Human Resource Use
description
Transcript of Human Resource Use
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Human Resource Use Human Values & Attitudes (Socio-political)
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Human Land Use Practices 1) Agriculture2) Suburban Development
Let’s pick on Indiana:
• 97% of land in state = privately-owned
• In central Indiana, • 70+% of land in row crop• <10% in forest• Urban sprawl intensifying
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Human Impacts Ecosystem simplification: elimination of
species from food webs via human alterations to land
Example: vertebrate communities in ag. landscapes
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Intensive Agriculture&
Clean Farming
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Timber Extraction&
Fragmentation
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Formation of Terrestrial “Islands”
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Oceanic Island = Terrestrial Island ?????
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Species-Area Relationship
S = cAz
S = # of speciesA = island area
• Positive correlation between island size & number of species
• Applies to terrestrial “islands” also
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Island Biogeography
• equilibrium model suggesting that the number of species occurring on an island represents a balance between immigration (in) and extinction (out)
• Robert MacArthur & E.O. Wilson
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Habitat Fragmentation • Process of breaking contiguous unit into
smaller pieces; area & distance components
• Leads to: < remnant patch size
> edge:interior ratios> patch isolation< connectivity
• Community & Ecosystem processes altered
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Formation of Terrestrial “Islands”
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#patches
Patch isolation
Patch size
Edge
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What about aquatic systems?
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What about aquatic systems?Con.Bio 12(6)
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Increased Edge Habitat
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Increased Edge Habitat
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Habitat Fragmentation • First-Order Effects: fragmentation leads
to change in a species’ abundance and/or distribution
• Higher-Order Effects: fragmentation indirectly leads to change in a species abundance and/or distribution via altered species interactions
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Habitat Fragmentation • area-sensitive species: species that
require minimum patch size for daily life requirements
• Edge effects: influence of factors from outside of a patch
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Edge Effects • Habitat surrounding a patch can:
- change abiotic conditions; e.g., temp.- change biotic interactions, e.g.,
predation Example of nest predation = edge effect of
approximately 50 m into forest patchBut can extend 100’s of meters….maybe
km’s
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Edge Effects
• How does patch size (in a landscape) & shape affect amount of edge?
• Groups – give me a mathematical example with forested landscapes that have timber extraction via clearcutting
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rNdtdN
KNrN
dtdN 1
Exponential vs. Logistic
No DDAll populations same
DDAll populations same
No Spatial component
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Incorporating Space Metapopulation: a population of
subpopulations linked by dispersal of organisms
• subpopulations separated by unsuitable habitat
• subpopulations differ in population size & distance between
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Metapopulation Model
eppcpdtdp
1
p = habitat patch (subpopulation)c = colonizatione = extinction
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Another Population Model
Source-sink Dynamics: grouping of multiple subpopulations, some are sinks & some are sources
Source Population = births > deaths = net exporter
Sink Population = births < deaths
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<1
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>1
Source-sink Dynamics
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Source-sink Dynamics
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Corridors
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Who Cares?
Why bother discussing these models?Metapopulations & Source-sink Populatons
highlight the importance of: • habitat & landscape fragmentation• connectivity between isolated
populations• genetic diversity
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Vancouver Island marmot(Marmota vancouverensis)
Isolated from hoary and Olympic marmots
~100 left
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Vancouver Island marmot(Marmota vancouverensis)
Natural tree succession
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Vancouver Island marmot(Marmota vancouverensis)
• Logging – disjunct patches- max. dispersal = 7 km
• Climate• Prey-Predator Dynamics
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Differential Sensitivities to Habitat Alteration
• Niche breadth (diet & habitat) – inverse relation
• Range periphery = more sensitive (W & N)• Body size = mobility (allometric relation)• Social and territorial behavior (limited K)
Swihart et al. 2003
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Ways to Manage1) Featured Species Mgt
– single species– particular purpose– e.g., white-tailed deer– could also include “umbrella species” and
“flagship species” or “sensitive species”
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Ways to Manage2) Species Richness Mgt
– maintain diversity and certain # of each species (follow MVP concept)
3) Indicator Species Mgt– use a species (or group of species) to
monitor environmental conditions– not necessarily managing for these spp.– bioindicators, biosentinels, “canary in
coal mine”
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Ways to Manage
4) Guild Mgt or Life-Form Mgt– grouping of species based on use of same
type of resources (e.g., foraging guilds)