HUMAN SYSTEMS. INTEGUMENTARY skin most important organ 20lbs. or 16% total body weight heaviest...
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HUMAN SYSTEMS
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INTEGUMENTARY
• skin most important organ• 20lbs. or 16% total body weight• heaviest organ• skin, hair, nails, and specialized sweat and oil
producing glands• controlled by many tiny specialized sense
organs
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FUNCTION
•PROTECTION
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• Protection from: –Disease–Mechanical damage to underlying
organs–Chemicals–Regulation of body temp.
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SKELETAL• Includes bones, cartilage, ligaments,
and joints• FUNCTION: –support –protection–storage (minerals)–formation of red blood cells
• flexibility
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MUSCULAR
• voluntary (striated) and involuntary (smooth)• recall tendons attach muscle to
bone• voluntary muscles (contractions)
tend to move bones
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NERVOUS
• brain, spinal cord, and nerves are the organs• extensive network of nerves
• FUNCTIONS:–Communication between body
functions–Integration of body functions–Control of body function–Recognition of sensory stimuli
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• achieved by nerve impulses: rapid and precise• can also recognize stimuli: heat,
light, pressure
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ENDOCRINE
• specialized glands (ductless) that secrete hormones directly into blood
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• FUNCTION–Communication–Integrations–Control
• similar to NS• slower, but longer-lasting control• main regulators of : growth,
metabolism, reproduction
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• widely distributed organs: pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas (testes and ovaries)
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CARDIOVASCULAR
• heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries• closed system• blood, pumped by heart,
circulates body
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• FUNCTION:–Transportation (oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes)–Regulation of body temp–Immunity
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LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
• includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and special organs (tonsils, thymus gland, spleen)• vessels are filled with lymph, rather
blood
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LYMPH
• a whitish, water fluid that contain lymphocytes, proteins, and some fatty molecules
• formed from the fluid around the body cells and diffuses into the lymph vessels
• is not a closed system• at some point lymph enters the circulatory
system by passing through large ducts, like thoracic duct
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• this in turn connect with veins• collections of lymph nodes are
found in axillary (armpit) and inguinal (groin) areas
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• FUNCTION:
–Movement of fluids and large molecules from matrices –Movement of the fat-related
nutrients from digestive tract• ALL back to blood
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• the immune system protects us from disease-causing microorganisms, toxins, foreign tissue cell, and our own cells that have become malignant• some immune cells can attack, engulf,
and destroy micro. by phagocytosis• most other cells secrete proteins –
antibodies and complements
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• organs include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs• permits the movement of air into
alveoli
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• FUNCTION:–Movement of oxygen and carbon
dioxide–Air warmed and humidified–Removes inhaled irritants–Regulation of acid-base balance of
body
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• two groups• primary and secondary• primary organs form tube, open at
both ends, called GASTROINTESTNAL (GI tract)
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• FUNCTION:–Digestion of nutrients–Absorption of nutrients–Excretion of wastes (feces)
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URINARY SYSTEM
• organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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• kidneys FUNCTION:–clean blood of wastes produced by
cells–maintain electrolyte, water, and
acid-base balance• waste = urine
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REPRODUCTION
• male: gonads (testes), ducts (vas deferens), gland (prostate) and genitalia (penis and scrotum)• urethra is part of urinary and
reproductive systems• testes produce sperm (gamete)
and prostate add fluids to sperm
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• female: gonads (ovaries), ducts (fallopian tubes), accessory organs (uterus, vagina), and genitalia (vulva)• gamete: ova
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• mammary glands considered external accessory organs• fertilization is union of gametes
(sperm and ova)• once fertilized the ova implants in
uterus for development