Human Physiology- Blood - WiFiStudy.com · Human Physiology-Blood. Blood (֓क्त) Blood...
Transcript of Human Physiology- Blood - WiFiStudy.com · Human Physiology-Blood. Blood (֓क्त) Blood...
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Human Physiology- Blood
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Blood (रक्त)
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Blood (रक्त):-Blood helps to transport the oxygen from
lungs to all the parts of body. Blood is a
fluid connective tissue, consisting of
plasma and formed elements, called
blood corpuscles.
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रक्त फेफड़ों से ऑक्सीजन को शरीर
के सभी हिस्स़ों में पहुंचाने में मदद
करता ि।ै
रक्त एक तरल सुंयोजी ऊतक ि,ै
हजसमें प्लाज्मा और गठित तत्व िोते
िैं, हजसे रक्त वाहिकाएुं किा जाता
ि।ै
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Functions of Blood (रक्त के कायय):-
➢Exchange of respiratory
gases [CO2 and O2] between
the organ of respiration and
the tissues.
श्वसन और ऊतक़ों के अुंग के बीच
श्वसन गैस़ों [CO2 और O2] का
आदान-प्रदान
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➢Transportation of
nutrients from the place of
absorption to different
tissues organs.
हवहभन्न ऊतक़ों में अवशोषण के
स्थान से पोषक तत्व़ों का
पठरविन|
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➢Informational molecules like
hormones from the glands to
target tissues /organs to
maintain homeostasis.
समहस्थहत को बनाए रखने के हलए
िामोन्स जैसे सूचक अणु का ग्रुंहथ से
ऊतक तक पठरविन|
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➢Removal of metabolic wastes from
different tissues to excretory organs.
हवहभन्न ऊतको से उपपचायी अपहशष्ट़ों को िटकर
उत्सजयन अुंग तक ले जाना |
➢It transport water, H+ and heat to all
parts of the body for equal distribution.
यि पानी, H+ और ऊष्मा शरीर के सभी हिस्स़ों में
समान हवतरण के हलए पठरविन करता ि।ै
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➢It provide defense against foreign material
or organisms, by the helps of lymphocytes
and antibodies.
यि हलम्फोसाइट़ों और एुंटीबॉडी की मदद से बािरी
पदाथय या जीव़ों के हखलाफ रक्षा प्रदान करता ि।ै
➢Blood helps to maintain a constant body
temperature, by uniformly distributing the
heat to all parts of the body.
रक्त शरीर के सभी भाग़ों में गमी को समान रूप से
हवतठरत करके, शरीर के तापमान को बनाए रखन ेमें
मदद करता िै
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DLB 12
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❖Biconcave in shape
❖Have hemoglobin
❖Impart red color to blood
❖Help in exchange of O2 and Co2 in tissues
❖12-16 gm of hemoglobin in every 100 ml of
blood
❖Average life span of RBC is 120 days
❖On an average RBC’s in human blood is
4.5 to 5.5 millions
❖270 mn hemoglobin in each RBC
❖RBC originate from hematopoietic tissues
of Bone marrow
Red Blood
cells
Erythrocytesलाल रूहिर कहणकाए
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WBC’s /Leucocytesसफेद रूधिर कणिकाए
❖Nucleated Cells
❖Colorless
❖On an average with 6000-8000 mm of
blood
❖Life span is 3-4 days
❖WBC’s are of two types
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Granulocyteकहणकाणु
❖Neutrophils
(most abundant
cells)
❖Eosinophils
❖Basophiles (least
abundant cells)
Agranulocytesअकण कोहशका
❖Monocyte
❖Lymphocyte
❖B – lymphocyte
❖T - lymphocyte
WBC’s are of two types
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Platelets/ Thrombocytes पठटकाणु
❖Produce from megakaryocytic cells in
bone marrow.
❖Contains 1, 50,000 to 3, 50, 000 platelets
❖Helps in coagulation of blood, also known
as platelets.
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❑Blood groups(रक्त समूि) : -
•Blood groups are defined as various
types of groups present in the blood on
the basis of presence or absence of
antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
रक्त समूि़ों को लाल रक्त कोहशकाओं की सति पर
एुंटीजन की उपहस्थहत या अनुपहस्थहत के आिार
पर रक्त में मौजूद हवहभन्न प्रकार के समूि़ों के रूप
में पठरभाहषत ककया गया ि।ै
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•Blood groups were identified by
Karl Landsteiner
कालय लैंडस्टीनर द्वारा रक्त समूि़ों की
पिचान की गई थी।
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❑Discovery of the blood groups-In 1900 Karl Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates, and in 1901 he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with blood serum. As a result, he succeeded in identifying the three blood groups A, B and O.
रक्त समूहों की खोज- 1900 में कार्ल र्ैंडस्टीनर को पता चर्ा कक कॉन्टैक्ट एग्रू्टीनेशन के तहत दो र्ोगों का खून ननकर्ता है, और 1901 में उन्होंने पाया कक यह प्रभाव रक्त सीरम के साथ रक्त के संपकल के कारि था। नतीजतन, वह तीन रक्त समूहों A, B and O की पहचान करने में सफर् रहे|
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•He found that out of the two
antigens A and B either are present
on the surface of RBC, which
determines the three kinds of blood
types of blood groups.
उन्ि़ोंने पाया कक दो एुंटीजन A और B में
कोई RBC की सति पर मौजूद िैं, जो तीन
प्रकार के रक्त समूि़ों को हनिायठरत करता
ि।ै
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universal blood
donor -Blood
group O
AB is the universal
acceptor
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universal blood donor -Blood group O(-)
Blood group O individuals do not have
either A or B antigens on their surface of
RBC’s and their blood serum contain
immunoglobin anti-A and anti – B
antibodies. Therefore, a group O
individual can receive blood only from a
group O individual, but can donate blood
of individuals of any ABO blood group
O-ve blood group is more preferably
called as universal donor.
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सावयभौहमक रक्त दाता - रक्त समूि O
रक्त समूि O वाले व्यहक्त के पास आरबीसी की
सति पर या तो A या B एुंटीजन निीं ि,ै उनके
रक्त सीरम में इम्युनोग्लोबुहलन एुंटी-ए और एुंटी -
बी एुंटीबॉडी िोते िैं। इसहलए, रक्तसमूि O वाले
व्यहक्त केवल एक रक्त समूिवाले व्यहक्त से रक्त
प्राप्त कर सकता ि,ै लेककन ककसी भी ABO रक्त
समूि O-ve रक्त समूि के व्यहक्तय़ों का रक्त दान
कर सकता ि ैहजसे “सावयभौहमक दाता” किा जाता
ि।ै
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AB +ve is the universal acceptor blood group or the universal receptors. Because AB+ individuals have all of the possible antigens and therefore are the universal acceptors as their immune system is used to seeing each of the antigens.
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AB +ve सावलभौममक स्वीकारकताल रक्त समूह या सावलभौममक ररसेप्टसल है। क्योंकक AB +ve व्यक्क्तयों में सभी संभाववत एंटीजन होत ेहैं और इसमर्ए वे सावलभौममक स्वीकताल हैं क्योंकक उनकी प्रनतरक्षा प्रिार्ी का उपयोग प्रत्येक एंटीजन को देखने के मर्ए ककया जाता है।
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Blood vessels which transport the blood are of three types
(रक्त वाहिकाएँ जो रक्त का पठरविन करती िैं, तीन प्रकार की िोती
िैं) :
Arteries (िमहनयाुं): - Blood vessels with thick
and elastic wall, as they have to pass the
blood under high pressure. Thick blood
vessels have less radius and ensure a high
pressure of blood. Arteries transport the
oxygenated blood in blood.
मोटी और लोचदार दीवार के साथ रक्त वाहिकाएुं, उच्च
दबाव के साथ रक्त का पठरविन करती ि।ै मोटी रक्त
वाहिकाओं में हिज्या कम िोती ि ैऔर उच्च दबाव के
साथ कायय करती ि।ै िमहनयाुं रक्त में ऑक्सीजन युक्त
रक्त का पठरविन करती िै|
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Pulmonary artery is
exception, it transport
deoxygenated blood from
heart to lungs
फुफ्फुसीय िमनी अपवाद ि,ै यि
हृदय से फेफड़ों तक ऑक्सीजन रहित
रक्त का पठरविन करती ि|ै
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Veins : - Blood vessels with the thin
wall, as the pressure is not so high.
Blood flows in unidirectional way.
Veins transport the deoxygenated
blood the body to heart.
हशरा: - पतली दीवार के साथ रक्त वाहिकाएुं,
क्य़ोंकक दबाव इतना अहिक निीं िोता ि।ै
एक िी कदशा मे रक्त बिता ि।ै हशरा शरीर
को हृदय तक ऑक्सीजन रहित रक्त पहँचाती
िैं।
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Exception is pulmonary vein, it
transport the oxygenated blood
from lungs to heart.
अपवाद फुफ्फुसीय हशरा िै, यि फेफड़ों
से हृदय तक ऑक्सीजन युक्त रक्त का
पठरविन करता ि।ै
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❑Capillaries : -are the thinnest blood vessels, receives
oxygenated blood and supply it to the tissues,
and deoxygenated blood is send back to veins
again.
केशिकाए:ँ -सबसे पतली रक्त वाहिकाएँ िैं, ऑक्सीजन युक्त रक्त
प्राप्त करती िैं और ऊतक़ों को इसकी आपूर्तय करती िैं,
और ऑक्सीजन युक्त रक्त कफर से नस़ों में वापस भेजती
ि|ै
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Blood cells [formed corpuscles]
constitute about 45% of the blood.
55% of the blood is plasma.
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रक्त कोहशकाएुं - 45% रक्त
- 55% रक्त प्लाज्मा
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WBC:[White blood corpuscles] originates
or are formed from bone marrow.
But they are not released directly
into the blood instead they enters
into the thymus for maturity and
converts themselves into B and T –
lymphocytes.
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White blood corpuscles अहस्थ
मज्जा से उत्पन्न िोती िैं। लेककन वे
सीिे रक्त में निीं बदले जाते िैं, इसके
बजाय वे पठरपक्वता के हलए थाइमस
में प्रवेश करते िैं और खुद को बी और
टी - हलम्फोसाइट़ों में पठरवर्तयत
करते िैं।
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❑The ratio of blood cell in blood
is 600 : 1रक्त में रक्त कोशिका का अनुपात 600: 1 है|
❑For every 600 RBC there is one
WBC.
प्रत्येक 600 RBC के हलए एक WBC
ि।ै
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❑The adult human being has
about 7000 white blood cells
per micro litre of blood.
वयस्क मानव में प्रहत माइक्रोलीटर
रक्त में लगभग 7000 श्वेत रक्त कण
िोते िैं।
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❑The normal concentration of
platelets in the blood is between
150,000 and 300,000 per micro
liter.
रक्त में प्लेटलेट्स की सामान्य साुंद्रता
150, 000से 300, 000प्रहत माइक्रोलीटर
के बीच िोती ि।ै
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❑Blood clotting or coagulation : - is an
important process that prevents excessive
bleeding from the blood vessels during injury.
Proteins and platelets in the blood plasma
works in a cascade series to stop the bleeding
by forming a clot over the injury.
रक्त के थके्क या जमाव: - एक मित्वपूणय प्रकक्रया ि ैजो
चोट लगने के दौरान रक्त वाहिकाओं से अत्यहिक
रक्तस्राव को रोकती ि।ै रक्त प्लाज्मा में प्रोटीन और
प्लेटलेट एक कैस्केड श्रुंखला में काम करते िैं जो चोट
पर एक थक्का बनाकर रक्तस्राव को रोकत ेिैं।
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General mechanism(सामान्य तुंि) : -
Clotting takes place in three steps :
थके्क तीन चरण़ों में जमता िैं:
❖Damage or rupturing of blood vessels
involves the stimulation of blood clotting
factor. It results in formation of prothrombin
activator/रक्त वाहिकाओं के क्षहतग्रस्त या टूटने में रक्त
के थके्क कारक की उत्तेजना शाहमल िोती ि।ै इसके
पठरणामस्वरूप प्रोथ्रोहम्बन एहक्टवटेर का हनमायण िोता
ि ै|
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❖The prothrombin
activator catalyzes the
conversion of prothrombin
into thrombin.
प्रोथ्रोहम्बन एहक्टवेटर प्रोथ्रोहम्बन
के थ्रोहम्बन में रूपाुंतरण को
उत्प्रेठरत करता ि|ै
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The thrombin acts as enzyme to
convert fibrinogen into fibrin fibers
which helps in clotting.
थ्रोहम्बन फाइहिनोजेन को फाइहिन फाइबर
में पठरवर्तयत करने के हलए एुंजाइम के रूप में
कायय करता ि ैजो थके्क बनाने में मदद करता
ि।ै
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❑Blood pressure : -
Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts
against the wall of a vessel is called blood
pressure. This pressure is much greater in
arteries than in veins. The blood pressure is
measured in two aspects.
रक्तचाप :-
ब्लड प्रेशर वि बल ि ैजो िमहनय़ों की दीवार पर दबाव
डालता ि,ै इसे रक्तचाप किा जाता ि।ै यि दबाव नस़ों
की तुलना में िमहनय़ों में बहत अहिक िोता ि।ै
रक्तचाप को दो पिलुओं में मापा जाता िै।
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It is measured with an instrument
called sphygmanometer.
इसे हस्फग्मैनोमीटर नामक एक उपकरण
से मापा जाता ि।ै
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❖Contraction/systole – The pressure of blood
inside the artery during ventricular systole is
called pressure. The normal systolic pressure
is 120 mm of Hg.
सुंकुचन / हसस्टोल - वेंठिकुलर हसस्टोल के दौरान िमनी
के अुंदर रक्त के दबाव को दबाव किा जाता िै। सामान्य
हसस्टोहलक दबाव Hg का 120 हममी ि।ै
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❖Relaxtion/Diastole – The pressure of
blood inside the artery during
ventricular diastole is called diastolic
pressure. The normal diasystolic
pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
डायस्टोल - वेंठिकुलर डायस्टोल के दौरान िमनी
के अुंदर रक्त का दबाव डायस्टोहलक दबाव
किलाता ि।ै सामान्य डायहसस्टोहलक दबाव Hg
का 80 हममी ि।ै
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