Human Impact on Resources, Biodiversity, and Ecosystems
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Transcript of Human Impact on Resources, Biodiversity, and Ecosystems
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Human Impact on Resources, Biodiversity, and Ecosystems
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Types of Resources
• natural resources – goods and services provided for by nature
• renewable resources – replaced naturally in a reasonable amount of time
• non-renewable resources• commons – resources owned by
everyone
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tragedy of the commons
• renewable common resources which tend to be over-exploited
• Why?
• “if I don’t use them then someone else will so it might as well be me”
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exploitation of resources
• carrying capacity – the maximum size of a population that can be supported over the long term
• maximum sustainable yield (MSY) – the greatest “use” of a renewable resource
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Human Impact on Biodiversity
• species biodiversity – the total number of different kinds of species
• genetic biodiversity – the total gene pool for a given species
• biosphere biodiversity – the total number of species in existence
- known species: 2 million
- unknown species: 3 – 50 million
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Value of BiodiversityWhy should we care about protecting other species?
• Foodagriculture and meat production has led to a decline in species biodiversity as well as genetic biodiversity
• Medicinemany modern medicines come from plant extracts* biopiracy
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Value of Biodiversity cont.• ecosystem sustainability
the greater the biodiversity, the greater the stability* keystone species
• commercial value- ecotourism- recreation; hunting, fishing, wildlife watching- timber
• intrinsic valuepreservationist philosophy – existence of other species has value aside from any use we make of it
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HIPPO
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Human Causes of Biodiversity Decline
• habitat destructiondeforestation, wetlands destruction, development
• introduction of exotic speciesmost introduced species do not survive their new habitat – those that do, often out-compete native species (and are termed invasive)
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human causes continued …
• overuse (hunting, fishing)
* poaching
• pollution
* climate change
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Fig. 9-8a, p. 191
Indian Tiger
Range 100 years ago
Range today(about 2,300 left)
Reduced Ranges
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Fig. 9-8b, p. 191
Black Rhino
Range in 1700
Range today(about 2,400 left)
Reduced Ranges
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Purple looselife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)
Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)
Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)
Fig. 9-11a, p. 193
Deliberately Introduced Species
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Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)
Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle
Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae
Fig. 9-11b, p. 193
Accidentally Introduced Species
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Kudzu
Fig. 9-12, p. 194
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Fig. 9-13, p. 195
1918
2000
Fire Ant Invasion
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Extinction Threats from Poaching
• Profits of poaching
• Causes of poaching: food, fur, pets, traditional medicines, trophies, eliminating pests, etc.
• Bushmeat
• Illegal pets and decorative plants
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Bushmeat
Fig. 9-15, p. 196
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Confiscated Products From Endangered Species
Fig. 9-18, p. 199
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Extinction Threats from Climate Change and Pollution
• Global Warming
• Pesticide threats
• DDT biomagnification (bioaccumulation)
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Fig. 9-16, p. 197
DDT in fish-eatingbirds (ospreys)
25 ppm
DDT in largefish (needle fish)2 ppm
DDT in smallfish (minnows)0.5 ppm
DDT in water0.000003 ppm,or 3 ppt
DDT inzooplankton0.04 ppm
Biomagnification of DDT
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Litter Kills Seals
Fig. 9-19, p. 200
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Extinction• background extinction rate
- naturally occurring extinctions- 99 % of all species are now extinct
• local extinctionextinction of a population but not an entire species
• species extinction- disappearance of an entire species- criteria for claiming this?
• mass extinction 5 major episodes of extinction in Earth’s past
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Extinction Crisis Question• the species-area relationship
lose 50% of a habitat, lose 15% of the biodiversity found there
• fragmentation and edge effect
carving up a habitat into several smaller pieces increases edge habitat, decreases interior habitat and results in a loss of biodiversity
• interior species, edge species
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HighwayCleared plotsfor grazing
Cleared plotsfor agriculture
Fig. 8-10b, p. 161
Fragmentation
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Case Study: Amazonia
• satellite images are used to measure species loss – How?
• deforestation rate is slower than originally thought
• however, the pattern of deforestation (fragmentation) may be causing a faster loss of species
• primary (old growth) vs. secondary forests (less biodiversity)
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Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity
• laws and treaties
- CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
- MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act
- ESA Endangered Species Act
endangered, threatened, special concern
• captive breeding, zoos, game parks, cloning
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Protecting Marine Biodiversity
• why do we use preservation techniques with some species (whales) and conservation techniques with other species (fish)?
• part of protecting biodiversity involves measuring populations and migratory patterns – how is that done with whales?
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Case Study: Whale Preservation
• conservation vs. preservation
• commercial whaling
• IWC 1986 commercial whaling ban
• scientific whaling
• subsistence whaling
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Study of Whales
• fluke prints
• satellite tags
• captivity
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