HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

URBANIZ/SATION URBANISATION OR URBAN DRIFT IS THE PHYSICAL

GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS AS A RESULT OF GLOBAL CHANGE, INCREASING IN NUMBER AND SIZE OF TOWNS AND EXTENSION OF URBAN WAY OF LIFE.

AT THE START OF THE 20TH CENTURY ONLY ABOUT ONE PERSON IN TEN LIVED IN A CITY. IN 1900 THERE WERE AT LEAST 13 CITIES WITH MORE THAN 1 MILLION INHABITANTS

BY 1950 THE NUMBER OF CITIES HAD GROWN TO 68 BY 2000 THE NUMBER OF CITIES WAS 250 57% urban population in 2011 THE FIRST CITY-STATES WERE ESTABLISHED ABOUT 5000

YEARS AGO – SUMERIAN CITIES URUK, UR AND ERIDU IN MESOPOTAMIA IN AREAS OF AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS – NILE VALLEY, TIGRIS-EUPHRATES REGION, INDUS VALLEY, NORTH CHINA, CENTRAL AMERICA – MAYA AND AZTEC

UR-Mesopotamia 3500-3000 BC

URUK-Mesopotamia 3500 BC

BABYLON city-state 3000 BC – first city with above 200 000 population

JERUSALEM 2600 BC

EGYPT – GIZA 3150 BC

THE OLDEST TOWN IN EUROPE ISNEAR THE TOWN OF PROVADIA IN BULGARIA

• Archaeologists believe that the town was home to some 350 people and dates back to between 4700 and 4200 BC.

• That is about 1,500 years before the start of ancient

Greek civilisation. • The residents boiled water from a local spring and used it

to create salt bricks, which were traded and used to preserve meat.

Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the

Mediterranean during the period 1550 BC to 300 BC.

PHOENICIAN ALPHABET

Top 5 Cities of the Year 100

• ROME – 450 000• LOUYANG – 420 000 CHINA• SELEUCIA - 250 000 IRAQ• ALEXANDRIA - 250 000 EGYPT• ANTIOCH - 150 000 TURKEY

Top 5 Cities of the Year 1500

• BEIJING - 672 000 CHINA• VIJAYANAGAR – 500 000 INDIA• CAIRO – 400 000 EGYPT• HANGZHOU – 250 000 CHINA• CONSTANTINOPLE – 200 000

TURKEY

Top 5 Cities of the Year 1900

• LONDON – 6, 480 000• NEW YORK – 4, 242 000• PARIS – 3, 330 000• BERLIN – 2, 707 000• CHICAGO – 1, 717 000

TOP 5 CITIES of the Year 1950

• NEW YORK – 12 300 000• LONDON – 8 700 000• TOKYO – 6 700 000• PARIS – 5 400 000• SHANGHAI – 5 300 000

TOP 5 CITIES of The Year 1990

•MEXICO CITY – 20 200 000• TOKYO – 18 100 000• SAO PAOLO – 17 400 000• NEW YORK – 16 200 000• SHANGHAI – 13 400 000

TOP 10 CITIES OF THE YEAR 2011• TOKYO - JAPAN– 34 400 000• GUANGZHOU – CHINA – 26 000 000• SEOUL – SOUTH KOREA – 25 300 000• SHANGHAI – CHINA – 25 100 000• MEXICO CITY – MEXICO – 23 100 000• NEW DELHI – INDIA – 22 900 000• NEW YORK – USA – 22 000 000• SAO PAOLO – BRAZIL – 21 000 000• MUMBAI – INDIA – 20 700 000• MANILA – PHILIPPINES – 20 500 000

URBAN HIERARCHY

• HAMLET 1 – 100 INHABITANTS• VILLAGE 101 – 2000 INHABITANTS• TOWN 2001 – 100 000 INHABITANTS• CITY 100 001 – 1 000 000 INHABITANTS• AGGLOMERATION – a system of settlements which

includes a central city and linked to it towns and villages with social and economic links. Most of the largest cities are agglomerations.

• MEGALOPOLIS – system of linked agglomerations

THE LARGEST MEGALOPOLISES

• BosWash – 60 000 000 USA• Tokaydo - 56 000 000 JAPAN• Chipitts - 54 000 000 USA• San-San – 32 000 000 USA

TYPES OF URBANISATION

• SUBURBANISATION – is a term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities – suburbs in economic developed countries

• PSEUDOURBANISATION – significant urban growth with absence of adequate infrastructure to support it – housing, transportation, education, clean water, waste removal services - slums in the countries of the THIRD WORLD

LOCATION AND FUNCTIONS OF CITIES

• INDUSTRIAL • TRADE AND TRANSPORT• ADMINISTRATIVE• POLITICAL• CULTURAL • EDUCATIONAL• MILITARY

PURPOSE BUILT CAPITAL CITIES • Abuja - Nigeria - established in 1991 - former capital Lagos. • Ankara - Turkey - established in 1923 - former capital Istanbul.• Astana - Kazakhstan - established in 1998 - former capital Almaaty. • Beijing - China - officially established in 1949 upon the formation of the

Peoples Republic. • Belmopan - Belize - established in 1970 after the destruction of it's former

capital, Belize City, from the affects of a hurricane.• Brasilia - Brazil - established in 1960 - former capital Rio de Janiero. • Canberra - Australia - newly established in 1913. • Islamabad - Pakistan - established in 1960 - former capital Karachi. • Napyidaw - Myanmar - Established in 2005 - former capital Rangoon /

Yangon. • New Delhi - India - established in 1911 - former capital Kolkata / Calcutta. • Ottawa - Canada - newly established in 1855. • Washington D.C - U.S.A. - designated in 1790, established in 1871.

BRASILIA

BRASILIA

CANBERRA

CANBERRA

PRETORIA JACARANDA TREES

PRETORIA

PRETORIA

URBANIZATION IN EUROPE

• Home of urbanization • First cities appeared in the Third Millennium

BC• First agglomeration in 19 century in

England /London-Liverpool/• Home of suburbanization /after II World War /• 80% urban population

URBANIZATION IN AMERICAS

• First cities date from the 10th century• Urbanization begins in the middle of 20th

century• Excessive concentration of population in cities• Suburbanization – only in USA and Canada• The formation of megalopolises begins in USA

in the middle of 20th century• 75 % urban population

URBANIZATION IN AFRICA

• The most backward urban drift• Most of the cities are situated in Nile valley,

Mediterranean coast, Gulf of Guinea and RSA• Pseudourbanization• Slums• The largest cities are Lagos, Cairo and Kinshasa• 38 % urban population

URBANIZATION IN ASIA

• 40% urban population• Pseudourbanization• Slums• Excessive concentration of population in cities/ India, East China, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia/• China 46 % ; India 28 %; Japan 80%;

Philippines 62%; Indonesia 47%

FACTS• The highest capitals ordered by Altitude are:La Paz – Bolivia – 3640 m / the highest in the

world/- South AmericaQuito – Equador – 2850 m - South AmericaThimphu – Bhutan – 2648 m – AsiaAddis Ababa – Ethiopia – 2355 m – AfricaMexico City – Mexico – 2240 m – North

AmericaAndorra la Vella – Andorra –1023 m - Europe

• The oldest capital cities in the world are :• Ancient City of Damascus• Founded in the 3rd millennium B.C., Damascus - Syria was an

important cultural and commercial centre, by virtue of its geographical position at the crossroads of the orient and the occident, between Africa and Asia.

• Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years

• Tenochtitlan of the Distrito Federal in Mexico is the oldest capital city in the Americas, it was founded in 1325. Today this city is known as Mexico City.

• Delhi is the largest city and the second most populous metropolis in India, and 8th most populous metropolis in the world. The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, including a history as the capital of several empires.

• The most continuously inhabited towns in the world are :

Jericho-Israel is a city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank of the Palestinian territories, capital of the Jericho Governorate and with a modest population of around 20,000. Situated well below sea level Jericho is believed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world.

Damascus-Syria is often claimed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, and evidence exists of a settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC. However within the area of Damascus there is no evidence for large-scale settlement until the second millennium BC=

Byblos is a Mediterranean city in the Mount Lebanon Governorate of present-day Lebanon. It is believed to have been founded around 5000 BC, and according to fragments attributed to the semi-legendary pre-Trojan war Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon, it was built by Cronus as the first city in Phoenicia

Aleppo is the largest city in Syria and the capital of Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate, The city’s continuous inhabitation is due to its strategic trading position that attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and Mesopotamia to the east, Europe to the west, and the Fertile Crescent and Egypt to the south.

Faiyum is a city in Middle Egypt, located 130 km southwest of Cairo. Founded in around 4000 B.C., it is the oldest city in Egypt and one of the oldest cities in Africa.

Sidon is the third-largest city in Lebanon, located about 40 km north of Tyre and 40 km south of the capital Beirut. There is evidence that Sidon was inhabited from as long ago as 4000 BC

• Plovdiv is the second-largest city in Bulgaria. Plovdiv's history spans 6,000 years, with traces of a Neolithic settlement dating to roughly 4000 BC, ranking it among the world's oldest cities. Archaeologists have discovered fine pottery and other objects of everyday life from as early as the Neolithic Age, showing that in the end of the 4th millennium BC. there already was an established settlement there. Plovdiv was originally a Tracian settlement before becoming a major Roman city. It later fell into Byzantine and Ottoman hands, before becoming part of Bulgaria

• Gaziantep is a city in southeast Turkey dating back to the 4th millennium BCE, Gaziantep has traces of Hittite settlement that continued till about 1183 when it was conquered by Turkish tribes. Till then it was predominantly a Syrian town named `Hamtap`. The Ottoman Empire invaded the place in the early 16th century and named it `Ayintab` meaning `good spring`In 1922 however the Turks won back their land from the French troops and the prefix `Gazi` was added meaning `warrior of Islam` and hence the name Gaziantep.

CAPITAL CITIES WHICH ARE THE WORLD'S............... • Coldest - Ulan Bator, Mongolia - with an annual average temperature of

2.4 degrees• Hottest - Bangkok, Thailand - with an annual average temperature of 25

degrees • Wettest - Monrovia, Liberia - with 5,207 mm of rain per annum. • Driest - Lima, Peru - with just 2.29 mm of rain per annum. • Foggiest - Canberra, Australia - with 47 fog days per annum.• Lowest elevation - Amsterdam - Netherlands, at 2 meters below sea level.• Most isolated - Wellington - New Zealand. • Most northerly - Reykjavik - Iceland. • Most polluted - Beijing, China - with 700 micro grams of PM 2.5 per cubic

meter. • Most southerly - Wellington - New Zealand. . • Nearest to the line of the Equator - Quito, Ecuador - situated at 00' 15' 00

degrees South. • Youngest - Juba - Republic of South Sudan, established in July 2011.