Human Social Interaction Research proposal Dr. Roger Newport Room B47 Drop-in times: Tuesdays 12-2 ...
Transcript of Human Social Interaction Research proposal Dr. Roger Newport Room B47 Drop-in times: Tuesdays 12-2 ...
Human Social InteractionResearch proposal
Dr Roger NewportRoom B47
Drop-in times Tuesdays 12-2
wwwpsychologynottinghamacukstaffrwn
Understanding Emotion visual recognition
1
Introduction to facial emotionsThe neuroscience of Fear and Disgust(the simple story)
Other emotions (the complicated story)Current research
2
What are facial expressions of emotion and what are they for
Are there specific centres in the brain dedicated to emotion perception
Are different emotions processed in different ways
3
Understanding Emotions
Lecture Overview
Why are we interested in emotion perception
Evolutionary survival Social survival
4
Motivational Self-conscioussocial
ThirstHungerPainMood
ShameEmbarrassment
PrideGuilt
Regulate social behaviour
BasicHappiness
FearAnger
SurpriseDisgustSadness
Feature prominentlyin social
communication
Do not feature prominentlyin social communication
5facial expressions of emotion - what are the emotions
Faces are special
Face perception may be the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans
Infants prefer to look at faces from shortly after birth (Morton and Johnson 1991)
Most people spend more time looking at faces than at any other type of object
We seem to have the capacity to perceive the unique identity of a virtually unlimited number of different faces
6
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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-
Introduction to facial emotionsThe neuroscience of Fear and Disgust(the simple story)
Other emotions (the complicated story)Current research
2
What are facial expressions of emotion and what are they for
Are there specific centres in the brain dedicated to emotion perception
Are different emotions processed in different ways
3
Understanding Emotions
Lecture Overview
Why are we interested in emotion perception
Evolutionary survival Social survival
4
Motivational Self-conscioussocial
ThirstHungerPainMood
ShameEmbarrassment
PrideGuilt
Regulate social behaviour
BasicHappiness
FearAnger
SurpriseDisgustSadness
Feature prominentlyin social
communication
Do not feature prominentlyin social communication
5facial expressions of emotion - what are the emotions
Faces are special
Face perception may be the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans
Infants prefer to look at faces from shortly after birth (Morton and Johnson 1991)
Most people spend more time looking at faces than at any other type of object
We seem to have the capacity to perceive the unique identity of a virtually unlimited number of different faces
6
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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What are facial expressions of emotion and what are they for
Are there specific centres in the brain dedicated to emotion perception
Are different emotions processed in different ways
3
Understanding Emotions
Lecture Overview
Why are we interested in emotion perception
Evolutionary survival Social survival
4
Motivational Self-conscioussocial
ThirstHungerPainMood
ShameEmbarrassment
PrideGuilt
Regulate social behaviour
BasicHappiness
FearAnger
SurpriseDisgustSadness
Feature prominentlyin social
communication
Do not feature prominentlyin social communication
5facial expressions of emotion - what are the emotions
Faces are special
Face perception may be the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans
Infants prefer to look at faces from shortly after birth (Morton and Johnson 1991)
Most people spend more time looking at faces than at any other type of object
We seem to have the capacity to perceive the unique identity of a virtually unlimited number of different faces
6
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Why are we interested in emotion perception
Evolutionary survival Social survival
4
Motivational Self-conscioussocial
ThirstHungerPainMood
ShameEmbarrassment
PrideGuilt
Regulate social behaviour
BasicHappiness
FearAnger
SurpriseDisgustSadness
Feature prominentlyin social
communication
Do not feature prominentlyin social communication
5facial expressions of emotion - what are the emotions
Faces are special
Face perception may be the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans
Infants prefer to look at faces from shortly after birth (Morton and Johnson 1991)
Most people spend more time looking at faces than at any other type of object
We seem to have the capacity to perceive the unique identity of a virtually unlimited number of different faces
6
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 26
- Slide 27
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- Slide 50
-
Motivational Self-conscioussocial
ThirstHungerPainMood
ShameEmbarrassment
PrideGuilt
Regulate social behaviour
BasicHappiness
FearAnger
SurpriseDisgustSadness
Feature prominentlyin social
communication
Do not feature prominentlyin social communication
5facial expressions of emotion - what are the emotions
Faces are special
Face perception may be the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans
Infants prefer to look at faces from shortly after birth (Morton and Johnson 1991)
Most people spend more time looking at faces than at any other type of object
We seem to have the capacity to perceive the unique identity of a virtually unlimited number of different faces
6
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Faces are special
Face perception may be the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans
Infants prefer to look at faces from shortly after birth (Morton and Johnson 1991)
Most people spend more time looking at faces than at any other type of object
We seem to have the capacity to perceive the unique identity of a virtually unlimited number of different faces
6
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
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- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
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- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
We laugh more if in a group show distress more if in a group
Babies (10 months) almost only smile in presence of caregiver
Babies look to caregiver and behave according to caregiver response when encountering novel object Eg a barking dog or a snake
This is known as social referencing and is also seen in chimpanzee societies
A similar process observational fear is seen in other monkeys Infant monkeys show fearful unconditioned response to motherrsquos expression of fear when the mother could see a snake but the infants could not That is infants showed a fear response to the motherrsquos fear response
Facial expressions as a communicative tool
7Understanding Emotion from facial expressions
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Percentage of facial responses to unpleasant odour classified as unpleasant neutral or pleasant in a spontaneous condition a posed to real person condition and a posed to imaginary audience condition
InErickson and Schulkin 2003
8facial expressions as communication
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Facial expressions allow for rapid communication
They are produced when there is an emotional stimulus and an audience present
Our interpretation of anotherrsquos emotion modulates our behaviour and vice versa
The ability to recognise emotion expressions appears very early
first few days (neonates)
can distinguish between expressions of happiness sadness and surprise
Four- to six-month show preferences for facial expressions of happiness over neutral and angry expressions
seven months can distinguish among expressions of fear anger surprise happiness and sadness
9facial expressions as communication
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Angry faces are detected much more rapidly than faces depicting non-threatening expressions
Ohman et al 2001
Attention is driven by fear
10Recognition as an automatic processes - fear and threat
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
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- Slide 27
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- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Evidence from animal neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala is of primary importance in the recognition of fear
11Automatic processes = dedicated network
Fear and the amygdala
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Bilateral amygdala removal
reduces levels of aggression and fear in rats and monkeys
facial expressions and vocalisations become less expressive
impairs fear conditioning
12Fear and the amygdala - evidence from animal studies
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
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- Slide 27
- Slide 28
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- Slide 30
- Slide 31
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- Slide 33
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- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Bilateral amygdala damagereduces recognition of fear-inducing stimulireduces recognition of fear in othersreduces ability to express fear
Does NOT affect ability to recognise faces or to know what fear is
See patients SM DR and SE (Adolphs et al and Calder et al)
Alzheimerrsquos disease impairs fear conditioning
13
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human neuropsychology
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
non-conscious processing of fear expressions
Fear and the amygdala - evidence from human imaging
Increased amydala activity for facial expressions of fear vs happiness disgust anger neutral
Fear face recog
Fear cond
Results from several studies
14
Neuromodulatory role of left amygdala less fear = less activity
Subliminal activation of amygdala to fear
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions in Children and AdultsThomas et al 2001
Blocks of fixation of fear neutral faces No task just watch
Left amygdala activation for fear vs fixation in male children and adults
Overall adults showed greater amygdala activation for fear v neutral whereas children did not (neutral faces may be ambiguous)
LeftRight
15A typical study
Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Methods and Materials Subjects Six male adults (mean 1113093 24 years SD 1113093 66 years) and 12 children (mean 1113093 11 years SD 1113093 24 years) recruited in the Pittsburgh area were scanned in a 15-T scanner during passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces The children sixfemale and six male ranged in pubertal development from Tanner stages1 II to VIV Male and female subjects did not differ in mean age or Tanner stage Data from an additional three adults (three female) and four children (two female) were not included due to excessive motion artifact (111309305 voxels n 1113093 5) or claustrophobia (n 1113093 1) or because the subject fell asleep during the task (n 1113093 1) Subjects were screened for any personal or family history of psychiatric or medical illness and for any contraindications for an MRI Written child assent and parental consent were acquired before the study
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 43
- Slide 44
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- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Behavioral Paradigm The task consisted of the rapid and successive presentation of faces in blocks of neutral and emotional expressions The face stimuli consisted of digitized fearful and neutral faces taken from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) study (Figure 1) A total of eight different actors (four male and four female) demonstrating both fearful and neutral expressions were used The hair was stripped from the images to remove any nonfacial features and both fear and exaggerated fear poses were used for each actor (Calder et al 1997) resulting in a total of 16 fear stimuli and eight neutral stimuli Stimuli were presented for 200 msec with an interstimulus interval of 800 msec (flashing fixation point) Each block of trials consisted of the presentation of a flashing fixation point for 45 sec followed by alternating 42-sec blocks of either neutral or fearful expressions and a final 45-sec epoch of fixation (Figure 1) This procedure was repeated in three runs of trials with the presentation order counterbalanced across runs and across subjects (ie F-N-F-N-F or N-F-N-F-N) Following Breiter and colleaguesrsquo (Breiter et al 1996) design no overt response was required Instead subjects were instructed to fixate centrally to try to get an overall sense of the faces2
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Image Acquisition Processing and Analysis Scans were acquired on a 15-T GE Signa scanner (General Electric Systems Milwaukee) modified for echo planar imaging (Advanced NMR Wilmington MA) using a quadrature head coil A T1-weighted sagittal localizer image was used to prescribe the functional slice locations T1-weighted structural images were acquired in 4-mm contiguous coronal slices through the whole brain (echo time [TE] min repetition time [TR] 500 matrix 256 1113093 256 field of view [FOV] 20) for purposes of localizing the functional activity and aligning images in Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) Functional images (T2) were acquired at 12 of these slice locations spanning the entire amygdala (1113093A20 to P24 in Talairach coordinates) using an EPI BOLD sequence (TE 40 TR 3000 flip angle 90deg matrix 128 1113093 64 FOV 20 4-mm skip 0 voxel size 3125 1113093 3125 1113093 40 mm) There were three runs of 100 images totaling 300 images per slice Images were motion corrected and normalized All 18 subjects had less than 05 voxels of in-plane motion All images were registered to a representative reference brain using Automated Image Registration software (Woods et al 1992) and voxelwise analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted on these pooled data using normalized signal intensity as the dependent variable (Braver et al 1997 Casey et al 2000) Separate analyses were conducted comparing male adults and male children and comparing male and female children to examine interactions of stimulus type (fearful faces neutral faces fixation) with age or gender respectively Significant activations were defined by at least three contiguous voxels and alpha = 05 (Forman et al 1995) Amygdala activation was defined on the reference brain using Talairach coordinates and consensus among three raters (BJC KMT PJW) Significant regions that extended outside of the brain or had large SDs were excluded
Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Results Adults and Children A 2 1113093 2 (Group 1113093 Condition)3 ANOVA comparing male adults (n 1113093 6) and male children (n 1113093 6) revealed significant activity in the left amygdala and substantia innominata for fearful faces relative to fixation (Figure 2) and a decrease in signal with repeated presentations of the fearful faces4 (Table 1) Neutral faces showed a similar pattern of activation relative to fixation trials (F 1113093 2371 p 1113093 001) A significant interaction was observed in the left amygdala between stimulus type and age for the comparison of fearful and neutral expressions (Table 1) (Group 1113093 Condition Fear vs Neutral) Post hoc t tests indicate that adults demonstrated significantly greater activity for fearful faces relative to neutral faces (p 1113093 001) However the children demonstrated greater amygdala activity for neutral faces than for fearful expressions (p 1113093 0001) (Figure 3) Neither age nor Tanner stage predicted the magnitude of the percent change in signal in this sample
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 44
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- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
A variety of brain regions are involved in the processing of facial expressions of emotion
They are active at different times and some structures are active at more than one time
The amygdala is particularly implicated in the processing of fear stimuli receiving early (lt120 ms) subcortical as well as late (~170 ms) cortical input from the temporal lobes
Warning about other brain regions
16
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
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- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
The Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli A Comparison of Faces and ScenesHariri et al 2002
Blocked design
Matching task
Preferential right amygdala response to faces (faces gt IAPS)
Amygdala response to fear - special for faces
Getting rid of unwanted activations
17
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Adolphs and Tranel 2003Hadjihhani and de Gelder 2003
18Emotions - not just an ugly face
Cs better when faces presentBilat AMs worse when faces presentoften better at negative stimuli without faces
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
19
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
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- Slide 17
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- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
20
break
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
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- Slide 35
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- Slide 37
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- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
21
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
What emotion do these eyes depict
22The contribution of the eyes to facial expressions of fear
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Whalen et al 2004
Amygdala activation above fixation baseline for non-inverted (eye white) fearful eyes
23
The amygdala is responsive to large eye whites in fear (and surprise) expressions
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
signal change from fix
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
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- Slide 41
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- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
The amygdala fear and the eyesAdolphs et al 2005SM bubble analysis
24Emotions - the importance of the eyes
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
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- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
25
Emotions - the importance of the eyes
SMrsquos eye fixation (or lack of it)
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
When told to look at the eyes specifically SM improves but only while given this instruction
26Emotions - the importance of the eyes
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Hybrid Faces from Vuilleumier 2005
We need more than just the eyes to determine emotional and social relevance
27
Some easy to tell from eyes
Others from mouths
The amydalae are not just eye detectors - may direct attention to relevant stimuli - a biological relevance detector
Emotions - amygdalae are not simply eye detectors
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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-
Animal studiesinsula = gustatory corteximpaired taste aversion in rats
Human Neuropsychologypatient NKHuntingdonrsquos DiseaseTourettersquos and OCDElectrical stimulation = nauseaRepeated exposure leads to habituation
Human imagingPhilips et alWicker et al
29Yuck Disgust and the Insula (and basal ganglia)
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling DisgustWicker et al 2003
1 Observed actors smelling and reacting to bad nice and neutral odours
2 Smelt bad and nice odours (+ rest)Separate visual and olfactory runs
Overlay analysis
Disgust - evidence from imaging 30
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Fear
Amygdala
Activated by fear-inducing stimuli
Habituates to fear
Removal or damage disproportionately impairs fear recognition and feelings of fear
Disgust
Insula and Basal Ganglia
Activated by facial expressions of disgust
Insula Habituates to disgust
Removal damage or degeneration of either structure disproportionately impairs disgust recognition and feelings of disgust
A double dissociation conclude that the neural mechanisms for fear and disgust are anatomically and functionally distinct
31Disgust vs Fear summary
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
Green = neutralRed = angerPurple = fearYellow - happyBlue = sad
32
Duvernoy 1991 but see KesslerWest et al 2001
Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
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- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
-
50 patients with neurodegenerative dementiaNegative emotions (red rlITGrMTG) and in particular sadness (green rSTG) correlated with tissue loss in right lateral inferior temporal and right middle temporal regions
Reflects this arearsquos role in visual processing of negative emotions
Tissue loss associated with specific emotion recognition impairment
Rosen et al 2006
33Other basic emotions - implicated brain regions
How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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How does knowledge about brain activation help social psychologists
34
Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Recent Research June 2006
Age is related to decreasing cognitive function - esp in frontal functions
Is emotion processing affected by advancing ageAn event-related brain potential study
Emotional intensity is a frontal function
Are old folk impaired at emotion intensity recognition
Investigated using ERP (EEG) and analysed by ANOVA
Rationale
Methods
young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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young
old
Delay in early discrimination processing but no difference in emotion discrimination
Results
Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions
Emotional body language is important when the face cannot be seen
Important for survival so should be fast automatic and employ dedicated brain network
We know which parts of the brain are active for static emotion
We know that other parts of the brain are active for body motion
How do these interact for emotive whole body dynamic stimuli
Recent Research January 2007
Rationale
Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Used event-related fMRI and video clips
Fear and neutral body movements with scrambled static and dynamic video images as controls
Task to press button when inverted image seen (therefore incidental processing being measured)
Methods
1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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1 Main effects of bodies vs scrambled stimuli (Fs+Fd+Ns+Nd) minus 2(Sd+Ss)2 Main effects of fear vs neutral bodies [(Fs+Fd)minus(Ns+Nd)]3 Main effects of dynamic vs static bodies [(Fd+Nd)minus(Fs+Ns)]
Analyses
Results
Amygdala active for social stimuli
Not bothered whether static or dynamic
More bothered when it is fearful
Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Other brain regions are bothered that it is dynamic (and fearful)These regions will be covered in later lectures
Results
Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Attention to the person or the emotion Underlying activations in MEG
Facial emotion processing is fast (100ms) and automatic and occurs regardless of whether you attend to the face or not
Facial identity is also fast (but slower) and occurs in parallel according to most models
But there is some evidence from schizophrenia suggesting that the parallel (and therefore separate) brain regions interact
What happens to this interaction when you attend to either emotion or identity
Recent Research June 2007
Rational
Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
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Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Used MEG and happyfearneutral faces
Identity task - press button when 2 identities the sameEmotion task - press button when 2 emotions the same
90ms orbito-frontal response to emotion regardless of attention
170ms right insula response when attending to emotion
Also 220ms activation increase for areas associated with identity processing
Methods and Results
ConclusionsSo there you go
Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia
Amygdala volume known to be reduced in Schizophrenics
Emotion recognition known to be impaired in Schizophrenia
Direct link between the two not studied (properly) before
Used 20 Sz + 20 Cs 3T MRIAnd facial emotion intensity recognition task
Recent Research Oct 2007
Rationale
Methods
(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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(1) The schizophrenia patients had smaller amygdalar volumes than the healthy controls
(2) the patients showed impairment in recognizing facial emotions specifically anger surprise disgust and sadness
(3) the left amygdala volume reduction in these patients was associated with impaired recognition of sadness in facial expressions
Results
Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Summary
distinct neural pathways underlie the processing of signals of fear (amygdala) and disgust (insulabasal ganglia) in humans
this dissociation can be related to the adaptive significance of these emotions as responses to critical forms of threat that are associated with external (fear) and internal (disgust) defence systems
According to LeDoux social neuroscience has been able to make progress in the field of emotion by
focusing on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion
using an experimental approach to emotion that simplifies the problem in such a way as to make it tractable
circumventing vague and poorly defined aspects of emotion
removing subjective experience as a roadblock to experimentation
37
Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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Next weekEmotion recognition from auditory cues and theories of emotion
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