Human skeleton and types of bones

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TYPES OF BONE GROSS ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

Transcript of Human skeleton and types of bones

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TYPES OF BONE GROSS ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

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TYPES OF BONE ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE:ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE, BONES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO SEVEN DIFFERENT TYPES:

LONG BONES:

These bones typically have an elongated shaft and two expanded ends one on either side of the shaft. The shaft is known as diaphysis and the ends are called epiphyses. Normally the epiphyses are smooth and articular. The shaft has a central medullary cavity where lies the bone marrow. Long bones are further divided into three categories that are:

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TYPICAL LONG BONES:

THEY HAVE AN ELONGATED SHAFT AND TWO ENDS AND ARE REPRESENTED BY BONES SUCH AS HUMERUS, FEMUR, RADIUS, ULNA, TIBIA AND FIBULA.

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MINIATURE LONG BONES: AS THE NAME INDICATES, THESE BONES HAVE A MINIATURE

APPEARANCE AND OFTEN THEY HAVE ONLY ONE EPIPHYSIS. EXAMPLES OF THIS CLASS OF LONG BONES ARE METACARPALS, METATARSALS AND PHALANGES OF BOTH UPPER AND LOWER LIMB.

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MODIFIED LONG BONES:

THESE BONES EITHER HAVE MODIFIED SHAFT OR ENDS. THEY HAVE NO MEDULLARY CAVITY WHICH IS PRESENT IN THE TYPICAL LONG BONES. EXAMPLES OF THIS CLASS OF BONES ARE CLAVICLE AND BODY OF VERTEBRAE.

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SHORT BONES THESE BONES ARE SHORT IN POSTURE AND CAN BE OF ANY SHAPE. MOST

OF THEM ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THEIR SHAPE. EXAMPLES OF THIS CLASS OF BONES INCLUDE CUBOID, CUNEIFORM, SCAPHOID, TRAPEZOID ETC. IN FACT ALL THE CARPAL AND TARSAL BONES ARE INCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY.

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FLAT BONES

THESE BONES ARE FLAT IN APPEARANCE AND HAVE TWO PROMINENT SURFACES. THEY RESEMBLE SHALLOW PLATES AND FORM BOUNDARIES OF CERTAIN BODY CAVITIES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE SCAPULA, RIBS, STERNUM ETC

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IRREGULAR BONES

THE SHAPE OF THESE BONES IS COMPLETELY IRREGULAR AND THEY DO NOT FIT INTO ANY CATEGORY OF SHAPE. EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF BONES ARE VERTEBRAE, HIP BONE AND BONES IN THE BASE OF SKULL.

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PNEUMATIC BONES PNEUMATIC BONES CAN ALSO BE CATEGORIZED UNDER THE

IRREGULAR BONES BECAUSE THEY ARE ALSO IRREGULAR IN SHAPE BUT SINCE THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO THAT IS CHARACTERISTICALLY VERY IMPORTANT THEREFORE THEY ARE OFTEN CLASSIFIED SEPARATELY. THE CHARACTERISTIC DIFFERENCE IS THE PRESENCE OF LARGE AIR SPACES IN THESE BONES WHICH MAKE THEM LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND THUS THEY FORM THE MAJOR PORTION OF SKULL IN THE FORM OF SPHENOID, ETHMOID AND MAXILLA. BESIDES MAKING THE SKULL LIGHT IN WEIGHT THEY ALSO HELP IN RESONANCE OF SOUND AND AS AIR CONDITIONING CHAMBERS FOR THE INSPIRED AIR.

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SESAMOID BONES THESE ARE NOT LIKE THE OTHER TYPES OF BONES BECAUSE THEY

ARE IN THE FORM OF NODULES EMBEDDED IN TENDONS AND JOINT CAPSULES. THEY DO NOT POSSESS ANY PERIOSTEUM AND THEIR OSSIFICATION ALSO TAKES PLACE AFTER BIRTH. EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF BONES ARE PATELLA, PISIFORM AND FABELLA.

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HUMAN SKELETON

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APPENDICULARSKELETON

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AXIAL SKELETON