largenumber o genotypes

1

4 un!er monogenic inheritance woul! only ha%e * possible

genotypes1

:ess %ariation means easier to in! a match between potential

!onor an! recipient1

&otal 3

.)e-tion 2, : mar-

-a. &hat eects !oes 3arkinson(s !isease ha%e on the ner%ous systemD -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

3rogressi%e !egeneration o ner%e cells in the centre o the

brain

esults in !eiciency o !opamine

ny one pointor 1 mark

-max 1.

&otal 1

-b. &hat are t/o2main symptoms !isplaye! by a suerer o 3arkinson(s !iseaseD-1 mark.

e-'ription Mar- =haking/impaire! coor!ination

=low mo%ement

Muscle stiness

4mpaire! speech

=toope! posture

4mpaire! relexes

ny two pointsor 1 mark-max 1.

&otal 1

-c. lthough 3arkinson(s !isease cannot be cure! with pharmaceutical me!ications theycan help patients manage the !isease# escribe t/o 2ways this can be achie%e!#

-2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

3atients take !rugs which eitherE

Contain or act like !opamine

lock acetylcholine

3re%ent the break!own o !opamine


-max 2.

&otal 2

-any 2 points or 1 mark each.


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-!. n el!erly patient showing se%ere symptoms o 3arkinson(s !isease is consi!eringen!ing his lie# 3ro%i!e t/o 2reasonable arguments or an! t/o 2reasonablearguments against %oluntary euthanasia# -+ marks.

e-'ription Mar-

;or( Choice is a un!amental right

Bnly a patient can !eci!e i suering is worse than !eath

espect or one(s wishes

eman! on health resources/cost is re!uce!


-max 2.

Again-t(

eligious %iews/right to lie

Me!ical proessionals can not cause harm

$ime may impro%e con!ition

May not be successul an! cause more problems

3atient may not be rational/competent to make !ecision 3atients may be pressure! into !ecision


-max 2.

&otal ,


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.)e-tion 25 12 mar-

-a. ame the neurotransmitter that communicates between a ner%e ibre an! skeletalmuscle an! state the process by which it is transporte! across the synapse# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar- cetylcholine

y !iusion

11

&otal 2

-b. >ollowing excitation o a muscle cell' calcium ions are release! rom internal stores#escribe where calcium ions are store! an! how they initiate muscle contraction#

-* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

Calcium ions store! in internal sacs/sarcoplasmic reticulum

elease! upon ner%ous stimulation

in!s to the thin/actin ilaments

>loo!s the cells

lters the shape o the actin an! myosin ilaments

ny * points or1 mark each

-max *.

&otal 3

-c. $he ollowing "uestion reers to the !iagram o the sarcomere shown below

-i. &hat types o proteins makes up the thin an! thick ilamentsD -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

$hin ilamentE ctin

$hick ilamentE Myosin

1

1&otal 2


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-ii. ;xplain the !ierence between the @ Aone an! the 4 ban!# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

@ Aone is ma!e o only thick ilaments while the 4 ban! is ma!e

o only thin ilaments1

&otal 1

-iii. ;xplain how the thick an! thin ilaments work together to pro!uce a musclecontraction# -* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

$hick ilaments ha%e hea!s/cross bri!ges/latches/links that can

catch the thin actin ilaments an! pull them along1

$his causes the ilaments to sli!e past each other 1

=hortening the muscle cells 1

&otal 3

-!. &hat molecule is the !irect energy source or muscle contractionD-1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

$3/a!enosine triphosphate 1

&otal 1

.)e-tion 2 10 mar-

research article rom ugust 2009 claims that a new osteoporosis !rug calle! enosumabre!uces spinal ractures by about two thir!s in menopausal women# 4t is the irst !rug !esigne!to block the pro!uction o bone cells calle! osteoclasts# 3re%ious treatments kill alrea!yexisting osteoclasts#

$he stu!y inclu!e! 7',8, women between the ages o ,0 an! 90# ll o the women recei%e!in)ections e%ery six months or three years# @al o them recei%e! the !rug enosumab an! theother hal recei%e! a placebo# B%erall' 2#*F o women recei%ing the !rug ha! a spinal racturean! 0#7F ha! a hip racture' compare! with 7#2F an! 1#2F respecti%ely in the placebo group#

-a. =uggest the hypothesis the experiment was !esigne! to test# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

enosumab re!uces spinal ractures in menopausal women# 1

&otal 1

-b. &hen !esigning the experiment to test this hypothesis what woul! be theE -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

4n!epen!ent %ariableE presence o the new !rug/!enosumab 1

epen!ent %ariableE re!uction in spinal ractures/ percentage

o women with spinal ractures 1

&otal 2


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-c. :ist t/o 2%ariables that are controlle! in this experiment# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

all menopausal women

all between ,0 an! 90 years o age

all recei%e! an in)ection e"ual numbers in each group

same time o in)ection -e%ery , months or * years.

ny two points

or 1 mark each-max 2.

&otal 2

-!. $he control group in this experiment recei%e! a placebo# &hat is a placebo an! whywoul! it be use! in this experimentD -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

=ame treatment as the experimental group but without the

acti%e ingre!ient -the !rug. e!uces the eect o psychological inluences on the results

1

1

&otal 2

-e. $he research states that the !rug enosumab is the irst to block the pro!uction oosteoclasts# &hat woul! be the normal role o osteoclasts in the bone that makes itnecessary to block their pro!uction in patients with osteoporosisD -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

$hey break !own bone/remo%e calcium rom bone 1

&otal 1

-. part rom the use o the types o !rugs mentione!' there are other metho!s o treatingor pre%enting osteoporosis# escribe t/o 2o these metho!s# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

iet high in calcium/%itamin /!airy pro!ucts

@igh impact exercise

@ormone replacement therapy to increase oestrogen le%els

3arathyroi! hormone treatment

o smoking/no excessi%e alcohol


-max 2.

&otal 2


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.)e-tion 29 10 mar-

$he !iagram below represents the regulation o carbon !ioxi!e le%els in the arterial bloo!#

4ncrease in carbon !ioxi!e

concentration in the bloo!

3eripheral chemo?receptors Aan!B

espiratory centre in the

me!ulla oblongata

espiratory muscles

4ncrease in rate an! !epth obreathing

ecrease in carbon !ioxi!econcentration in the bloo!

Central chemo?receptors inthe me!ulla oblongata


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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 1, SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

-a. ame the structures represente! by the letters Aan!B# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

Caroti! an! aortic bo!ies < m)-t +a


15/29


;mphysema

&otal 1

.)e-tion 2: 10 mar-

esi!es the stu!y o ossils' much o the e%i!ence or e%olution has come rom comparati%e

stu!ies# $he !iagrams below show an example o one o these metho!s# $hey show theappearance o se%eral %ertebrate penta!actyl limbs#

-a. ame an! !escribe the speciic type o comparati%e stu!y being illustrate! in these!iagrams# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

@omologous structures 1

@igh !egree o structural similarity but perorm !ierent

unctions1

&otal 2

-b. ;xplain how this metho! can pro%i!e support or the theory o e%olution#-1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

$he similar structures show the %ertebrates are likely to ha%e a

common ancestor1

&otal 1

-c. 4!entiy one 1other type o comparati%e stu!y that in%ol%es the examination o theanatomy o %ertebrates# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

estigial structures

;mbryology

ny one point or1 mark-max 1.


16/29


&otal 1


17/29


-!. More recent metho!s ha%e in%ol%e! biochemical stu!ies which examinesimilarities an! !ierences at the molecular le%el# 4nclu!e! in these are stu!ies o an! protein in !ierent species#

-i. ;xplain how the stu!y o proteins can pro%i!e e%i!ence or e%olution# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

$he more similar the type an! se"uence o amino aci!s in a

protein rom !ierent species1

$he more recent the common ancestry 1

&otal 2

-ii. se"uencing is use! to !etermine the similarities between species#escribe the role o the ollowing in this process# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar- estriction enAymes G cut into ragments 1

el electrophoresis G !ierent siAe! ragments tra%el !ierent

!istances through the gel so can be separate!1

&otal 2

-e. 3olymerase chain reaction is a techni"ue use! to artiicially multiply segments o #&hy woul! this be useul to compare extinct an! present !ay speciesD

-2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

>ossils usually ha%e %ery small amounts o to use 1

$his ampliies tiny "uantities o /enables a suicient

amount o material to be useul or comparison1

&otal 2


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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 1: SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

.)e-tion 24 10 mar-

$he !iagram below shows a cross section o the human brain#

-a. :abel the ollowing partsE-2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

AG me!ulla oblongata

B G cerebellum

1

1&otal 2

-b. Hou see a coin on the groun! an! ben! o%er to pick it up#

-i. ame the -pe'i7i'part o Cwhere the thought to pick up the coin originates#-1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

Motor association area o the cerebrum/cerebral cortex 1

&otal 1


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-ii. ame the -pe'i7i' part o Cthat carries out the conscious control o themo%ement to pick up the coin# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

3rimary motor area o cerebrum/cerebral cortex 1

&otal 1

-iii. ame the part o the brain that coor!inates the mo%ement to enable you to pickup the coin# -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

Cerebellum 1

&otal 1

-c. $he outer surace o structures Ban! Cconsist o grey matter# &hich parts o aneuron can be oun! in grey matterD -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

Cell bo!y an! unmyelinate! ibres ? m)-t -tate =ot+ 1

&otal 1

-!.=tructure is the spinal cor!# 4t is continuous with the brain an! both are surroun!e!by membranes calle! meninges which are ille! with lui!# &hat is the name an!purpose o this lui!D -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar- Cerebrospinal lui! 1

Cushioning/shock absorbing/pro%i!es nutrients/remo%es

wastes1

&otal 2

-e. $he spinal cor! contains white matter consisting o ascen!ing an! !escen!ingtracts#

-i. &hich type o neuron woul! make up the ascen!ing tractsD

-1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

sensory/aerent 1

&otal 1

-ii. =ome impulses !o not tra%el through these tracts but go in an! out o thespinal cor! at the same le%el# &hat is the a!%antage o an impulse ollowing thispathwayD -1 mark.

e-'ription Mar-

api! response to maintain homeostasis/pro%i!e protection 1

&otal 1


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.)e-tion 30 10 mar-

-a. $he bones that orm immo%able )oints it closely together# 4!entiy an example o one inthe human bo!y an! !escribe how the bones are connecte! at such a )oint# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar- =utures in the skull/$eeth an! Iaw

ones hel! together by ibrous connecti%e tissue

11

&otal 2

-b. 4!entiy t/o 2structural eatures that are uni"ue to syno%ial )oints# -2 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

3resence o articular/hyaline cartilage suraces on bone

3resence o a )oint capsule ille! with lui!

3resence o bursae/menisci -some.


-max 2.&otal 2

-c. 4!entiy t+ree 3types o syno%ial )oints an! pro%i!e an example o each in the humanbo!y# -* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

@inge G elbow )oint/ knee )oint/ phalanges

3i%ot G 1stan! 2n!%ertebrae or -atlas an! axis./ra!ius J ulna

=a!!le G thumb )oint/ 1stmetacarpal an! carpal bone

Con!yloi! G ra!ius an! carpal bones/ metacarpal/ metatarsal Jphalanges

all an! socket G shoul!er/hip )oint

li!ing G a!)acent %ertebrae/carpal an! tarsal bones

ny three )ointsan! example or

1 mark each-max *.

&otal 3

-!. $wo types o complementary mo%ement create! at a mo%able )oint are lexion an!extension# ierentiate between these two mo%ements an! pro%i!e an example oeach o these actions occurring in the human bo!y# -* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

>lexion is !ecreasing the angle between bones' while

extension is increasing the angle 1

>lexion example G ben!ing the knee/elbow/inger 1

;xtension example G straightening the knee/elbow/inger 1

&otal 3


21/29


Se'tion &+ree( Exten8e8 an-/er 0 Mar-

$his section contains three -*. "uestions# =elect an! attempt an" t/o 2 >)e-tion-romKuestion *1' *2 an! **# &rite your answers on the line! pages pro%i!e!# nswers shoul! bewritten in a blue or black pen#

esponses coul! inclu!e clearly labelle! !iagrams with explanatory notesL lists o points withlinking sentencesL clearly labelle! tables an! graphsL an! annotate! low !iagrams withintro!uctory notes#

=uggeste! working time or this section is ,0 minutes#

.)e-tion 31 30 mar-

-a. Multiple !rug resistant bacteria are becoming a problem in treating some bacterialinections# acteria that ha%e e%ol%e! resistance to antibiotics cannot be controlle! or

treate!#

esearchers ha%e suggeste! that the o%eruse o antibiotics in the community hascause! the e%olution o generations o multiple !rug resistant bacteria# ;xplain thisprocess using as an example antibiotics ' an! C#

-10 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

atural genetic %ariation within the bacterial population

ue to high mutation rate o bacteria

=ome are resistant to ntibiotic

&hen treate! with ntibiotic ' the resistant bacteria sur%i%e $hese pro!uce colonies o ntibiotic resistant bacteria

ntibiotic no longer eecti%e an! new antibiotic nee!e!

&ithin these colonies there are bacteria with resistance to

ntibiotic

&hen the inection is treate! with ntibiotic ' the resistant

ones will sur%i%e

$hese pro!uce colonies o bacteria resistance to ntibiotic

an!

ntibiotics an! no longer eecti%e an! new antibiotic

nee!e!

4 the bacteria are expose! to ntibiotic C' the natural %ariationin the bacterial population will see some sur%i%ing

$hese sur%i%ing bacteria will now be resistant to all three

antibiotics

ny ten pointsor 1 mark each

&otal 10


22/29


-b. ntibiotics can be use! to treat bacterial inections but are generally not eecti%eagainst %iral inections#

-i. Butline the reasons why antibiotics are ineecti%e against %iral inections#-* marks.

e-'ription Mar-

Anti=ioti'-(

ntibiotics work on the cell structure/block translation !uring

protein synthesis o bacteria

iruses !o not ha%e a cellular structure

iruses in%a!e bo!y cells to pro!uce more %iral particles

ntibiotics can(t !istinguish bo!y cells with %iruses rom other

cells

ntibiotics work on bacterial cell walls' membranes an! cellular

metabolism

$he structure o %iruses protein coats !o not ha%e receptorsites or antibiotics

ny *points or1 markeach

-max *.

&otal 3

-ii. escribe t/o2other metho!s that can be use! eecti%ely against %iralinections# -7 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

4mmunisation in%ol%esE 1

4n)ection o %iral pathogens in a !ea!/re!uce! capacity state

into the bo!y Create an immune response to the pathogen/so that memory

cells are create!

&hen persons comes into contact with pathogens memory

cells will ight pathogens beore inection can take hol!/personwill not experience the !isease

ny *points or1 markeach

-max *.

nti%irals areE 1

rug which inhibit the action o %iral pathogen

&ork by targeting %iral speciic proteins an! !isabling them

Can also enhance the bo!y(s own immune system to attack the

%irus

&ork to inhibit the lie cycle o the %irus

-any 2points or1 markeach.

-max 2.

&otal 9


23/29


-c. Many !iseases oun! in the human population are not cause! by bacterial or %iralpathogens but are instea! attribute! to en%ironmental an! genetic actors# 4n thesecases tra!itional treatment metho!s can oten only slow the progression o the !iseasebut not pro%i!e a cure# more promising treatment might in%ol%e stem?cell research#

-i. riely !escribe what is meant by stem?cell research# -+ marks.

e-'ription Mar-

Stem 'ell re-ear'+(

=tem cells are unspecialise! cells capable o un!ergoing

numerous cycles o cell !i%ision an! capable o !ierentiatinginto speciic cell types

=tem cell research in%ol%es looking at ways to !ierentiate

stem cells into speciic cells as re"uire!

&hich can then be use! to orm new tissues an! organs

4n%ol%es the use o embryonic stem cells rom the !e%eloping

blastocyst

n! a!ult stem cells rom umbilical cor! bloo!/bone

marrow/brain

ny our pointsor 1 mark each

-max +.

&otal ,

-ii. ;xplain how stem?cell research coul! pro%i!e better treatment options ort+ree 3!ierent types o !iseases cause! by en%ironmental an!/or geneticactors#

-, marks.

e-'ription Mar-

#o--i=le impro


24/29

HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2, SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

.)e-tion 32 30 mar-

-a. 3hysiological mechanisms that respon! to low external temperatures inclu!e those thatincrease internal heat pro!uction# $hese can be coor!inate! by either the ner%oussystem or the en!ocrine system# @owe%er' these systems act in !istinctly !ierent

ways to carry out their unctions#

;xplain the !ierences between the ways in which the ner%ous system an! theen!ocrine system respon! when a bo!y is expose! to low temperatures# eerspeciically to the control mechanisms that increase internal heat pro!uction#

-18 marks.

e-'ription Mar-

;)n'tion Ner


25/29


Can )-e a8renalin pro


26/29


-ii. outline metho!s use! to treat each o the two types o !iabetes# -+ marks.

e-'ription Mar-

Met+o8- o7 treatment($ype 1

se o insulin as hormone replacement therapy pro!uce! byrecombinant

1

y regular in)ections o insulin or programmable insulin pumps 1

$ype 2

eha%ioural changes such as careul !iet/regular

exercise/maintaining a healthy weight/monitoring bloo! glucose

1

Me!ication i beha%ioural changes can(t control the !isease 1

&otal ,

.)e-tion 33 30 mar-

-a. $he hypothalamus is an important control centre in the brain# $he pituitary glan! isoten reerre! to as the 6master glan!( an! is essential to the unctioning o theen!ocrine system#

escribe the relationship between the hypothalamus an! the anterior an! posterior lobes o thepituitary glan!#

-, marks.

e-'ription Mar-

#o-terior(

$he hormones are pro!uce! in specialiAe! cell bo!ies locate!in the hypothalamus abo%e the pituitary -4mportant to mentionthat the hormones are B$ pro!uce! in the pituitary.

1

$he hormones are transporte! !own the axons o these cells

which tra%el !own into an! terminate in the posterior lobe#1

$hey are release! rom the ner%e terminals in the posterior

lobe where they are washe! into the general circulation#1

&otal 3

e-'ription Mar-

Anterior(

$he hormones are pro!uce! in specialiAe! cells locate! withinthe anterior lobe#

1

system o bloo! %essels connects capillaries in the

hypothalamus with capillaries in the anterior lobe#1

$he hormones are stimulate! or release by specialiAe!

chemicals/releasing J inhibiting actors pro!uce! in thehypothalamus an! washe! !own to the anterior pituitary#

1

&otal 3


27/29


-b. Choose 7i=@ < >ollicle =timulating@ormone -nterior :obe.

ccept eitherE>ollicles in theo%aries/seminieroustubules in the testes

3romotes growth oollicles pre?o%ulation inthe o%aries/ stimulatesspermatogenesis inseminierous tubules inthe testis#

@ < rowth @ormone-nterior :obe.

bi"uitous < can

pro!uce a responseon most cells

=timulates growth an!protein synthesis-synchronises growthbetween !ierent organsystems' e#g# skeletonan! muscular/ is an insulinantagonist an! promoteshyperglycaemia.

3rolactin -nterior :obe.Milk?pro!ucing cells/al%eolar cells in thebreast

=timulate milk ormation!uring pregnancy an!ater birth -B$ milk?let!own relex/suckling.

M=@ < Melanocyte=timulating@ormone-nterior :obe.

Melanocytes/pigment cells in theskin

=timulates the ormationo melanin/skin pigment'!arkening the skin/tanning

Bxytocin -3osterior :obe.=mooth muscle inbreast/ smoothmuscle o uterus

Contraction o !ucts inbreast causing milklet!own -suckling. relex/contraction o uterus!uring birth

@ < nti!iuretic@ormone -3osterior:obe.

i!ney -renal.nephrons/ ki!ney-renal. collecting!ucts

3romotes the reabsorptiono water rom nephrons/collecting !ucts to re!ucethe amount o urine output

&otal 15


28/29

HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2: SAM#LE MA$!ING !E%S&AGE 3

-c. Compare an! contrast the sympathetic an! parasympathetic ner%ous systems#-9 marks.

Compari-on item S"mpat+eti' #ara-"mpat+eti' Mar-

&hen in action

uring times o

strenuous physicalacti%ity

uring times o "uiet

con!itions

-ny 9comparison points

m)-t in'l)8e=ot+

-"mpat+eti' para-"mpat+eti'a'tion-?e77e't-or 1 mark each.

Control o%er utonomic unctions utonomic unctions

3urpose o !i%ision3repare bo!y orincrease! acti%ity/light oright response

Maintain normalunctioning/ enhancing!igesti%e process

irection oinormation

;erent/ carryinormation away romC=

;erent/ carryinormation away romC=

eurotransmitters

!renalin/nora!renalin atmost en!terminals/acetylcholine at

gangalionic synapses

cetylcholine

Spe'i7i' e77e't-

Car!iac muscle orheart

4ncrease! rate an!strength o contraction

ecrease! rate an!strength o contraction

=kin bloo! %essels Constriction o eect

=keletal muscle bloo!%essels

ilation/increase! bloo!low

o eect

igesti%e tract-mechanical.

ecrease! peristalsis 4ncrease! peristalsis

igesti%e tract

-glan!ular.

ecrease! secretion o

!igesti%e lui!s

4ncrease! secretion o

!igesti%e lui!s

@airs on skinContraction/goosebumps/piloerection

o eect

4ris o the eye ilation o pupil Constriction o pupil

rinary bla!!er -wall. elaxationContraction -to passurine.

rinary bla!!er-sphincter.

Contract elax

:i%er

4ncrease bloo! sugarle%els/break !own oglycogen/ release

glucose

o eect/ 4ncreaseuptake oglucose/synthesis o

glycogen!renal me!ulla !renalin secretion o eect

ronchioles/ airways ilation Constriction

&otal 4


29/29


AC!NOWLEGEMEN&S

Se'tion One(

.)e-tion 12 Image A

ra%ina' #' Mellars' 3#' J ronk amsey' C# -2005' o%ember *.# a!iocarbon !atingo interstratiie! ean!erthal an! early mo!ern human occupations at theChatelperronian type?site# Nature' 438' p# 5*# etrie%e! Ianuary' 2010' romIohn @awks weblogEhttpE//)ohnhawks#net/weblog/re%iews/nean!ertals/gra%inachatelperron2005#html

Images B & D&aterhouse' C#B# 4n Bakley' # 3# -19,5.# Man the tool maker-5the!#..:on!onE

$rustees o the ritish ational Museum -atural @istory.' pp# ++' ,+#N atural @istory Museum' :on!on

Image C&aterhouse' C#B# 4n Cal%in' @# -2002.#A brain for all seasons: Human evolution

and abrupt climate change# ChicagoE ni%ersity o Chicago 3ress' p# 1*0#etrie%e! Ianuary' 2010' romhttpE//williamcal%in#com/rain>orll=easons/Blor#htm

N atural @istory Museum' :on!on

.)e-tion 1, Left-hand image!apte! romE Iohansson' C# -2007.# etrie%e! ecember' 2009' rom&ikime!ia Commons websiteEhttpE//commons#wikime!ia#org/wiki/>ileE:egmusclesF282F29#pngse! un!er terms oCreati%e Commons ttribution =harelike *#0 :icence#

Right-hand image!apte! romEage against# -2008.# etrie%e! ecember' 2009' rom&ikime!ia Commons websiteE httpE//commons#wikime!ia#org/wiki/>ileEMFC*Fsculobicepsemoral#pngse! un!er terms o >ree ocumentation :icence#

Se'tion &/o(

.)e-tion 24 4mage a!apte! romE :ynch' 3#I# -200,.# etrie%e! ecember' 2009' rom&ikime!ia Commons websiteEhttpE//commons#wikime!ia#org/wiki/>ileErainhumansagittalsection#s%gse! un!er terms oCreati%e Commons ttribution 2#5 :icence#
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlhttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5

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