HUMAN REPRODUCTION€¦ · HUMAN REPRODUCTION . Contact info : 8400, 8604 The reproductive cycle in...
Transcript of HUMAN REPRODUCTION€¦ · HUMAN REPRODUCTION . Contact info : 8400, 8604 The reproductive cycle in...
HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
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The reproductive cycle in the female primates (e.g. monkeys, apes and human beings)
is called menstrual cycle. The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called
menarche. In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about
28/29 days, and the cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is
called the menstrual cycle. One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle of
each menstrual cycle. The major events of the menstrual cycle are shown in Figure 3.9.
The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts for
3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the
uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.
Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is not fertilised.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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of each menstrual cycle. The major events of the menstrual cycle are shown in Figure
3.9. The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts
for 3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the
uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.
Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is not fertilised. Lack of menstruation
may be indicative of pregnancy. However, it may also be caused due to some other
underlying causes like stress, poor health etc. The menstrual phase is followed by the
follicular phase. During this phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a
fully mature Graafian follicle and simultaneously the endometrium of uterus regenerates
through proliferation. These changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by
changes in the levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones (Figure 3.9). The secretion of
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases gradually during the follicular phase, and stimulates
follicular development as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles. Both LH and
FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading to
its maximum level during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture of Graafian follicle and
thereby the release of ovum (ovulation). The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by the
luteal phase during which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the corpus
luteum (Figure 3.9). The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is
essential for maintenance of the endometrium. Such an endometrium is necessary for
implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy. During pregnancy all events of
the menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation. In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus
luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation,
marking a new cycle. In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around 50 years of age; that is
termed as menopause. Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive phase and
extends between menarche and menopause.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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Maintenance of hygiene and sanitation during menstruation is very important. Take bath and
clean yourself regulary. Use sanitary napkins or clean homemade pads. Change sanitary
napkins or homemade pads after every 4–5 hrs as per the requirement. Dispose of the used
sanitary napkins properly wrapping it with a used paper. Do not throw the used napkins in the
drainpipe of toilets or in the open area. After handling the napkin wash hands with soap.
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE
Menstrual cycle is characterstic of all female
(A) Man, apes and monkeys
(B) Mammals
(C) Primates
(D) Both A and C
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01
The cycle of events starting from one menstruation
till the next one is called
(A) Pregnancy
(B) Parturition
(C) Implantation
(D) Menstrual cycle
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02
Lack of menstruation may be due to the
(A) Pregnancy
(B) Stress
(C) Poor health
(D) All of the above
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03
The correct sequence of phases in the menstrual cycle is
(A) Mentstual phase, follicular phase and luteal
phase
(B) enstrual phase, luteal phase and follicular phase
(C) Menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory
phase
(D) Both A and C
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04
The main cause of the disintegration of the
endometrial lining
(A) LH surge
(B) Degeneration of corpus luteum
(C) Ovulation during mid-cycle
(D) Implantation leads to pregnancy.
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05
Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching
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06
(A) a-LH, b-FSH, c-estrogen, d-
progesteron
(B) b-LH, a-FSH, c-estrogen, d-
progesteron
(C) c-LH, d-FSH, a-estrogen, b-
progesteron
(D) d-LH, c-FSH, b-estrogen, a-
progesteron.
In mammals, the onset of pregnancy causes
(A) Secretion of testosterone
(B) Degeneration of ovary
(C) Inhibition of further ovulation
(D) Inhibition of fertilization.
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07
Which is correct
(A) Menstrual cycle is present in all mammals
(B) Menstrual cycle is present in all primates
(C) Estrous cycle occurs in all mammals
(D) Most mammals are oviparous.
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08
Egg is liberated from ovary in
(A) Secondary oocyte stage
(B) Primary oocyte stage
(C) Oogonial stage
(D) Mature ovum stage.
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09
In 28 days, human ovarian cycle, ovulation occurs
on
(A) Day 1
(B) Day 5
(C) Day 14
(D) Day 28.
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10
In case of nonfertilization, corpus luteum
(A) Stops secreting progesterone
(B) Changes to corpus albicans
(C) Starts producing progesterone
(D) None of the above.
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11
Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg is
covered by a membrane called
(A) Chorion
(B) Zona pellucida
(C) Corona radiata
(D) Vitelline membrane.
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12
Number of eggs released in the life time of a women
is approximately
(A) 40
(B) 400
(C) 4000
(D) 20000.
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13
Secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum is
initiated by
(A) MSH
(B) LH
(C) Testosterone
(D) Thyroxine.
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14
Graafian follicle of ovary secretes
(A) Estrogen
(B) Relaxin
(C) Progesterone
(D) Cortisone.
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15
Release of oocytes/ova from ovary is
(A) Gestation
(B) Ovulation
(C) Parturition
(D) Implantation.
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16
The process of formation of ova is called
(A) Ovulation
(B) Oogenesis
(C) Oviparity
(D) Oviposition.
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17
Human female reaches menopause at the age of
about
(A) 25 years
(B) 35 years
(C) 50 years
(D) 70 years.
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18
Phase of menstrual cycle when ovulation occurs is
(A) Luteal
(B) Menstrual
(C) Proliferative
(D) Secretory.
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19
Occyte is liberated from ovary under the influence
of LH, after completing
(A) Meiosis and before liberating polar bodies
(B) Meiosis I and before liberating polar bodies
(C) Meiosis I berfore completion of meiosis II
(D) Meiosis I after release of polar body.
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20
Corpus luteum occurs in
(A) Uterus
(B) Oviduct
(C) Ovary
(D) Vagina.
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21
Hormone responsible for ovulation and development
of corpus luteum is
(A) FSH
(B) LH
(C) L TH
(D) ICSH.
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22
Hormone controlling human menstrual cycle is
(A) Estrogen
(B) FSH
(C) LH
(D) All of the above.
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23
Which is incorrect for human female
(A) Menstrual cycle takes 28 days
(B) Menopause occurs at 45-55 years
(C) Ovulated egg released during pregnancy die
(D) Menstruation takes 4 days.
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24
Both corpus lutea and macula lutea are
(A) Found in human ovaries
(B) Source of hormones
(C) Characterised by yellow colour
(D) Contributory in maintaining pregmancy.
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25
Phase of menstrual cycle in human that lasts for 7-8
days is
(A) Follicular phase
(B) Ovulatory phase
(C) Luteal phase
(D) Menstruation.
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26
Which of the following does not occur between 15-
28 days of menstrual cycle
(A) Premenstrual phase
(B) Luteal phase
(C) Secretory phase
(D) Proliferative phase.
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27
Correct sequence of hormone secretion from
beginning of menstruation is
(A) FSH, progesterone, estrogen
(B) Estrogen, FSH, progesterone
(C) FSH, estrogen, progesterone
(D) Estrogen, progesterone, FSH.
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28
Match the column
Column – I Column - II
(a) FSH 1. Preparee endometrium for implantation
(b) LH 2. Develops female secondary sexual characters
(c) Progesterone 3. Contraction of uterine wall
(d) Estrogen 4. Development of corpus luteum
5. Maturation of Graafian follicle
(A) (a) - 5, (b)- 4 , (c) - 1 , (d) - 2
(B) (a) - 4, (b)- 5 , (c) - 2 , (d) - 1
(C) (a) - 4, (b)- 3 , (c) - 2 , (d) - 5
(D) (a) - 5, (b)- 1 , (c) - 2 , (d) - 4.
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29
In human female, ovulation occurs during
menstrual cycle
(A) At the end of proliferative phase
(B) In the middle of secretory phase
(C) Just before the end of secretory phase
(D) In the beginning of proliferative phase.
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30
Which is correclty matched in a normal menstrual
cycle
(A) Endometrium regenerates - 5 to 10 days
(B) Release of egg - 5th day
(C) Endometrium secretes nutrients for
implantation - 11 to 18 days
(D) Rise in progesterone level - 1 to 15 days.
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31
If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which of
the following is unlikely
(A) Corpus luteum will disintegrate
(B) Primary follicle starts developing
(C) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines
(D) Estrogen secretion further decreses.
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32
At menopause there is rise in urinary excretion of
(A) FSH
(B) STH
(C) MSH
(D) LH.
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33
Withdrawal of which hormone is the immediate
cause of menstruation
(A) Estrogen
(B) FSH
(C) FSH-RH
(D) Progesteron.
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34
Which hormone lev el reaches peak dur ing luteal
phase of menstrual cycle
(A) Luteinising hormone
(B) Progesterone
(C) Follicle stimulating hormone
(D) Estrogen.
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35
Disintegration of corpus luteum occurs due to
inhibition of secretion of hormone
(A) L TH
(B) FSH
(C) Progesterone
(D) LH.
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36
Level of estrogen and progesterone are minimum at
the time of
(A) Follicular phase
(B) Ovulation
(C) Secretory phase
(D) Onset of mentstrual phase.
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37
Arrange the events in human female menstrual
cycle a-Secretion of FSH, b-Growth of corpus
luteum, c- Growth of follicle and oogenesis, d-
Ovulation, e-Sudden increase in level of LH
(A) a – c – e – d – b
(B) c – a – d – b – e
(C) a – d – c – e – b
(D) b – a – c – d – e.
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38
What is false
(A) Menarche is beginning of menstruation
(B) Menstruation is shedding of endometrial lining
(C) Menopause occurs in the beginning of puberty
(D) Ovulation occurs under high titre of LH.
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39
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M o l e c u l a rB a s i s o f I n h e r i t a n c e
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Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project
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Human Genome Project
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Human Genome Project
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Human Genome Project
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Salient Features of Human Genome
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Salient Features of Human Genome
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Applications and Future Challenges
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Applications and Future Challenges
01
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Choose the wrong statement regarding the observation
drawn from Human Genome Project is
(A) Repetitive sequences are stretches of RNA
(B) Less than 2% of the genome codes for protein
(C) Chromosome 'Y' has the fewest number of genes
(D) SNPs help in tracing human history.
01
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Sequencing the whole set of genome that contained all
the coding and non coding sequence and later assigning
different region in the sequence with functions are
referred to as
(A) Expressed Tags (B) Sequence Annotation
(C) ESTs (D) SNPs.
01
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Repetitive DNA are seperated from bulk genomic DNA as
different peak during density gradient centrifugation. The
bulk DNA forms a major peaks and the other small peaks
are referred to as
(A) Repetitive DNA
(B) SNPs (Snips)
(C) Taq-DNA
(D) Satellite DNA
01
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Coenorhabditis elegans is
(A) Free-living
(B) Non-pathogenic
(C) Nematode
(D) All of the above.
01
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Many non-humans model organisms have also been
sequenced along with the human genome, these are
(A) Bacteria and yeast
(B) Plants (rice and Arabidopsis)
(C) Fruitfly and Coenohabditis (nematode)
(D) All of the above
01
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The application of genetic engineering is in the
field of
(A) Forensic science
(B) Genetic biodiversity
(C) Evolutionary biology
(D) All of the above.
01
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Most number of genes are located on chromosome
(A) 1
(B) 6
(C) X
(D) Y.
01
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Automated–DNA sequencers is based or method
developed by
(A) Erwin Chargaff
(B) Maurice Wilkins
(C) Francis Crick
(D) Frederick Sanger.
01
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Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination
from the options given
Column I Column II
a. Hershey and Chase experiment 1. 1928
b. Taylor's experiment 2. 1952
c. Meselson and Stahl experiment 3. 1958
d. Transforming Principle 4. 1990
e. Human Genome Project launching 5. 1953
(A) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-5, e-4 (B) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4
(C) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-5 (D) a-2, b-3, c-3, d-1, e-4.
01
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(A) VNTRSingle base DNA differences are
called
(B) SCP
(C) SNPs
(D) Expressed sequence tags.
01
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Largest gene in humans is
(A) Dystrophin
(B) Insulin gene
(C) Oncogene
(D) Huntingtin.
01
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Haploid content of human DNA is
(A) 1.65 × 109 bp
(B) 3.1 – 3.3 × 109 bp
(C) 4.6 × 106 bp
(D) 3.3 × 109 kbp.