Human Rights in Lithuania, historical past Título título ... · Lithuania and foreign countries....
Transcript of Human Rights in Lithuania, historical past Título título ... · Lithuania and foreign countries....
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Human Rights in Lithuania, historical past
Raminta Daukšaitė,
presentation at Universidad de Sevilla
26 of March, 2015
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Lithuania in map of Europe
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Lithuanian Grand Duchy 1263-1430
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Lithuanian Coat of Arms
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Grand Dukes of Lithuania
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The King Mindaugas and the Queen Morta
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Castles of Lithuania Grand Duchy
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Gediminas’s tower
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Battle of Žalgiris (Grunwald ) in 1410. Lithuania and
Poland reunion against Teutonic Order
Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
Ulrich von Jungingen Lithuanian duke Vytautas
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Union of Lublin in 1569
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Coat of Arms of Commonwealth
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Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom
and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Rzeczpospolita)
1569-1648
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The three partitions of Rzeczpospolita.
1772, 1793, 1795
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Lithuanian press ban 1864 – 1904. One of the first
official edicts in Cyrillic alphabet, delivered by
Alexander II. Speaking Lithuanian strictly forbidden
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Lithuanian book smugglers. 1864-1904
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Lithuanian book smugglers museum.
Audrius Daukša – guide, active public figure
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World War I.
Germans occupying Lithuania in 1915
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Act of Independence of Lithuania on February
16, 1918. 20 members of Council of Lithuania.
Vilnius conference
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Authoritarian period
Antanas Smetona, the first and last
president of independent Lithuania
during the interwar years.
The 1918–39 period is often known
as "Smetona's time".
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Molotov-Ribbentrop pact,
August 23rd, 1939
Joseph Stalin
Joachim von Ribbentrop
Vyacheslav Molotov
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First Soviet occupation, August 30, 1940.
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia “gets freed”
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Soviet troops marching in Lithuania, 1940
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Sovietization of Lithuania
• Nationalization of lands, private property, banks, larger
enterprises;
• Religious, cultural, and political organizations were
banned;
• Only one party - the Communist Party of Lithuania;
• An estimated 12,000 "enemies of the people" were
arrested;
• During the June deportation campaign people (mostly
former military officers, policemen, political figures,
intelligentsia and their families) were
deported to Gulags in Siberia. Many deportees perished
due to inhumane conditions; 3,600 were imprisoned
and over 1,000 were killed.[25]
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Communist regime
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June deportation to Siberia, 1941
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German troops landing in Lithuania
1941, June
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German Wehrmacht bicycle troops march through
the streets of Lithuania, following the retreating
Soviet Army
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Holocaust in Lithuania,1941-1944
Burning synagogue. Killing jews
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Holocaust in Lithuania,1941-1942.
Burning synagogue. Killing jews
Before the Holocaust Lithuania
was home to a disputed number of
Jews: 210,000 according to one
estimate, 250,000 according to
another. About 90% or more of
the Lithuanian Jews were
murdered, one of the highest rates
in Europe.
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August 5, 2013) – searched in USA for Nazi crimes
Vladas Zajančkauskas was a 21-year-
old Lithuanian soldier who had been
press-ganged into the Soviet army
and then captured as a prisoner of
war by the Germans. He claims that
at first he refused to become a prison
guard for them and so was brutalised.
"They took us, told us to take our
pants off and put our heads in barrels
and beat us with whips. And the
whips were made of flexible wire and
leather. They killed my friend right
there," he said.
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Second Soviet occupation (1944-1990)
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Second Soviet occupation (1944-1990)
1941 and 1945–1952 at least 130,000 people, 70% of them
women and children, were forcibly transported to labor
camps and other forced settlements in remote parts of the
Soviet Union. These deportations do not
include Lithuanian partisans or political prisoners
(approximately 150,000 people) deported to Gulags (prison
camps). Approximately 28,000 of Lithuanian deportees
died in exile due to poor living conditions. After Stalin's
death in 1953, the deportees were slowly and gradually
released. The last deportees were released only in 1963.
Some 60,000 managed to return to Lithuania, while 30,000
were prohibited from settling back in their homeland.
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Deportations to Siberia
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Partisan movement (1944-1953)
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The main city square with bodies of
partisans. Partisan movement (1944-1953)
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The main city square with bodies of
partisans. Partisan movement (1944-1953)
Approximately 20,000 Lithuanian
partisans participated in unsuccessful warfare
against the Soviet regime in the 1940s and early
1950s. Most were killed or deported to
Siberian gulags. During the years following the
German surrender at the end of World War II
in 1945, between 40 and 60 thousand civilians
and combatants perished in the context of the
anti-Soviet insurgency. More ethnic
Lithuanians died after World War II than
during it.
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Lithuania in soviet times
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Human rights violations in Soviet era
(1953–90)
The regime abolished Western rule and protection of law, civil liberties
and guarantees of property:
• Cultural suppression – arts, literature;
• Suppressed freedom of political and scientific expression;
• Suppressed freedom of religion (atheism promotion);
• Law was regarded as an arm of politics and courts were regarded
as agencies of the government (deportations, prisons, torture);
• No freedom of movement;
• Suppressed political rights, the right to vote (one party regime);
• Suppressed freedom of assembly and association (workers were
not allowed to organise trade unions, all organisations were
political);
• Collectivisation, no private property.
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NIJOLĖ SADŪNAITĖ
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The trial of Nijolė Sadūnaitė
• Received a three year sentence in a strict regime camp
to be followed by a three year exile from Lithuania. She
was confined to a Mordovian camp and after serving her
sentence was sent into exile to Boguchany, Krasnoiarsk
territory (Siberia).
• At the time of her trial on June 16-17, 1975, was 37
years old. She was arrested in 1974.
• The "crime" of Sadūnaitė was typing of some articles
in ”The Chronicle of the Catholic Church of Lithuania”
(periodical).
• At her trial she said she was happy to suffer for helping
to publish something that fought against the tyranny.
“Declared prisoner of conscience by Amnesty
International, she has received international attention,
though not all letters or packages mailed to her. In very
poor health she now is serving her term in exile”.
LITUANUS. LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS
AND SCIENCES, USA, 1979
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Nijolė Sadūnaitė in AI publication. “Parcels and printed matter sent to
Nijole Sadunaite (who is in exile in Boguchany) from abroad are
systematically stopped at customs and returned to the senders” (page 78)
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Lithuanian Helsinki Group
A dissident organization active in
the Lithuanian SSR, in 1976 – 1982. It
was the first human rights organization
in Lithuania. The group published over
30 documents that exposed:
• religious repressions,
• limitations on freedom of movement,
• political abuse of psychiatry,
• discrimination of minorities,
• persecution of human right activists,
• other violations of human rights in the
Soviet Union.
Most of the documents reached the West
and were published by other human rights
groups. Members of the group were
persecuted by the Soviet authorities..
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Independence movement, “Rebirth”
(1988-1990)
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48th anniversary of Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
(23 of August, 1987). N. Sadūnaitė – main speaker
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Defamation article about Nijolė Sadūnaitė.
“The enemies of our new life and our future”
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Juozas Valiušaitis – Rebirth activist,
photoartist, active public figure
Starting from year 1991, J. Valiušaitis
published over 100 exhibitions in
Lithuania and foreign countries.
One of the main photographic fields –
society upraisings against injustice,
liberation movements.
J. Valiušaitis is a famous photoartist in
Ukraine, activist in Ukraine’s Orange
Revolution and Ukraine’s freedom
movement nowadays.
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The first Rebirth’s meeting in Kaunas, 2nd of
August, 1988 (Juozas Valiušaitis photograph)